There are many factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable, that may increase the risk of osteopenia, including:[1][2][3]
- Family history of osteopenia and/or osteoporosis
- White or Asian race
- Advancing age
- BMI <18.5 kg/m2
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Lower socioeconomic status
- Lower levels of education
- Alcohol use disorder
- Early onset menopause
- Cigarette smoking
- Certain medical conditions (e.g., hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, anorexia, chronic kidney disease, HIV)
- Certain medications (e.g., glucocorticoids, proton pump inhibitors, anticonvulsants)
- Chronic nutritional deficiencies (e.g., calcium, vitamin D)