Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), or vaginal atrophy, results from a loss of estrogen. GSM results in a variety of adverse consequences, like vaginal dryness, burning, increased urinary frequency, and recurring bladder infections. For many women, this condition requires long-term management. For moderate to severe cases of GSM, low-dose vaginal estrogen is regarded as the most effective treatment, and for mild cases, non-hormonal topical lubricants are recommended.[1]
How does menopause affect urogenital tissue?
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•Last Updated: May 16, 2025
Menopause leads to genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) due to a loss of estrogen, which results in symptoms such as vaginal dryness, burning, increased urinary frequency, and recurring bladder infections. Treatment options include low-dose vaginal estrogen for moderate to severe cases and nonhormonal topical lubricants for mild cases.