High/excessive intakes of choline can result in some side effects, including a fishy body odor, vomiting, excessive sweating and salivation, low blood pressure (hypotension), and liver toxicity.[1] In addition, choline consumption has been shown to increase the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, some studies indicate that the amount of choline consumed in 3 eggs per day does not elevate plasma TMAO levels.[2][3][4][5][6] Some studies have associated higher choline intakes with increased atrial fibrillation risk[7] and type 2 diabetes.[8]
What are choline’s main drawbacks?
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•Last Updated: October 13, 2024