Raynaud’s phenomenon occurs when flares or “attacks” trigger blood vessels in certain parts of the body to constrict, reducing blood flow and causing pain, numbness, and tingling. The fingers and toes are the most common areas affected, but Raynaud’s can also affect the nose and ears.
During a Raynaud’s attack, loss of blood flow to the affected area causes the tissue to turn a pale white color. As blood in the area loses oxygen, the tissue becomes blue and feels cold and numb. When circulation is restored, the affected areas turn red and become swollen. People may also experience a tingling, burning, or throbbing sensation at this stage. Attacks can last from minutes to hours, but in rare cases Raynaud’s attacks can last for days, causing permanent damage to the affected areas.[1][2]
Severe attacks, which are more common with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon, can cause ulcers or sores to form on the end of the affected fingers or toes.