Most of taurine’s benefits are thought to derive from its role as a cell-protective agent: it regulates cell volume, calcium homeostasis, and stabilizes cell membranes, and also exerts antioxidant effects. The primary mechanism by which taurine acts as an antioxidant is unclear. Taurine may have the ability to directly scavenge free radicals,[1] but it’s more likely that taurine works by regulating antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.[2][3][4]
Taurine may provide cardioprotective effects by decreasing oxidative stress and a few other mechanisms. It can modify blood lipids by binding to bile acids and facilitating the breakdown and excretion of cholesterol.[3][5] Additionally, it reduces blood pressure by enhancing vasodilation (i.e., by relaxing of blood vessels), leading to an increase in blood flow.[6][7] Taurine may also reduce blood pressure by reducing the production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.[8]
Muscle contraction is triggered by the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Taurine may improve physical performance by increasing the calcium-storing ability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, as well as increasing the sensitivity of force-generating proteins (i.e., actin and myosin) to calcium, thus increasing muscle force.[9][10]
With special reference to endurance exercise, taurine may aid performance by increasing the use of fat for fuel and reducing the contribution from glycogen, as well as improving mitochondrial function.[9]