Although changes in free-living PAEE and resting metabolic rate did not differ between groups, weight and fat mass decreased in LOWSUG and LOWCHO, compared to MODSUG. After 12 weeks, body weight decreased by about 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) and 4 kg (9 lb) in LOWSUG and LOWCHO, respectively. From weeks 0 to 4 (but not 4 to 12), objective energy intake decreased in LOWSUG and LOWCHO compared to MODSUG.

The study outcomes are summarized in the table below.

Effects of the low-sugar and ketogenic diets

Outcome	Effect of low sugar diet (LOWSUG)	Effect of ketogenic diet (LOWCHO)
PAEE	No change	No change
Resting metabolic rate	No change	No change
Body weight	↓ Decreased by about 3.5 lb/1.6 kg	↓ Decreased by about 9 lb/4 kg
Body fat	↓ Decreased by about 3.5 lb/1.6 kg	↓ Decreased by about 6 lb/2.7 kg
Energy intake	↓ Decreased by about 352 calories/day (vs. baseline)	↓ Decreased by about 398 calories/day (vs. baseline)
Fasting glucose level	No change	↓ Decreased after 4 weeks (but not 12 weeks)
Average glucose	No change	↓ Decreased after 4 weeks, no change after 12 weeks
Postmeal glucose (after mixed meal)	No change	↑ Increased
LDL-C	↓ Decreased by 19 mg/dL	No change
ApoB	No change	↑ Increased after 4 weeks (but not 12 weeks)
Free fatty acids	No change	↑ Increased

Effects of diets reflect changes compared to control diet (MODSUG) at week 12, unless stated otherwise

The effects of restricting sugar vs. all carbohydrates Original paper