Black seed has been used as an herbal medicine for thousands of years by many cultures and traditional systems of medicine across Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Additionally, black seed has been used as a culinary spice to add flavor to various foods and for food preservation.<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Kavyani Z, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37036558" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Inflammopharmacology (2023-Jun)&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a> 
By many, black seed was considered to be a panacea — a remedy for nearly all diseases — and it has historically been referred to as “the herb from heaven”.<a href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Md Abdul Hannan, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073784" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Nutrients (2021 May 24)&lt;/div&gt;'>[4]</a> Black seed was supposedly used by several ancient Greek physicians, including Hippocrates, Dioscorides, and Galen. The mention of black seed and its therapeutic properties can be found in several historical texts ranging from the Bible to The Canon of Medicine by the classical Muslim physician Avicenna.<a href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Md Abdul Hannan, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073784" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Nutrients (2021 May 24)&lt;/div&gt;'>[4]</a><a href="#ref-16" id="ref-link-16" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Koshak A, Koshak E, Heinrich M. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30166900" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Medicinal benefits of in bronchial asthma: A literature review.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Saudi Pharm J (2017-Dec)&lt;/div&gt;'>[16]</a> 
Typical uses were far reaching but included difficulty breathing, rheumatism, pain, tiredness, skin rashes and infections, blisters, dizziness, liver disease, lactation, trouble sleeping, indigestion, and as an insect-repellant. Interestingly, black seed was also reportedly used in ancient Egypt as a preservative for mummification and was found in the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun, dating its use back to 1300 BC.<a href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Md Abdul Hannan, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073784" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Nutrients (2021 May 24)&lt;/div&gt;'>[4]</a><a href="#ref-17" id="ref-link-17" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Bahare Salehi, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33981219" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nigella Plants - Traditional Uses, Bioactive Phytoconstituents, Preclinical and Clinical Studies
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Front Pharmacol (2021 Apr 26)&lt;/div&gt;'>[17]</a>

What are some of the traditional and historical uses of black seed?

Black seed is the seed oil or whole ground seeds of Nigella sativa — a flowering plant in the buttercup (Ranunculaceae) family that grows in certain parts of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East.<a href="#ref-3" id="ref-link-3" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Jamal Hallajzadeh, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2020 Oct)&lt;/div&gt;'>[3]</a> Black seed has a long history of use in many cultures, both as a spice in foods and as an herbal medicine. It contains a variety of nutritional compounds like polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, as well as an abundance of <a href="/other/phytochemicals/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Phytochemicals&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phytochemicals are plant-derived compounds found in several fruits and vegetables. They have been associated with numerous health benefits due to their antioxidant properties. Phytochemicals include polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, phytoestrogens, and phytosterols.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">phytochemicals</a> — thymoquinone (a terpenoid) being considered the most important.

What is black seed?

Historically, black seed has been used topically to treat a variety of skin ailments thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Clinical research supporting the use of black seed in this context is minimal, but the existing evidence is promising. 
Black seed lotion or gel may be effective for the management of mild to moderate <a href="/conditions/acne/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Acne&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acne vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects up to 10% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by inflammatory skin lesions, such as comedones (whiteheads and blackheads) caused by excess sebum production, bacterial overgrowth, and hyper-keratinization. Certain dietary choices and supplements can help to treat these causes while improving skin health and perception.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">acne</a>. Preliminary research suggests that black seed applied topically for 8 weeks may reduce the number of comedones, papules, and pustules compared to both a placebo and benzoyl peroxide 5% lotion (a commonly used product for acne).<a href="#ref-18" id="ref-link-18" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Soleymani S, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32548864" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The effect of a hydrogel made by Nigella sativa L. on acne vulgaris: A randomized double-blind clinical trial.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2020-Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[18]</a><a href="#ref-19" id="ref-link-19" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Al-Harchan NA. &lt;a href="https://ipmj.org/article_49095_7e7b702cd48d737110a39231a27c6cf2.pdf" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Treatment of acne vulgaris with Nigella sativa oil lotion
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal (2010 Jun)&lt;/div&gt;'>[19]</a><a href="#ref-20" id="ref-link-20" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Al-Harchan N, Ashor A. &lt;a href="https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/d6a1de27a39f5ad5" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nigella sativa oil lotion 20% vs. benzoyl peroxide lotion 5% in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal (2010)&lt;/div&gt;'>[20]</a> This is supported by <a href="/glossary/in-vitro-study/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;In Vitro Study&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In vitro&lt;/em&gt; (Latin for “within the glass”) refers to studies that are performed outside of a living organism. In scientific research, this often involves performing experiments on bacterial, animal, or human cells growing in lab culture dishes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">in vitro</a> research finding that black seed and thymoquinone possess antibacterial effects against certain bacteria known to contribute to acne.<a href="#ref-21" id="ref-link-21" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Nawarathne NW, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31485198" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Development of Novel Topical Cosmeceutical Formulations from L. with Antimicrobial Activity against Acne-Causing Microorganisms.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;ScientificWorldJournal (2019)&lt;/div&gt;'>[21]</a><a href="#ref-22" id="ref-link-22" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Chaieb K, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21489272" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Antibacterial activity of Thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa and its potency to prevent bacterial biofilm formation.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;BMC Complement Altern Med (2011-Apr-13)&lt;/div&gt;'>[22]</a> 
A few studies have looked at the effects of black seed on inflammatory skin conditions. In hand <a href="/conditions/eczema/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Eczema&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is a common, painful skin condition where the skin is inflamed, itchy, and the skin barrier is disrupted. Treatment generally involves addressing each of these aspects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">eczema</a>, black seed was comparably effective to steroid cream and superior to an unmedicated cream for reducing eczema severity.<a href="#ref-23" id="ref-link-23" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Yousefi M, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23198836" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Comparison of therapeutic effect of topical Nigella with Betamethasone and Eucerin in hand eczema.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol (2013-Dec)&lt;/div&gt;'>[23]</a> In <a href="/conditions/psoriasis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Psoriasis&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that causes patches of thick, red, scaly skin on various parts of the body. Its cause is unknown and symptoms tend to wax and wane over time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">psoriasis</a>, black seed applied topically, taken orally, or both, led to a reduction in psoriatic lesions compared to baseline, with the combination group seeing the largest improvement.<a href="#ref-24" id="ref-link-24" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Ahmed J, Ibraheem A, Al-Hamdi K. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.01.2014.02.0387" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Evaluation of efficacy, safety and antioxidant effect of Nigella sativa in patients with psoriasis: A randomized clinical trial
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Clin Exp Invest (2014 Jun)&lt;/div&gt;'>[24]</a> Lastly, in <a href="/conditions/oral-lichen-planus/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Oral Lichen Planus&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition that causes the appearance of white, lacy patches or red, swollen tissues and sores inside the mouth. Oral lichen planus causes severe pain and discomfort but is a noncommunicable condition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">oral lichen planus</a> black seed was comparably effective to steroid gel at reducing symptoms (check out our study summary <a href="https://examine.com/research-feed/study/1rErwd/?requirelogin=1">here</a>).<a href="#ref-25" id="ref-link-25" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Lokesh Kumar S, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36547822" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of Nigella sativa (75% v/v) cream and clobetasol propionate (0.05% w/w) gel in oral lichen planus-a double-blinded randomized control trial
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Oral Maxillofac Surg (2022 Dec 22)&lt;/div&gt;'>[25]</a> 
While promising, further research finding similar results is needed before we can feel confident about the effects of black seed on skin health.

Does black seed improve skin conditions like acne, psoriasis, or eczema?

Black seed has antiviral, immune-modulating, and anti-inflammatory properties, which makes it a potential candidate for the treatment of <a href="/conditions/covid-19/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;COVID-19&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Since the virus was identified in 2019, it has spread and created a global pandemic. Vaccines are effective at reducing both the chance of contracting COVID-19 and the severity of the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">COVID-19</a>. Additionally, compounds in black seed might theoretically prevent SARS-CoV-2 from entering human cells by blocking the receptor the virus uses to gain entry, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).<a href="#ref-26" id="ref-link-26" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Jakhmola Mani R, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33111624" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Deciphering underlying mechanism of Sars-CoV-2 infection in humans and revealing the therapeutic potential of bioactive constituents from to combat COVID19: study.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Biomol Struct Dyn (2022-Apr)&lt;/div&gt;'>[26]</a><a href="#ref-27" id="ref-link-27" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Bencheqroun H, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631072" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ThymoQuinone Formula (TQF) for Treating Outpatient SARS-CoV-2.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Pathogens (2022-May-07)&lt;/div&gt;'>[27]</a>
A 2023 meta-analysis suggested that in people with COVID-19, black seed supplementation may reduce the risk of mortality and reduce the time to a negative PCR test. However, three of the seven studies included in the analysis used black seed in addition to other interventions (honey or other herbal medicines), and most trials were not blinded, which reduces our confidence in these findings.<a href="#ref-28" id="ref-link-28" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Umer M, et al. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3906" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19 patients: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Food Sci Nutr (2023 Dec)&lt;/div&gt;'>[28]</a> Additionally, some trials using black seed or its active compound (thymoquinone) in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 reported a faster reduction of symptoms compared to a placebo,<a href="#ref-29" id="ref-link-29" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Koshak AE, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407441" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19: An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Complement Ther Med (2021-Sep)&lt;/div&gt;'>[29]</a><a href="#ref-30" id="ref-link-30" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Said SA, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36425571" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The effect of and vitamin D3 supplementation on the clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Front Pharmacol (2022)&lt;/div&gt;'>[30]</a><a href="#ref-27" id="ref-link-27" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Bencheqroun H, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631072" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ThymoQuinone Formula (TQF) for Treating Outpatient SARS-CoV-2.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Pathogens (2022-May-07)&lt;/div&gt;'>[27]</a> while another trial found no effect.<a href="#ref-31" id="ref-link-31" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Bin Abdulrahman KA, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36142070" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The Effect of Short Treatment with Nigella Sativa on Symptoms, the Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Profile, and Inflammatory Markers in Mild COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Int J Environ Res Public Health (2022-Sep-19)&lt;/div&gt;'>[31]</a>
Despite preliminary research showing potential promise, there is currently not enough evidence to reasonably recommend black seed for the treatment (or prevention) of COVID-19.

Could black seed be beneficial during a COVID-19 infection?

Black seed has anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties, and preclinical research suggests it may also reduce histamine release and <a href="/outcomes/leukotriene-b4/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Leukotriene B4&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Leukotriene B4 is a chemical that promotes inflammation and activation of immune cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">leukotriene B4</a> synthesis, making it an interesting candidate for both <a href="/conditions/asthma/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Asthma&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Asthma is a lung condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which results in episodes of wheezing and breathlessness. Asthma can be worsened by environmental exposures, such as allergens, cold air, exercise, viral/bacterial infections, and some drugs. Diet and supplementation may alleviate asthma by way of reducing inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">asthma</a> and <a href="/conditions/allergic-rhinitis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Allergic Rhinitis&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Allergic rhinitis is a condition mainly characterized by runny nose, sinus congestion, sneezing, and itching after being exposed to an allergen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">allergic rhinitis</a>. Clinical research is limited to a handful of small trials, but so far results have tended to be positive. 
In allergic rhinitis, several trials have found reductions in symptoms (e.g., itching, sneezing, congestion, runny nose) with black seed supplementation compared to a placebo. Benefits have been demonstrated for mild, moderate, or severe allergic rhinitis with both oral and intranasal black seed.<a href="#ref-32" id="ref-link-32" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Nikakhlagh S, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20947211" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Herbal treatment of allergic rhinitis: the use of Nigella sativa
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Am J Otolaryngol (2011 Sep-Oct)&lt;/div&gt;'>[32]</a><a href="#ref-33" id="ref-link-33" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Alsamarai AM, Abdulsatar M, Ahmed Alobaidi AH. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23855426" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Evaluation of topical black seed oil in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem (2014-Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[33]</a><a href="#ref-34" id="ref-link-34" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Ansari M, Ansari N, Junejo S. &lt;a href="https://pjms.com.pk/issues/aprjun2010/pdf/article01.pdf" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Montelukast versus Nigella sativa for management of seasonal allergic rhinitis: A single blind comparative clinical trial.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Pak J Med Sci (2010 Apr)&lt;/div&gt;'>[34]</a>
For asthma, preliminary research has reported clinically significant improvements in the Asthma Control Test scores — a validated measurement tool that considers shortness of breath, interference with daily activities, use of rescue inhalers, nighttime waking, and overall asthma control — in both children and adults with partially controlled asthma.<a href="#ref-35" id="ref-link-35" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Koshak A, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28093815" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nigella sativa Supplementation Improves Asthma Control and Biomarkers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2017-Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[35]</a><a href="#ref-36" id="ref-link-36" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Salem AM, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28151459" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on lung function and inflammatory mediatorsin partly controlled asthma: a randomized controlled trial.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ann Saudi Med (2017)&lt;/div&gt;'>[36]</a><a href="#ref-37" id="ref-link-37" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Kardani A, et al. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-0643747" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The effect of house dust mite immunotherapy, probiotic and Nigella sativa in the number of Th17 cell and asthma control test score
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;IOSR J Dent Med Sci (2013 May)&lt;/div&gt;'>[37]</a> There’s also some data to suggest that black seed may have a bronchodilatory (airway-opening) effect and improve lung function, including increased <a href="/outcomes/forced-expiratory-volume/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Forced Expiratory Volume&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Forced expiratory volume refers to the amount of air one can exhale after inhaling as much as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">forced expiratory volume</a> in 1 second (FEV1) and <a href="/outcomes/peak-expiratory-flow-rate/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Peak Expiratory Flow Rate&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peak expiratory flow rate is the maximum speed of the air upon exhalation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">peak expiratory flow rate</a>, but this hasn’t been found consistently. <a href="#ref-38" id="ref-link-38" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Khazdair M, Amirabadizadeh A. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.52547/phypha.26.2.2" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa on asthma: a systematic review of clinical trial
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Physiol Pharmacol (2022 Jun)&lt;/div&gt;'>[38]</a><a href="#ref-16" id="ref-link-16" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Koshak A, Koshak E, Heinrich M. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30166900" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Medicinal benefits of in bronchial asthma: A literature review.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Saudi Pharm J (2017-Dec)&lt;/div&gt;'>[16]</a><a href="#ref-39" id="ref-link-39" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Han A, Shi D. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34658694" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The efficacy of Nigella sativa supplementation for asthma control: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Postepy Dermatol Alergol (2021-Aug)&lt;/div&gt;'>[39]</a><a href="#ref-40" id="ref-link-40" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Boskabady MH, Mohsenpoor N, Takaloo L. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20149611" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Antiasthmatic effect of Nigella sativa in airways of asthmatic patients.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytomedicine (2010-Aug)&lt;/div&gt;'>[40]</a>

Does black seed improve symptoms of asthma or allergic rhinitis?

Black seed has historically been used for the management of rheumatism and conditions associated with pain and inflammation. Current clinical research is limited but has generally been positive. 
In preliminary research, black seed has been found to reduce symptoms of <a href="/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Rheumatoid Arthritis&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that is mainly known for affecting the joints, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is more common in women than men and often starts during middle age, but it can occur at any age. The cause of RA is not well understood, but it seems to involve genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">rheumatoid arthritis</a> in women as measured with the Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS-28) — a validated, objective way of measuring disease activity based on the number of tender or swollen joints — and to reduce the duration of morning stiffness. However, no clear effect on markers of inflammation or antioxidant status has been found in this population.<a href="#ref-41" id="ref-link-41" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Alireza Khabbazi, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32274788" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;A Systematic Review of the Potential Effects of Nigella Sativa on Rheumatoid Arthritis
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Planta Med (2020 May)&lt;/div&gt;'>[41]</a> 
While the data are promising and supported by a large number of animal studies, more research is needed to clarify whether black seed has a role in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.

Does black seed improve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Black seed has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and immune-modulating properties. Currently, the most well-studied benefits of black seed are for cardiovascular health and <a href="/conditions/metabolic-health/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Metabolic Health&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Metabolic health is defined as having ideal levels of blood glucose (blood sugar), triglycerides, cholesterol, blood pressure, and waist circumference without the use of medications. Metabolic health can also include the ability to regulate inflammation in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">metabolic health</a>.<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Kavyani Z, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37036558" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Inflammopharmacology (2023-Jun)&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>
Black seed may improve <a href="/outcomes/glycemic-control/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Glycemic Control&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glycemic control refers to a person's average blood sugar levels. HbA1c is the most widely used marker to monitor glycemic control. A continuous glucose monitor or fingersticks are also commonly used to help monitor and improve glycemic control.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">glycemic control</a> by lowering <a href="/outcomes/fasting-glucose/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Fasting Glucose&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fasting glucose is the concentration of glucose in the blood after a period of fasting, typically overnight.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">fasting glucose</a> and hemoglobin A1c (<a href="/outcomes/hba1c/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;HbA1c&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) is a biomarker of glucose metabolism — it reflects glucose levels over months. Higher HbA1c is associated with more disease progression and comorbidities in states of insulin resistance or diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">HbA1c</a>) by a clinically significant degree. This effect is the greatest in people with <a href="/conditions/type-2-diabetes/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Type 2 Diabetes&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and pancreas cells and an inability of the pancreas to manufacture enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. T2D is strongly associated with excess body fat, and weight loss induced by lifestyle changes is extremely effective for treating T2D.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">type 2 diabetes</a>, but benefits are still observed in other relevant conditions like <a href="/conditions/metabolic-syndrome/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Metabolic Syndrome&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of cardiometabolic risk factors: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, high blood triglycerides, and low HDL-C. If a person has at least three of these, they have metabolic syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">metabolic syndrome</a> and <a href="/conditions/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excessive fat (more than 5% of liver weight) accumulates in the liver due to causes unrelated to alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">nonalcoholic fatty liver disease</a> (NAFLD).<a href="#ref-7" id="ref-link-7" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Shabani M, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38265398" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effect of Nigella sativa Consumption on Lipid Profile and Glycemic Index in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Curr Med Chem (2024-Jan-23)&lt;/div&gt;'>[7]</a><a href="#ref-8" id="ref-link-8" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Saadati S, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36034891" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;supplementation improves cardiometabolic indicators in population with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Front Nutr (2022)&lt;/div&gt;'>[8]</a><a href="#ref-3" id="ref-link-3" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Jamal Hallajzadeh, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2020 Oct)&lt;/div&gt;'>[3]</a><a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Askari G, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30873688" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) supplementation on glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2019-May)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a> 
Black seed may also improve lipid profiles, including reduced <a href="/outcomes/triglycerides/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Triglycerides&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Triglycerides refers to the fatty acids in your blood. They can be used for energy or stored into fat cells (i.e., body fat). Abnormal triglycerides raise the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">triglycerides</a>, <a href="/outcomes/ldl-c/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body. Because higher levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) tend to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), LDL-C is often called the “bad cholesterol” (as opposed to HDL-C) — but the reality is more complex.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">low-density lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol, and increased [high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.<a href="#ref-3" id="ref-link-3" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Jamal Hallajzadeh, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2020 Oct)&lt;/div&gt;'>[3]</a><a href="#ref-8" id="ref-link-8" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Saadati S, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36034891" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;supplementation improves cardiometabolic indicators in population with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Front Nutr (2022)&lt;/div&gt;'>[8]</a><a href="#ref-7" id="ref-link-7" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Shabani M, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38265398" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effect of Nigella sativa Consumption on Lipid Profile and Glycemic Index in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Curr Med Chem (2024-Jan-23)&lt;/div&gt;'>[7]</a> This lipid-modulating effect has not been found in people with NAFLD despite other observed benefits in this population (reduced levels of <a href="/outcomes/liver-enzymes/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Liver Enzymes&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Liver enzymes are used as biomarkers to test the toxicity of a supplement and are elevated in case of fatty or cirrhotic liver. Lower blood levels are thought to reflect less-damaged liver cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">liver enzymes</a>, <a href="/outcomes/c-reactive-protein/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;C-Reactive Protein (CRP)&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;C-Reactive protein is a biomarker of systemic inflammation. It's often used as a marker of cardiovascular disease risk, although it doesn't necessarily contribute directly to cardiovascular conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">C-reactive protein</a>, and liver fat).<a href="#ref-9" id="ref-link-9" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Gang Tang, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33728708" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effect of Nigella sativa in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2021 Mar 16)&lt;/div&gt;'>[9]</a>
Lastly, black seed may reduce <a href="/outcomes/blood-pressure/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Blood Pressure&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on blood vessels as it circulates. &lt;em&gt;High&lt;/em&gt; blood pressure (&lt;em&gt;hyper&lt;/em&gt;tension) and &lt;em&gt;low&lt;/em&gt; blood pressure (&lt;em&gt;hypo&lt;/em&gt;tension) can each lead to a variety of health issues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">blood pressure</a>, and in people with <a href="/conditions/overweight/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Overweight&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Overweight is characterized as having a &lt;em&gt;body mass index&lt;/em&gt; bmi|(BMI) of 25 to 29.9. Having overweight is associated with increased risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. However, this may not be the case in people with increased lean mass (e.g., athletes or weight lifters).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">overweight</a> or <a href="/conditions/obesity/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Obesity&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used. Obesity treatment usually involves restricting the calories eaten or creating negative calorie balance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">obesity</a>, it may cause slight reductions in <a href="/outcomes/weight/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Weight&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your weight is the result of your body’s fight against gravity. The ideal weight-loss diet will maximize fat loss and minimize fat-free mass loss.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">weight</a> and <a href="/outcomes/bmi/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Body Mass Index (BMI)&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;BMI is not a highly accurate measure of obesity. That being said, it can be useful as a complementary datum. BMI has a high rate of false negatives, particularly among females, with nearly half of obese people being classified as normal or overweight in some studies. The amount of false positives, on the other hand, is surprisingly small: less than 5% in men and 1% in women, according to one study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">body mass index</a> (BMI).<a href="#ref-10" id="ref-link-10" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Kavyani Z, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37341696" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Antihypertensive effects of Nigella sativa supplementation: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2023-Aug)&lt;/div&gt;'>[10]</a><a href="#ref-11" id="ref-link-11" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Mousavi SM, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29857879" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on obesity indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Complement Ther Med (2018-Jun)&lt;/div&gt;'>[11]</a> 
Most of these effects have been observed in short-term studies (≤12 weeks), meaning the long-term effectiveness of black seed supplementation still needs to be determined. An exception to this is the effect of black seed on glycemic control, with benefits being maintained in some studies spanning 6 to 12 months.<a href="#ref-3" id="ref-link-3" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Jamal Hallajzadeh, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2020 Oct)&lt;/div&gt;'>[3]</a>

What are black seed’s main benefits?

Black seed is generally considered to be safe and well-tolerated. The most commonly reported side effects are gastrointestinal in nature, including <a href="/outcomes/diarrhea-symptoms/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Diarrhea Symptoms&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diarrhea refers to loose, watery stools that may be caused by a virus, contaminated food, or disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/outcomes/nausea-symptoms/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Nausea Symptoms&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nausea is the feeling of acute sickness that may result in vomiting and loss of appetite. Some supplements are known as antiemetics, and are used to reduce the sensation of nausea when taken.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">nausea</a>, <a href="/outcomes/vomiting/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Vomiting&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vomiting is the expulsion of stomach contents from the mouth. It can be triggered from a variety of causes such as infection, dizziness, and pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/outcomes/heartburn-symptoms/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Heartburn Symptoms&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heartburn is a painful sensation felt in the chest due to stomach acid traveling up into the esophagus. Symptoms are usually worse after eating, lying down, or bending over.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">heartburn</a>.<a href="#ref-12" id="ref-link-12" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Li Z, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37057067" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;and health outcomes: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Front Nutr (2023)&lt;/div&gt;'>[12]</a><a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Kavyani Z, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37036558" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Inflammopharmacology (2023-Jun)&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a> 
There have been several case reports of allergic skin reactions following the topical or oral use of black seed, ranging from mild <a href="/conditions/dermatitis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Dermatitis&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatitis is an umbrella term used to describe skin inflammation from conditions such as eczema, contact dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. Symptoms of these conditions include dry skin, redness, and itchiness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">dermatitis</a> and <a href="/conditions/urticaria/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Urticaria&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Urticaria — also known as hives, nettle rash, or wheals — can be an acute or chronic condition. Acute urticaria typically results from exposure to an allergen or infection and lasts less than 6 weeks, whereas chronic urticaria lasts longer and seems to be related to autoimmune dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">hives</a> to cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, both of which are severe hypersensitivity reactions that can result in extensive blistering/rashes, fever, and potential damage to internal organs.<a href="#ref-13" id="ref-link-13" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Fargeas M, Calugareanu A, Ben-Said B. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419842" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome after topical use of Nigella sativa (black cumin) oil.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Contact Dermatitis (2022-Aug)&lt;/div&gt;'>[13]</a><a href="#ref-14" id="ref-link-14" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Dehavay F, Kolivras A, Scheers C. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30478848" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Local and systemic adverse skin reactions following the use of herbal products believed to contain Nigella sativa seeds and oil.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Contact Dermatitis (2019-Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[14]</a>

What are black seed’s main drawbacks?

Black seed contains many bioactive <a href="/other/phytochemicals/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Phytochemicals&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phytochemicals are plant-derived compounds found in several fruits and vegetables. They have been associated with numerous health benefits due to their antioxidant properties. Phytochemicals include polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, phytoestrogens, and phytosterols.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">phytochemicals</a> that likely contribute to its effects, but thymoquinone is considered its main active compound. Further, its content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and soluble fiber may have positive biological effects. Regardless, our current understanding of how black seed works is largely theoretical and based on animal and <a href="/glossary/in-vitro-study/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;In Vitro Study&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In vitro&lt;/em&gt; (Latin for “within the glass”) refers to studies that are performed outside of a living organism. In scientific research, this often involves performing experiments on bacterial, animal, or human cells growing in lab culture dishes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">in vitro</a> research. 
Black seed may modulate lipid levels by several possible mechanisms, including reduced cholesterol synthesis (via downregulation of the rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase), increased clearance of <a href="/outcomes/ldl-c/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body. Because higher levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) tend to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), LDL-C is often called the “bad cholesterol” (as opposed to HDL-C) — but the reality is more complex.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">low-density lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol from the blood, and increased synthesis of bile acids.<a href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Heshmati J, Namazi N. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25847566" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Complement Ther Med (2015-Apr)&lt;/div&gt;'>[1]</a>
Improved <a href="/outcomes/glycemic-control/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Glycemic Control&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glycemic control refers to a person's average blood sugar levels. HbA1c is the most widely used marker to monitor glycemic control. A continuous glucose monitor or fingersticks are also commonly used to help monitor and improve glycemic control.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">glycemic control</a> may be due to reduced intestinal absorption of glucose (via inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter), reduced synthesis of glucose by the liver, and improved integrity of pancreatic beta cells (insulin-secreting cells).<a href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Heshmati J, Namazi N. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25847566" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Complement Ther Med (2015-Apr)&lt;/div&gt;'>[1]</a> 
Black seed also appears to activate <a href="/glossary/ampk/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;AMPK&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase&lt;/em&gt; (AMPK) is an enzyme that helps regulate energy in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">AMPK</a> in skeletal muscle and liver cells, which likely explains some of its antidiabetic and lipid-lowering properties.<a href="#ref-15" id="ref-link-15" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Benhaddou-Andaloussi A, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21584245" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The In Vivo Antidiabetic Activity of Nigella sativa Is Mediated through Activation of the AMPK Pathway and Increased Muscle Glut4 Content.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2011)&lt;/div&gt;'>[15]</a>
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of black seed may occur for several reasons, most likely through increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes, reducing lipid peroxidation, inhibiting <a href="/outcomes/nf-kb-activity/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;NF-kB Activity&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is a protein that induces inflammation. NF-kB is crucial for preventing infection, but its dysregulation has been linked to various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">NF-KB activity</a>, and reducing the formation of various inflammatory mediators.<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Kavyani Z, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37036558" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Inflammopharmacology (2023-Jun)&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a><a href="#ref-3" id="ref-link-3" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Jamal Hallajzadeh, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytother Res (2020 Oct)&lt;/div&gt;'>[3]</a>

How does black seed work?

Black seed

Brain Health

Immunity & Infectious Disease

Effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.

Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) supplementation on glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety

Quality Changes of Cold-Pressed Black Cumin ( L.), Safflower ( L.), and Milk Thistle ( L.) Seed Oils during Storage.

The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Effect of Nigella sativa Consumption on Lipid Profile and Glycemic Index in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

supplementation improves cardiometabolic indicators in population with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Effect of Nigella sativa in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Antihypertensive effects of Nigella sativa supplementation: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on obesity indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

and health outcomes: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome after topical use of Nigella sativa (black cumin) oil.

Local and systemic adverse skin reactions following the use of herbal products believed to contain Nigella sativa seeds and oil.

The In Vivo Antidiabetic Activity of Nigella sativa Is Mediated through Activation of the AMPK Pathway and Increased Muscle Glut4 Content.

Medicinal benefits of  in bronchial asthma: A literature review.

Nigella Plants - Traditional Uses, Bioactive Phytoconstituents, Preclinical and Clinical Studies

The effect of a hydrogel made by Nigella sativa L. on acne vulgaris: A randomized double-blind clinical trial.

Treatment of acne vulgaris with Nigella sativa oil lotion

Nigella sativa oil lotion 20% vs. benzoyl peroxide lotion 5% in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris

Development of Novel Topical Cosmeceutical Formulations from  L. with Antimicrobial Activity against Acne-Causing Microorganisms.

Antibacterial activity of Thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa and its potency to prevent bacterial biofilm formation.

Comparison of therapeutic effect of topical Nigella with Betamethasone and Eucerin in hand eczema.

Evaluation of efficacy, safety and antioxidant effect of Nigella sativa in patients with psoriasis: A randomized clinical trial

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of Nigella sativa (75% v/v) cream and clobetasol propionate (0.05% w/w) gel in oral lichen planus-a double-blinded randomized control trial

Deciphering underlying mechanism of Sars-CoV-2 infection in humans and revealing the therapeutic potential of bioactive constituents from  to combat COVID19:  study.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ThymoQuinone Formula (TQF) for Treating Outpatient SARS-CoV-2.

Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19 patients: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19: An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial.

The effect of   and vitamin D3 supplementation on the clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

The Effect of Short Treatment with Nigella Sativa on Symptoms, the Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Profile, and Inflammatory Markers in Mild COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial.

Herbal treatment of allergic rhinitis: the use of Nigella sativa

Evaluation of topical black seed oil in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Montelukast versus Nigella sativa for management of seasonal allergic rhinitis: A single blind comparative clinical trial.

Nigella sativa Supplementation Improves Asthma Control and Biomarkers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on lung function and inflammatory mediatorsin partly controlled asthma: a randomized controlled trial.

The effect of house dust mite immunotherapy, probiotic and Nigella sativa in the number of Th17 cell and asthma control test score

Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa on asthma: a systematic review of clinical trial

The efficacy of Nigella sativa supplementation for asthma control: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.

Antiasthmatic effect of Nigella sativa in airways of asthmatic patients.

A Systematic Review of the Potential Effects of Nigella Sativa on Rheumatoid Arthritis

Nick Milazzo

Conni Covington

Natalka Roshak

Katie Jantz

Healthy Aging

Diabetes & Blood Sugar

Cardiovascular Health

Liver Health

Metabolic Health

Blood Pressure

Total cholesterol

Weight

Fasting Glucose

HbA1c

Appetite

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Memory

Serum Albumin

Triglycerides

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Bilirubin

Blood glucose

Creatinine

Food Intake

Free Testosterone

Insulin

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Liver Enzymes

Processing Accuracy

Uric Acid

vLDL-C

Allergies & Immunity

Allergic Rhinitis

Allergy Symptoms

Asthma Symptoms

Immunity

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Cortisol

Type 2 Diabetes

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Interleukin 6

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

Superoxide Dismutase Activity

TNF-Alpha

Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)

General Cardiovascular Health

Metabolic Syndrome

Asthma

Lung Function

Forced Expiratory Volume

Interferon Gamma

Interleukin 4

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

High Blood Pressure

Heart Rate

Proteinuria

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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Pain

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Respiratory Health

Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of powdered Nigella sativa (kalonji) seed in capsules on serum lipid levels, blood sugar, blood pressure, and body weight in adults: results of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial

The effect of Nigella sativa Linn. seed on memory, attention and cognition in healthy human volunteers

Efficacy of Nigella sativa on serum free testosterone and metabolic disturbances in central obese male

Potential adjuvant effects of Nigella sativa seeds to improve specific immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis patients

Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on subjective feeling in patients with allergic diseases

Clinical evaluation of Nigella sativa seeds for the treatment of hyperlipidemia: a randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial

The possible prophylactic effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in asthmatic patients

Antihypertensive effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in patients with mild hypertension

Effects of Nigella sativa on outcome of hepatitis C in Egypt

Effectiveness of Nigella sativa oil in the management of rheumatoid arthritis patients: a placebo controlled study

Effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

 supplementation improves cardiometabolic indicators in population with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The possible prophylactic effect of Nigella sativa seed aqueous extract on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function tests on chemical war victims: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Effect of Nigella sativa oil on various clinical and biochemical parameters of insulin resistance syndrome

The effect of thymoquinone on intractable pediatric seizures (pilot study)

The Effects of Nigella sativa Supplementation on Liver Enzymes Levels: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The Effect of Selected Herbal Medicines on Bone Turnover Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Black seed has been used as an herbal medicine for thousands of years by many cultures and traditional systems of medicine across Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Additionally, black seed has been used as a culinary spice to add flavor to various foods and for food preservation.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37036558|title=The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.|published=2023-Jun|authors=Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Golpour-Hamedani S, Moridpour AH, Vajdi M, Askari G|journal=Inflammopharmacology|] 
By many, black seed was considered to be a panacea — a remedy for nearly all diseases — and it has historically been referred to as “the herb from heaven”.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073784|title=Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety|published=2021 May 24|authors=Md Abdul Hannan, Md Ataur Rahman, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Md Jamal Uddin, Raju Dash, Mahmudul Hasan Sikder, Md Saidur Rahman, Binod Timalsina, Yeasmin Akter Munni, Partha Protim Sarker, Mahboob Alam, Md Mohibbullah, Md Nazmul Haque, Israt Jahan, Md Tahmeed Hossain, Tania Afrin, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif, Sarmistha Mitra, Diyah Fatimah Oktaviani, Md Kawsar Khan, Ho Jin Choi, Il Soo Moon, Bonglee Kim|journal=Nutrients|] Black seed was supposedly used by several ancient Greek physicians, including Hippocrates, Dioscorides, and Galen. The mention of black seed and its therapeutic properties can be found in several historical texts ranging from the Bible to The Canon of Medicine by the classical Muslim physician Avicenna.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073784|title=Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety|published=2021 May 24|authors=Md Abdul Hannan, Md Ataur Rahman, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Md Jamal Uddin, Raju Dash, Mahmudul Hasan Sikder, Md Saidur Rahman, Binod Timalsina, Yeasmin Akter Munni, Partha Protim Sarker, Mahboob Alam, Md Mohibbullah, Md Nazmul Haque, Israt Jahan, Md Tahmeed Hossain, Tania Afrin, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif, Sarmistha Mitra, Diyah Fatimah Oktaviani, Md Kawsar Khan, Ho Jin Choi, Il Soo Moon, Bonglee Kim|journal=Nutrients|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30166900|title=Medicinal benefits of in bronchial asthma: A literature review.|published=2017-Dec|authors=Koshak A, Koshak E, Heinrich M|journal=Saudi Pharm J|] 
Typical uses were far reaching but included difficulty breathing, rheumatism, pain, tiredness, skin rashes and infections, blisters, dizziness, liver disease, lactation, trouble sleeping, indigestion, and as an insect-repellant. Interestingly, black seed was also reportedly used in ancient Egypt as a preservative for mummification and was found in the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun, dating its use back to 1300 BC.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073784|title=Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety|published=2021 May 24|authors=Md Abdul Hannan, Md Ataur Rahman, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Md Jamal Uddin, Raju Dash, Mahmudul Hasan Sikder, Md Saidur Rahman, Binod Timalsina, Yeasmin Akter Munni, Partha Protim Sarker, Mahboob Alam, Md Mohibbullah, Md Nazmul Haque, Israt Jahan, Md Tahmeed Hossain, Tania Afrin, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif, Sarmistha Mitra, Diyah Fatimah Oktaviani, Md Kawsar Khan, Ho Jin Choi, Il Soo Moon, Bonglee Kim|journal=Nutrients|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33981219|title=Nigella Plants - Traditional Uses, Bioactive Phytoconstituents, Preclinical and Clinical Studies|published=2021 Apr 26|authors=Bahare Salehi, Cristina Quispe, Muhammad Imran, Iahtisham Ul-Haq, Jelena Živković, Ibrahim M Abu-Reidah, Surjit Sen, Yasaman Taheri, Krishnendu Acharya, Hamed Azadi, María Del Mar Contreras, Antonio Segura-Carretero, Dima Mnayer, Gautam Sethi, Miquel Martorell, Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, Usman Sunusi, Ramla Muhammad Kamal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Javad Sharifi-Rad|journal=Front Pharmacol|]

Black seed is the seed oil or whole ground seeds of Nigella sativa — a flowering plant in the buttercup (Ranunculaceae) family that grows in certain parts of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508|title=Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials|published=2020 Oct|authors=Jamal Hallajzadeh, Alireza Milajerdi, Moein Mobini, Elaheh Amirani, Susan Azizi, Elhameh Nikkhah, Babak Bahadori, Razieh Sheikhsoleimani, Seyyed Mehdi Mirhashemi|journal=Phytother Res|] Black seed has a long history of use in many cultures, both as a spice in foods and as an herbal medicine. It contains a variety of nutritional compounds like polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, as well as an abundance of <a href="/other/phytochemicals/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Phytochemicals&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phytochemicals are plant-derived compounds found in several fruits and vegetables. They have been associated with numerous health benefits due to their antioxidant properties. Phytochemicals include polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, phytoestrogens, and phytosterols.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">phytochemicals</a> — thymoquinone (a terpenoid) being considered the most important.

Historically, black seed has been used topically to treat a variety of skin ailments thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Clinical research supporting the use of black seed in this context is minimal, but the existing evidence is promising. 
Black seed lotion or gel may be effective for the management of mild to moderate <a href="/conditions/acne/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Acne&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acne vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects up to 10% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by inflammatory skin lesions, such as comedones (whiteheads and blackheads) caused by excess sebum production, bacterial overgrowth, and hyper-keratinization. Certain dietary choices and supplements can help to treat these causes while improving skin health and perception.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">acne</a>. Preliminary research suggests that black seed applied topically for 8 weeks may reduce the number of comedones, papules, and pustules compared to both a placebo and benzoyl peroxide 5% lotion (a commonly used product for acne).[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32548864|title=The effect of a hydrogel made by Nigella sativa L. on acne vulgaris: A randomized double-blind clinical trial.|published=2020-Nov|authors=Soleymani S, Zargaran A, Farzaei MH, Iranpanah A, Heydarpour F, Najafi F, Rahimi R|journal=Phytother Res|][reference|url=https://ipmj.org/article_49095_7e7b702cd48d737110a39231a27c6cf2.pdf|title=Treatment of acne vulgaris with Nigella sativa oil lotion|published=2010 Jun|authors=Al-Harchan NA|journal=Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal][reference|url=https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/d6a1de27a39f5ad5|title=Nigella sativa oil lotion 20% vs. benzoyl peroxide lotion 5% in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris|published=2010|authors=Al-Harchan N, Ashor A|journal=Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal] This is supported by <a href="/glossary/in-vitro-study/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;In Vitro Study&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In vitro&lt;/em&gt; (Latin for “within the glass”) refers to studies that are performed outside of a living organism. In scientific research, this often involves performing experiments on bacterial, animal, or human cells growing in lab culture dishes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">in vitro</a> research finding that black seed and thymoquinone possess antibacterial effects against certain bacteria known to contribute to acne.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31485198|title=Development of Novel Topical Cosmeceutical Formulations from L. with Antimicrobial Activity against Acne-Causing Microorganisms.|published=2019|authors=Nawarathne NW, Wijesekera K, Wijayaratne WMDGB, Napagoda M|journal=ScientificWorldJournal|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21489272|title=Antibacterial activity of Thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa and its potency to prevent bacterial biofilm formation.|published=2011-Apr-13|authors=Chaieb K, Kouidhi B, Jrah H, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A|journal=BMC Complement Altern Med|] 
A few studies have looked at the effects of black seed on inflammatory skin conditions. In hand <a href="/conditions/eczema/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Eczema&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is a common, painful skin condition where the skin is inflamed, itchy, and the skin barrier is disrupted. Treatment generally involves addressing each of these aspects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">eczema</a>, black seed was comparably effective to steroid cream and superior to an unmedicated cream for reducing eczema severity.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23198836|title=Comparison of therapeutic effect of topical Nigella with Betamethasone and Eucerin in hand eczema.|published=2013-Dec|authors=Yousefi M, Barikbin B, Kamalinejad M, Abolhasani E, Ebadi A, Younespour S, Manouchehrian M, Hejazi S|journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol|] In <a href="/conditions/psoriasis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Psoriasis&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that causes patches of thick, red, scaly skin on various parts of the body. Its cause is unknown and symptoms tend to wax and wane over time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">psoriasis</a>, black seed applied topically, taken orally, or both, led to a reduction in psoriatic lesions compared to baseline, with the combination group seeing the largest improvement.[reference|url=https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.01.2014.02.0387|title=Evaluation of efficacy, safety and antioxidant effect of Nigella sativa in patients with psoriasis: A randomized clinical trial|published=2014 Jun|authors=Ahmed J, Ibraheem A, Al-Hamdi K|journal=J Clin Exp Invest] Lastly, in <a href="/conditions/oral-lichen-planus/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Oral Lichen Planus&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition that causes the appearance of white, lacy patches or red, swollen tissues and sores inside the mouth. Oral lichen planus causes severe pain and discomfort but is a noncommunicable condition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">oral lichen planus</a> black seed was comparably effective to steroid gel at reducing symptoms (check out our study summary <a href="https://examine.com/research-feed/study/1rErwd/?requirelogin=1">here</a>).[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36547822|title=Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of Nigella sativa (75% v/v) cream and clobetasol propionate (0.05% w/w) gel in oral lichen planus-a double-blinded randomized control trial|published=2022 Dec 22|authors=Lokesh Kumar S, Zameera Naik, Arun Panwar, Sridhar M, Vaishali Keluskar, Ram Surath Kumar|journal=Oral Maxillofac Surg|] 
While promising, further research finding similar results is needed before we can feel confident about the effects of black seed on skin health.

Black seed has antiviral, immune-modulating, and anti-inflammatory properties, which makes it a potential candidate for the treatment of <a href="/conditions/covid-19/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;COVID-19&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Since the virus was identified in 2019, it has spread and created a global pandemic. Vaccines are effective at reducing both the chance of contracting COVID-19 and the severity of the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">COVID-19</a>. Additionally, compounds in black seed might theoretically prevent SARS-CoV-2 from entering human cells by blocking the receptor the virus uses to gain entry, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33111624|title=Deciphering underlying mechanism of Sars-CoV-2 infection in humans and revealing the therapeutic potential of bioactive constituents from to combat COVID19: study.|published=2022-Apr|authors=Jakhmola Mani R, Sehgal N, Dogra N, Saxena S, Pande Katare D|journal=J Biomol Struct Dyn|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631072|title=A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ThymoQuinone Formula (TQF) for Treating Outpatient SARS-CoV-2.|published=2022-May-07|authors=Bencheqroun H, Ahmed Y, Kocak M, Villa E, Barrera C, Mohiuddin M, Fortunet R, Iyoha E, Bates D, Okpalor C, Agbosasa O, Mohammed K, Pondell S, Mohamed A, Mohamed YI, Gok Yavuz B, Kaseb MO, Kasseb OO, Gocio MY, Tu PT, Li D, Lu J, Selim A, Ma Q, Kaseb AO|journal=Pathogens|]
A 2023 meta-analysis suggested that in people with COVID-19, black seed supplementation may reduce the risk of mortality and reduce the time to a negative PCR test. However, three of the seven studies included in the analysis used black seed in addition to other interventions (honey or other herbal medicines), and most trials were not blinded, which reduces our confidence in these findings.[reference|url=https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3906|title=Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19 patients: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|published=2023 Dec|authors=Umer M, Naveed A, Maryam Q, Cheema H, Shahid A, Hermis A, Chinnam S, Swed S, Sahra S|journal=Food Sci Nutr] Additionally, some trials using black seed or its active compound (thymoquinone) in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 reported a faster reduction of symptoms compared to a placebo,[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407441|title=Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19: An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial.|published=2021-Sep|authors=Koshak AE, Koshak EA, Mobeireek AF, Badawi MA, Wali SO, Malibary HM, Atwah AF, Alhamdan MM, Almalki RA, Madani TA|journal=Complement Ther Med|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36425571|title=The effect of and vitamin D3 supplementation on the clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial.|published=2022|authors=Said SA, Abdulbaset A, El-Kholy AA, Besckales O, Sabri NA|journal=Front Pharmacol|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631072|title=A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ThymoQuinone Formula (TQF) for Treating Outpatient SARS-CoV-2.|published=2022-May-07|authors=Bencheqroun H, Ahmed Y, Kocak M, Villa E, Barrera C, Mohiuddin M, Fortunet R, Iyoha E, Bates D, Okpalor C, Agbosasa O, Mohammed K, Pondell S, Mohamed A, Mohamed YI, Gok Yavuz B, Kaseb MO, Kasseb OO, Gocio MY, Tu PT, Li D, Lu J, Selim A, Ma Q, Kaseb AO|journal=Pathogens|] while another trial found no effect.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36142070|title=The Effect of Short Treatment with Nigella Sativa on Symptoms, the Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Profile, and Inflammatory Markers in Mild COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial.|published=2022-Sep-19|authors=Bin Abdulrahman KA, Bamosa AO, Bukhari AI, Siddiqui IA, Arafa MA, Mohsin AA, Althageel MF, Aljuaeed MO, Aldeailej IM, Alrajeh AI, Aldosari KM, Hawsawi NA, Zawbaee KI, Alsurayea SM|journal=Int J Environ Res Public Health|]
Despite preliminary research showing potential promise, there is currently not enough evidence to reasonably recommend black seed for the treatment (or prevention) of COVID-19.

Black seed has anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties, and preclinical research suggests it may also reduce histamine release and <a href="/outcomes/leukotriene-b4/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Leukotriene B4&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Leukotriene B4 is a chemical that promotes inflammation and activation of immune cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">leukotriene B4</a> synthesis, making it an interesting candidate for both <a href="/conditions/asthma/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Asthma&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Asthma is a lung condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which results in episodes of wheezing and breathlessness. Asthma can be worsened by environmental exposures, such as allergens, cold air, exercise, viral/bacterial infections, and some drugs. Diet and supplementation may alleviate asthma by way of reducing inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">asthma</a> and <a href="/conditions/allergic-rhinitis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Allergic Rhinitis&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Allergic rhinitis is a condition mainly characterized by runny nose, sinus congestion, sneezing, and itching after being exposed to an allergen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">allergic rhinitis</a>. Clinical research is limited to a handful of small trials, but so far results have tended to be positive. 
In allergic rhinitis, several trials have found reductions in symptoms (e.g., itching, sneezing, congestion, runny nose) with black seed supplementation compared to a placebo. Benefits have been demonstrated for mild, moderate, or severe allergic rhinitis with both oral and intranasal black seed.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20947211|title=Herbal treatment of allergic rhinitis: the use of Nigella sativa|published=2011 Sep-Oct|authors=Nikakhlagh S, Rahim F, Aryani FH, Syahpoush A, Brougerdnya MG, Saki N|journal=Am J Otolaryngol|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23855426|title=Evaluation of topical black seed oil in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.|published=2014-Mar|authors=Alsamarai AM, Abdulsatar M, Ahmed Alobaidi AH|journal=Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem|][reference|url=https://pjms.com.pk/issues/aprjun2010/pdf/article01.pdf|title=Montelukast versus Nigella sativa for management of seasonal allergic rhinitis: A single blind comparative clinical trial.|published=2010 Apr|authors=Ansari M, Ansari N, Junejo S|journal=Pak J Med Sci]
For asthma, preliminary research has reported clinically significant improvements in the Asthma Control Test scores — a validated measurement tool that considers shortness of breath, interference with daily activities, use of rescue inhalers, nighttime waking, and overall asthma control — in both children and adults with partially controlled asthma.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28093815|title=Nigella sativa Supplementation Improves Asthma Control and Biomarkers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.|published=2017-Mar|authors=Koshak A, Wei L, Koshak E, Wali S, Alamoudi O, Demerdash A, Qutub M, Pushparaj PN, Heinrich M|journal=Phytother Res|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28151459|title=Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on lung function and inflammatory mediatorsin partly controlled asthma: a randomized controlled trial.|published=2017|authors=Salem AM, Bamosa AO, Qutub HO, Gupta RK, Badar A, Elnour A, Afzal MN|journal=Ann Saudi Med|][reference|url=https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-0643747|title=The effect of house dust mite immunotherapy, probiotic and Nigella sativa in the number of Th17 cell and asthma control test score|published=2013 May|authors=Kardani A, Fitri L, Barlianto W, Olivianto E, Kusuma C|journal=IOSR J Dent Med Sci] There’s also some data to suggest that black seed may have a bronchodilatory (airway-opening) effect and improve lung function, including increased <a href="/outcomes/forced-expiratory-volume/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Forced Expiratory Volume&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Forced expiratory volume refers to the amount of air one can exhale after inhaling as much as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">forced expiratory volume</a> in 1 second (FEV1) and <a href="/outcomes/peak-expiratory-flow-rate/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Peak Expiratory Flow Rate&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peak expiratory flow rate is the maximum speed of the air upon exhalation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">peak expiratory flow rate</a>, but this hasn’t been found consistently. [reference|url=https://doi.org/10.52547/phypha.26.2.2|title=Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa on asthma: a systematic review of clinical trial|published=2022 Jun|authors=Khazdair M, Amirabadizadeh A|journal=Physiol Pharmacol][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30166900|title=Medicinal benefits of in bronchial asthma: A literature review.|published=2017-Dec|authors=Koshak A, Koshak E, Heinrich M|journal=Saudi Pharm J|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34658694|title=The efficacy of Nigella sativa supplementation for asthma control: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.|published=2021-Aug|authors=Han A, Shi D|journal=Postepy Dermatol Alergol|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20149611|title=Antiasthmatic effect of Nigella sativa in airways of asthmatic patients.|published=2010-Aug|authors=Boskabady MH, Mohsenpoor N, Takaloo L|journal=Phytomedicine|]

Black seed has historically been used for the management of rheumatism and conditions associated with pain and inflammation. Current clinical research is limited but has generally been positive. 
In preliminary research, black seed has been found to reduce symptoms of <a href="/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Rheumatoid Arthritis&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that is mainly known for affecting the joints, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is more common in women than men and often starts during middle age, but it can occur at any age. The cause of RA is not well understood, but it seems to involve genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">rheumatoid arthritis</a> in women as measured with the Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS-28) — a validated, objective way of measuring disease activity based on the number of tender or swollen joints — and to reduce the duration of morning stiffness. However, no clear effect on markers of inflammation or antioxidant status has been found in this population.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32274788|title=A Systematic Review of the Potential Effects of Nigella Sativa on Rheumatoid Arthritis|published=2020 May|authors=Alireza Khabbazi, Zeinab Javadivala, Neda Seyedsadjadi, Aida Malek Mahdavi|journal=Planta Med|] 
While the data are promising and supported by a large number of animal studies, more research is needed to clarify whether black seed has a role in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.

Black seed has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and immune-modulating properties. Currently, the most well-studied benefits of black seed are for cardiovascular health and <a href="/conditions/metabolic-health/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Metabolic Health&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Metabolic health is defined as having ideal levels of blood glucose (blood sugar), triglycerides, cholesterol, blood pressure, and waist circumference without the use of medications. Metabolic health can also include the ability to regulate inflammation in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">metabolic health</a>.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37036558|title=The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.|published=2023-Jun|authors=Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Golpour-Hamedani S, Moridpour AH, Vajdi M, Askari G|journal=Inflammopharmacology|]
Black seed may improve <a href="/outcomes/glycemic-control/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Glycemic Control&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glycemic control refers to a person's average blood sugar levels. HbA1c is the most widely used marker to monitor glycemic control. A continuous glucose monitor or fingersticks are also commonly used to help monitor and improve glycemic control.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">glycemic control</a> by lowering <a href="/outcomes/fasting-glucose/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Fasting Glucose&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fasting glucose is the concentration of glucose in the blood after a period of fasting, typically overnight.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">fasting glucose</a> and hemoglobin A1c (<a href="/outcomes/hba1c/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;HbA1c&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) is a biomarker of glucose metabolism — it reflects glucose levels over months. Higher HbA1c is associated with more disease progression and comorbidities in states of insulin resistance or diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">HbA1c</a>) by a clinically significant degree. This effect is the greatest in people with <a href="/conditions/type-2-diabetes/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Type 2 Diabetes&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and pancreas cells and an inability of the pancreas to manufacture enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. T2D is strongly associated with excess body fat, and weight loss induced by lifestyle changes is extremely effective for treating T2D.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">type 2 diabetes</a>, but benefits are still observed in other relevant conditions like <a href="/conditions/metabolic-syndrome/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Metabolic Syndrome&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of cardiometabolic risk factors: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, high blood triglycerides, and low HDL-C. If a person has at least three of these, they have metabolic syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">metabolic syndrome</a> and <a href="/conditions/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excessive fat (more than 5% of liver weight) accumulates in the liver due to causes unrelated to alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">nonalcoholic fatty liver disease</a> (NAFLD).[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38265398|title=Effect of Nigella sativa Consumption on Lipid Profile and Glycemic Index in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.|published=2024-Jan-23|authors=Shabani M, Ghavidel F, Rajabian A, Homayouni-Tabrizi M, Jamialahmadi T, Hosseini H, Sahebkar A|journal=Curr Med Chem|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36034891|title=supplementation improves cardiometabolic indicators in population with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.|published=2022|authors=Saadati S, Naseri K, Asbaghi O, Abhari K, Zhang P, Li HB, Gan RY|journal=Front Nutr|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508|title=Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials|published=2020 Oct|authors=Jamal Hallajzadeh, Alireza Milajerdi, Moein Mobini, Elaheh Amirani, Susan Azizi, Elhameh Nikkhah, Babak Bahadori, Razieh Sheikhsoleimani, Seyyed Mehdi Mirhashemi|journal=Phytother Res|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30873688|title=Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) supplementation on glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.|published=2019-May|authors=Askari G, Rouhani MH, Ghaedi E, Ghavami A, Nouri M, Mohammadi H|journal=Phytother Res|] 
Black seed may also improve lipid profiles, including reduced <a href="/outcomes/triglycerides/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Triglycerides&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Triglycerides refers to the fatty acids in your blood. They can be used for energy or stored into fat cells (i.e., body fat). Abnormal triglycerides raise the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">triglycerides</a>, <a href="/outcomes/ldl-c/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body. Because higher levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) tend to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), LDL-C is often called the “bad cholesterol” (as opposed to HDL-C) — but the reality is more complex.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">low-density lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol, and increased [high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508|title=Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials|published=2020 Oct|authors=Jamal Hallajzadeh, Alireza Milajerdi, Moein Mobini, Elaheh Amirani, Susan Azizi, Elhameh Nikkhah, Babak Bahadori, Razieh Sheikhsoleimani, Seyyed Mehdi Mirhashemi|journal=Phytother Res|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36034891|title=supplementation improves cardiometabolic indicators in population with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.|published=2022|authors=Saadati S, Naseri K, Asbaghi O, Abhari K, Zhang P, Li HB, Gan RY|journal=Front Nutr|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38265398|title=Effect of Nigella sativa Consumption on Lipid Profile and Glycemic Index in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.|published=2024-Jan-23|authors=Shabani M, Ghavidel F, Rajabian A, Homayouni-Tabrizi M, Jamialahmadi T, Hosseini H, Sahebkar A|journal=Curr Med Chem|] This lipid-modulating effect has not been found in people with NAFLD despite other observed benefits in this population (reduced levels of <a href="/outcomes/liver-enzymes/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Liver Enzymes&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Liver enzymes are used as biomarkers to test the toxicity of a supplement and are elevated in case of fatty or cirrhotic liver. Lower blood levels are thought to reflect less-damaged liver cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">liver enzymes</a>, <a href="/outcomes/c-reactive-protein/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;C-Reactive Protein (CRP)&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;C-Reactive protein is a biomarker of systemic inflammation. It's often used as a marker of cardiovascular disease risk, although it doesn't necessarily contribute directly to cardiovascular conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">C-reactive protein</a>, and liver fat).[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33728708|title=Effect of Nigella sativa in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|published=2021 Mar 16|authors=Gang Tang, Linyu Zhang, Jie Tao, Zhengqiang Wei|journal=Phytother Res|]
Lastly, black seed may reduce <a href="/outcomes/blood-pressure/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Blood Pressure&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on blood vessels as it circulates. &lt;em&gt;High&lt;/em&gt; blood pressure (&lt;em&gt;hyper&lt;/em&gt;tension) and &lt;em&gt;low&lt;/em&gt; blood pressure (&lt;em&gt;hypo&lt;/em&gt;tension) can each lead to a variety of health issues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">blood pressure</a>, and in people with <a href="/conditions/overweight/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Overweight&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Overweight is characterized as having a &lt;em&gt;body mass index&lt;/em&gt; bmi|(BMI) of 25 to 29.9. Having overweight is associated with increased risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. However, this may not be the case in people with increased lean mass (e.g., athletes or weight lifters).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">overweight</a> or <a href="/conditions/obesity/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Obesity&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used. Obesity treatment usually involves restricting the calories eaten or creating negative calorie balance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">obesity</a>, it may cause slight reductions in <a href="/outcomes/weight/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Weight&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your weight is the result of your body’s fight against gravity. The ideal weight-loss diet will maximize fat loss and minimize fat-free mass loss.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">weight</a> and <a href="/outcomes/bmi/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Body Mass Index (BMI)&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;BMI is not a highly accurate measure of obesity. That being said, it can be useful as a complementary datum. BMI has a high rate of false negatives, particularly among females, with nearly half of obese people being classified as normal or overweight in some studies. The amount of false positives, on the other hand, is surprisingly small: less than 5% in men and 1% in women, according to one study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">body mass index</a> (BMI).[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37341696|title=Antihypertensive effects of Nigella sativa supplementation: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.|published=2023-Aug|authors=Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Safaei E, Mohammadi Asmaroud M, Khashakichafi F, Ahrabi SS, Dehghan P|journal=Phytother Res|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29857879|title=Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on obesity indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.|published=2018-Jun|authors=Mousavi SM, Sheikhi A, Varkaneh HK, Zarezadeh M, Rahmani J, Milajerdi A|journal=Complement Ther Med|] 
Most of these effects have been observed in short-term studies (≤12 weeks), meaning the long-term effectiveness of black seed supplementation still needs to be determined. An exception to this is the effect of black seed on glycemic control, with benefits being maintained in some studies spanning 6 to 12 months.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508|title=Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials|published=2020 Oct|authors=Jamal Hallajzadeh, Alireza Milajerdi, Moein Mobini, Elaheh Amirani, Susan Azizi, Elhameh Nikkhah, Babak Bahadori, Razieh Sheikhsoleimani, Seyyed Mehdi Mirhashemi|journal=Phytother Res|]

Black seed is generally considered to be safe and well-tolerated. The most commonly reported side effects are gastrointestinal in nature, including <a href="/outcomes/diarrhea-symptoms/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Diarrhea Symptoms&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diarrhea refers to loose, watery stools that may be caused by a virus, contaminated food, or disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/outcomes/nausea-symptoms/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Nausea Symptoms&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nausea is the feeling of acute sickness that may result in vomiting and loss of appetite. Some supplements are known as antiemetics, and are used to reduce the sensation of nausea when taken.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">nausea</a>, <a href="/outcomes/vomiting/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Vomiting&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vomiting is the expulsion of stomach contents from the mouth. It can be triggered from a variety of causes such as infection, dizziness, and pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/outcomes/heartburn-symptoms/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Heartburn Symptoms&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heartburn is a painful sensation felt in the chest due to stomach acid traveling up into the esophagus. Symptoms are usually worse after eating, lying down, or bending over.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">heartburn</a>.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37057067|title=and health outcomes: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.|published=2023|authors=Li Z, Wang Y, Xu Q, Ma J, Li X, Yan J, Tian Y, Wen Y, Chen T|journal=Front Nutr|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37036558|title=The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.|published=2023-Jun|authors=Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Golpour-Hamedani S, Moridpour AH, Vajdi M, Askari G|journal=Inflammopharmacology|] 
There have been several case reports of allergic skin reactions following the topical or oral use of black seed, ranging from mild <a href="/conditions/dermatitis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Dermatitis&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatitis is an umbrella term used to describe skin inflammation from conditions such as eczema, contact dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. Symptoms of these conditions include dry skin, redness, and itchiness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">dermatitis</a> and <a href="/conditions/urticaria/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Urticaria&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Urticaria — also known as hives, nettle rash, or wheals — can be an acute or chronic condition. Acute urticaria typically results from exposure to an allergen or infection and lasts less than 6 weeks, whereas chronic urticaria lasts longer and seems to be related to autoimmune dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">hives</a> to cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, both of which are severe hypersensitivity reactions that can result in extensive blistering/rashes, fever, and potential damage to internal organs.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419842|title=Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome after topical use of Nigella sativa (black cumin) oil.|published=2022-Aug|authors=Fargeas M, Calugareanu A, Ben-Said B|journal=Contact Dermatitis|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30478848|title=Local and systemic adverse skin reactions following the use of herbal products believed to contain Nigella sativa seeds and oil.|published=2019-Mar|authors=Dehavay F, Kolivras A, Scheers C|journal=Contact Dermatitis|]

Black seed contains many bioactive <a href="/other/phytochemicals/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Phytochemicals&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phytochemicals are plant-derived compounds found in several fruits and vegetables. They have been associated with numerous health benefits due to their antioxidant properties. Phytochemicals include polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, phytoestrogens, and phytosterols.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">phytochemicals</a> that likely contribute to its effects, but thymoquinone is considered its main active compound. Further, its content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and soluble fiber may have positive biological effects. Regardless, our current understanding of how black seed works is largely theoretical and based on animal and <a href="/glossary/in-vitro-study/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;In Vitro Study&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In vitro&lt;/em&gt; (Latin for “within the glass”) refers to studies that are performed outside of a living organism. In scientific research, this often involves performing experiments on bacterial, animal, or human cells growing in lab culture dishes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">in vitro</a> research. 
Black seed may modulate lipid levels by several possible mechanisms, including reduced cholesterol synthesis (via downregulation of the rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase), increased clearance of <a href="/outcomes/ldl-c/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body. Because higher levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) tend to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), LDL-C is often called the “bad cholesterol” (as opposed to HDL-C) — but the reality is more complex.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">low-density lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol from the blood, and increased synthesis of bile acids.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25847566|title=Effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.|published=2015-Apr|authors=Heshmati J, Namazi N|journal=Complement Ther Med|]
Improved <a href="/outcomes/glycemic-control/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Glycemic Control&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glycemic control refers to a person's average blood sugar levels. HbA1c is the most widely used marker to monitor glycemic control. A continuous glucose monitor or fingersticks are also commonly used to help monitor and improve glycemic control.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">glycemic control</a> may be due to reduced intestinal absorption of glucose (via inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter), reduced synthesis of glucose by the liver, and improved integrity of pancreatic beta cells (insulin-secreting cells).[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25847566|title=Effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.|published=2015-Apr|authors=Heshmati J, Namazi N|journal=Complement Ther Med|] 
Black seed also appears to activate <a href="/glossary/ampk/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;AMPK&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase&lt;/em&gt; (AMPK) is an enzyme that helps regulate energy in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">AMPK</a> in skeletal muscle and liver cells, which likely explains some of its antidiabetic and lipid-lowering properties.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21584245|title=The In Vivo Antidiabetic Activity of Nigella sativa Is Mediated through Activation of the AMPK Pathway and Increased Muscle Glut4 Content.|published=2011|authors=Benhaddou-Andaloussi A, Martineau L, Vuong T, Meddah B, Madiraju P, Settaf A, Haddad PS|journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med|]
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of black seed may occur for several reasons, most likely through increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes, reducing lipid peroxidation, inhibiting <a href="/outcomes/nf-kb-activity/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;NF-kB Activity&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is a protein that induces inflammation. NF-kB is crucial for preventing infection, but its dysregulation has been linked to various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">NF-KB activity</a>, and reducing the formation of various inflammatory mediators.[reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37036558|title=The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.|published=2023-Jun|authors=Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Golpour-Hamedani S, Moridpour AH, Vajdi M, Askari G|journal=Inflammopharmacology|][reference|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32394508|title=Effects of Nigella sativa on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials|published=2020 Oct|authors=Jamal Hallajzadeh, Alireza Milajerdi, Moein Mobini, Elaheh Amirani, Susan Azizi, Elhameh Nikkhah, Babak Bahadori, Razieh Sheikhsoleimani, Seyyed Mehdi Mirhashemi|journal=Phytother Res|]

Black seed

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