Previous history of kidney stones: Although many people with kidney stones develop a stone as an isolated occurrence,[1] the chance of getting more stones tends to increase with each successive occurrence. One study tracking stone recurrence in people with kidney stones found that the first, second, third, and fourth or higher cases of kidney stones had a 5-year recurrence rate of 17%, 32%, 47%, and 60%, respectively.[2][3]
Additional risk factors for kidney stones include:
References
- ^Gambaro G, Reis-Santos JM, Rao NNephrolithiasis: why doesn't our "learning" progress?Eur Urol.(2004-May)
- ^Vaughan LE, Enders FT, Lieske JC, Pais VM, Rivera ME, Mehta RA, Vrtiska TJ, Rule ADPredictors of Symptomatic Kidney Stone Recurrence After the First and Subsequent Episodes.Mayo Clin Proc.(2019-Feb)
- ^In Gab Jeong, Taejin Kang, Jeong Kyoon Bang, Junsoo Park, Wansuk Kim, Seung Sik Hwang, Hong Kyu Kim, Hyung Keun ParkAssociation between metabolic syndrome and the presence of kidney stones in a screened populationAm J Kidney Dis.(2011 Sep)
- ^Scales CD, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS,Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States.Eur Urol.(2012-Jul)
- ^Obligado SH, Goldfarb DSThe association of nephrolithiasis with hypertension and obesity: a review.Am J Hypertens.(2008-Mar)
- ^Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GCDiabetes mellitus and the risk of nephrolithiasis.Kidney Int.(2005-Sep)
- ^West B, Luke A, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Cao G, Shoham D, Kramer HMetabolic syndrome and self-reported history of kidney stones: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988-1994.Am J Kidney Dis.(2008-May)