Although horny goat weed is one of the most common ingredients in male testosterone-boosting and erectile dysfunction (ED) supplements,[1] there is a lack of human evidence to support its effectiveness for these outcomes. Horny goat weed (icariin) does have pro-erectile properties in rodent models of ED.[2][3][4] One study found that horny goat weed elevated estrogen and reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels in postmenopausal women.[5]
Some studies showed that horny goat weed appears to improve bone mineral density (BMD) and pain intensity in people with osteoporosis, both in combination with standard use medications and as an alternative treatment.[6]
In vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that horny goat weed is useful for treating cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.[7] Furthermore, recent evidence supports the neuroprotective properties of horny goat weed,[8] though human studies are needed to confirm these effects.