What are the main signs and symptoms of traumatic brain injury?

    Written by:
    Megan Michaux

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Jake Hathcock, Nick Milazzo
    Last Updated: May 16, 2025

    Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause symptoms such as headache, nausea, fatigue, and memory issues, whereas moderate to severe TBI may occur with worsening symptoms like persistent headaches, severe vomiting, confusion, and seizures. Both mild and severe TBIs can initially appear similar, but the symptoms may escalate over time.

    Mild TBI results in signs and symptoms such as the following:[1]

    • Headache
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Fatigue
    • Loss of balance or dizziness
    • Blurred vision
    • Trouble with memory and concentration
    • Sleep disturbances

    Moderate and severe TBI can initially look similar to mild TBI, with symptoms becoming worse over time. Signs and symptoms of a moderate or severe TBI can include the following:[2]

    • Persistent or worsening headache
    • Severe vomiting
    • Slurred speech
    • Loss of vision
    • Confusion or agitation
    • Loss of coordination
    • Seizures