Nicotine exposure may increase the risk of developing colic, as mothers who smoked or used nicotine replacements during pregnancy and breastfeeding have a 30%–60% higher chance of their infant developing colic.[1] Caffeine (specifically chocolate and coffee) consumption may increase the risk of colic and eczema, but the body of evidence is small and low-quality.[2] There do not appear to be any significant differences in socioeconomic status, sex, maternal age, food source (breast milk versus formula), or type of feeding (breast or bottle) between infants who develop infantile colic and infants who do not.[3][4]
References
- ^Milidou I, Henriksen TB, Jensen MS, Olsen J, Søndergaard CNicotine replacement therapy during pregnancy and infantile colic in the offspring.Pediatrics.(2012-Mar)
- ^McCreedy A, Bird S, Brown LJ, Shaw-Stewart J, Chen YFEffects of maternal caffeine consumption on the breastfed child: a systematic review.Swiss Med Wkly.(2018-Sep-24)
- ^Iacono G, Merolla R, D'Amico D, Bonci E, Cavataio F, Di Prima L, Scalici C, Indinnimeo L, Averna MR, Carroccio A,Gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy: a population-based prospective study.Dig Liver Dis.(2005-Jun)
- ^Savino FFocus on infantile colic.Acta Paediatr.(2007-Sep)