Most ARIs resolve on their own over time and do not require medical treatment, but it is always important to rest and stay hydrated to support recovery.[1]
For symptom management in adults, the following may be helpful:[2][3]
- Intranasal (i.e., sprayed up the nose) or oral decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, pseudoephedrine) can help reduce nasal congestion.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen) or acetaminophen can help with fever and sore throat.
- Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine) may slightly reduce sneezing and runny nose.
In the case of some ARIs, including flu and COVID-19, antiviral medications may be given to people at a higher risk of complications.[4]
Although antibiotics are frequently prescribed for ARIs, they are usually not helpful because most ARIs are caused by viruses, not bacteria. Not only will antibiotics be ineffective for most ARIs, but they can also cause side effects like diarrhea and promote antibiotic-resistant bacteria that could cause a future bacterial infection that does not respond to standard antibiotics.[5] However, if a clinician determines that an ARI is bacterial, antibiotic treatment can be life-saving.[1]
References
- ^Stolz D, Christ-Crain M, Gencay MM, Bingisser R, Huber PR, Müller B, Tamm MDiagnostic value of signs, symptoms and laboratory values in lower respiratory tract infection.Swiss Med Wkly.(2006-Jul-08)
- ^Kenealy TSore throat.BMJ Clin Evid.(2014-Mar-04)
- ^Arroll BCommon cold.BMJ Clin Evid.(2011-Mar-16)
- ^Thomas M, Bomar PUpper Respiratory Tract InfectionStatPearls.(2022 Jun)
- ^Jain N, Lodha R, Kabra SKUpper respiratory tract infections.Indian J Pediatr.(2001-Dec)