There are many factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable, that may increase the risk of osteopenia, including:[1][2][3]
- Family history of osteopenia and/or osteoporosis
- White or Asian race
- Advancing age
- BMI <18.5 kg/m2
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Lower socioeconomic status
- Lower levels of education
- Alcohol use disorder
- Early onset menopause
- Cigarette smoking
- Certain medical conditions (e.g., hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, anorexia, chronic kidney disease, HIV)
- Certain medications (e.g., glucocorticoids, proton pump inhibitors, anticonvulsants)
- Chronic nutritiona
References
- ^Xiao PL, Cui AY, Hsu CJ, Peng R, Jiang N, Xu XH, Ma YG, Liu D, Lu HDGlobal, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Osteoporos Int.(2022-Oct)
- ^Karaguzel G, Holick MFDiagnosis and treatment of osteopenia.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.(2010-Dec)
- ^Varacallo M, Seaman TJ, Jandu JS, Pizzutillo POsteopeniaStatPearls.(2022-10)