The symptoms of vitamin K deficiency include bleeding disorders, impaired bone development, and spontaneous rash.[1][2] The signs of vitamin K deficiency include biomarkers of vitamin K status, such as low serum concentrations of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and PIVKA-II (protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II).[3][2] PIVKA-II is an incompletely carboxylated form of prothrombin, which is a key protein involved in blood coagulation that is carboxylated by vitamin K.[3][2]
References
- ^Mladěnka P, Macáková K, Kujovská Krčmová L, Javorská L, Mrštná K, Carazo A, Protti M, Remião F, Nováková L, OEMONOM researchers and collaboratorsVitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity.Nutr Rev.(2022 Mar 10)
- ^Eden RE, Daley SF, Coviello JMVitamin K Deficiency.StatPearls.(2024 Jan)
- ^Card DJ, Gorska R, Harrington DJLaboratory assessment of vitamin K status.J Clin Pathol.(2020 Feb)