Can exercise trigger panic attacks in people with panic disorder?

An awareness of a rapid heart rate is one of the symptoms of a panic attack, and exercise does temporarily increase heart rate. And it does seem that people with panic disorder may avoid exercise,^[1] possibly due to its perceived risks of triggering an attack. However, one small study found that exercise did not induce panic in most of the people with panic disorder in the sample.^[2] Moreover, awareness of the physical signs of anxiety may actually decrease after settling into an exercise routine.^[3]