The participants were divided into groups based on whether they were receiving hemodialysis treatment.

The intervention groups supplemented with vitamin E (300 milligrams) daily, and the control groups took a placebo daily. The vitamin E supplement was derived from red palm oil and contained 34% total tocotrienols and 25% α-tocopherol.

The inflammatory biomarkers assessed were C-reactive protein, TNF-alpha, interleukin 6, and nuclear factor kappa B. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (an oxidative stress biomarker) was assessed, too.

In the participants who were not on dialysis, the level of interleukin 6 decreased in the vitamin E group compared to the control group at the end of the study. However, the opposite was found in the participants on dialysis.

The manufacturer of the vitamin E supplement supplied the supplements used during the study.

Does supplementing with tocotrienol-rich vitamin E decrease inflammation in chronic kidney disease? Original paper