Some people have an increased risk of PMDD. Certain genes, like the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) gene and ESC/E(Z) gene complex, are associated with PMDD and may increase a person’s sensitivity to sex hormone fluctuations. Genetic causes for PMDD are an area of ongoing research.[1][2] Other factors associated with an increased risk of PMDD include: a history of anxiety or of a depressive disorder; having experienced traumatic events; smoking; and lower education status.[3][4]
Who is at risk of premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
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•Last Updated: May 16, 2025
People who are at risk for premenstrual dysphoric disorder may have certain genetic factors, such as variations in the estrogen receptor alpha gene and ESC/E(Z) gene complex, which can heighten sensitivity to hormone fluctuations. Additional risk factors include a history of anxiety or depression, traumatic experiences, smoking, and lower education levels.