While all types of exercise improve cognitive function in people with mild cognitive impairment[1][2], resistance exercise appears most likely to prevent further cognitive decline.[3] However, the efficacy of exercise in reducing the risk of dementia is currently unclear.[4][5]
Transcranial direct current stimulation (electrically stimulating specific brain regions) can improve memory and cognitive skills in people with mild cognitive impairment.[6][7][8] However, larger and higher-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether it can prevent or delay cognitive decline.
Computer or app-based cognitive training may also improve cognitive function in people with mild cognitive impairment. But, the current evidence is equivocal and higher-quality studies are needed.[9][10]
Recently, drugs that reduce brain beta-amyloid accumulation (lecanemab, aducanumab, etc) have improved some aspects of cognitive function in people with early-stage Alzheimer's disease.[11][12][13] Other drugs (memantine, donepezil, etc) are also sometimes used to treat symptoms in people with dementia.[14][15] However, the safety and efficacy of these drugs have yet to be tested in people with mild cognitive impairment.