How common is vitamin E deficiency?
Because vitamin E is highly abundant in several common foods, it is easy to obtain in the diet. Although dietary vitamin E intakes often fall below the estimated average requirement, clinical vitamin E deficiency is rarely observed in the general population, especially in well-nourished populations.[1] However, vitamin E deficiency is more prevalent in developing countries, among vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly, and in individuals with conditions that affect fat absorption.[2][3][1]
What causes vitamin E deficiency?
Vitamin E deficiency can result from several factors. Inadequate dietary vitamin E intake is a primary contributor, particularly when combined with malnutrition.[1] Conditions that impair fat absorption — such as cystic fibrosis and cholestasis — can also reduce vitamin E levels in the body.[1] Additionally, inherited genetic mutations can cause vitamin E deficiency. For example, mutations in the gene that codes for alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) prevent vitamin E metabolism and transport in the liver,[4] and mutations in the gene that codes for microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) cause a condition called betalipoproteinemia, which prevents fat absorption.[1][5]
What are the signs and symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
The clinical manifestations of vitamin E deficiency include progressive neurological abnormalities, vision and coordination problems such as spinocerebellar ataxia, and deterioration in muscle function that can affect the heart (cardiomyopathy).[1] Vitamin E deficiency may also increase the risk of infections and lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes for both the mother and baby.[1] In children, the deficiency can present as anemia and stunted growth.[1] These outcomes typically worsen if the deficiency is not corrected.[1]
How is vitamin E deficiency treated?
Vitamin E deficiency is typically treated with an oral vitamin E supplement containing alpha-tocopherol.[1] However, diets that include foods containing vitamin E — e.g., almonds, peanuts, sunflower seeds, vegetable oils, leafy greens, and fortified cereals — can help maintain adequate vitamin E levels in the body.[6][7][8]