Inositol refers to a group of glucose-like molecules involved in cellular signaling that are synthesized in the body and obtained from dietary sources such as citrus fruits, bran, beans, nuts, and seeds. Inositol is commonly taken as a dietary supplement, primarily in the myo-inositol form, which is the most abundant type in the body.
What is inositol?
Inositol refers to a group of molecules (isomers) that are structurally similar to glucose and involved in cellular signaling.[1][2] Inositol is synthesized in the human body, but is also obtained in the diet from foods like citrus fruits, bran, beans, nuts, and seeds.[3][4][5] Inositol is also taken as a dietary supplement. The majority of inositol supplements contain the myo-inositol form, as it is the most plentiful type of inositol found in the body.[6]
What are inositol’s main benefits?
Because supplementation with inositol can increase insulin sensitivity and help improve fasting glucose and postprandial glycemic control,[7][8] inositol might help prevent and/or treat diabetes. One type of diabetes for which the role of inositol has been widely studied is gestational diabetes, a condition characterized by abnormal glucose tolerance and high blood sugar during pregnancy. Meta-analyses show that supplementation with inositol during pregnancy might reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes and related birth complications.[9][10][11] However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether inositol is efficacious in the treatment of gestational diabetes.[12]
Inositol shows promise for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),[13][14][15] a condition characterized by high androgen levels, infertility, and abnormalities in glucose metabolism in women. However, given the small number of studies, the small sample sizes of these studies, and the general low quality of the evidence, further research is needed before firm conclusions can be made.
Supplementation with inositol may also help support weight loss: some evidence shows it can reduce body mass index (BMI) in people with overweight or obesity.[16] Supplementation with inositol may also reduce blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol.[17][18] However, the confounding effects of dietary intake and physical activity — factors that independently influence weight loss, blood lipids, and blood pressure — have not been clearly controlled in many studies. Consequently, there is a need for further randomized controlled trials examining the direct effect of inositol on these outcomes.
What are inositol’s main drawbacks?
Although studies examining the safety of intravenously-administered inositol in preterm infants do not find a greater incidence of adverse events compared to placebo,[19][20][21] a thorough dose-response study of orally-administered inositol assessing safety and side effects is currently lacking. Consequently, the side effects of inositol are not clearly defined. However, while many randomized controlled trials of inositol fail to report side effects,[7] meta-analyses typically conclude that side effects following supplementation with inositol are not common.[7][12][9][11][15] That said, gastrointestinal problems like nausea and diarrhea have been documented at very high orally-administered doses (e.g., up to 12 grams of inositol per day) in adults.[22][6]
How does inositol work?
Inositols are molecules naturally present in the body with a role in various cellular signaling pathways.[6][23][24] The most robust effect of supplementation with inositol is on blood glucose control,[7][8][9][10][11] and this effect may be explained by inositol’s role in insulin signaling and its ability to increase insulin sensitivity.[6][23][24] However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanism(s) of action.[1][2]
What are other names for Inositol?
Note that Inositol is also known as:
- Myoinositol
- Cyclohexanehexol
- 6-cyclohexanehexol
- 1 2 3 4 5 6-cyclohexanehexol
Inositol should not be confused with:
- D-pinitol (structurally related)
Dosage information
Studies finding beneficial effects of inositol on gestational diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome typically administer myo-inositol in the range of 1–4 grams (1000–4000 milligrams) once daily.
Frequently asked questions
What is inositol?
Inositol refers to a group of molecules (isomers) that are structurally similar to glucose and involved in cellular signaling.[1][2] Inositol is synthesized in the human body, but is also obtained in the diet from foods like citrus fruits, bran, beans, nuts, and seeds.[3][4][5] Inositol is also taken as a dietary supplement. The majority of inositol supplements contain the myo-inositol form, as it is the most plentiful type of inositol found in the body.[6]
What are inositol’s main benefits?
Inositol supplementation may enhance insulin sensitivity and potentially aid in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, particularly gestational diabetes, and shows promise for managing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Additionally, it may support weight loss and improve cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels, though further high-quality research is needed to confirm these benefits.
Because supplementation with inositol can increase insulin sensitivity and help improve fasting glucose and postprandial glycemic control,[7][8] inositol might help prevent and/or treat diabetes. One type of diabetes for which the role of inositol has been widely studied is gestational diabetes, a condition characterized by abnormal glucose tolerance and high blood sugar during pregnancy. Meta-analyses show that supplementation with inositol during pregnancy might reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes and related birth complications.[9][10][11] However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether inositol is efficacious in the treatment of gestational diabetes.[12]
Inositol shows promise for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),[13][14][15] a condition characterized by high androgen levels, infertility, and abnormalities in glucose metabolism in women. However, given the small number of studies, the small sample sizes of these studies, and the general low quality of the evidence, further research is needed before firm conclusions can be made.
Supplementation with inositol may also help support weight loss: some evidence shows it can reduce body mass index (BMI) in people with overweight or obesity.[16] Supplementation with inositol may also reduce blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol.[17][18] However, the confounding effects of dietary intake and physical activity — factors that independently influence weight loss, blood lipids, and blood pressure — have not been clearly controlled in many studies. Consequently, there is a need for further randomized controlled trials examining the direct effect of inositol on these outcomes.
Does inositol treat mood disorders?
Quick answer:
Inositol levels in the brain are associated with mood disorders like anxiety and depression, and although rodent studies suggest that it may have beneficial effects on anxiety, current evidence does not support its use for treating mood disorders in humans.
Imaging studies show that inositol levels in the brain are involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, including anxiety and depression.[25] While studies in rodents have shown beneficial effects of inositol on anxiety,[25][26][27] the current evidence does not support its use for treating mood disorders in humans.[25][28][29] However, there are few clinical studies on this topic and further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed.
Does intravenous inositol improve birth outcomes in premature babies?
Quick answer:
Myo-inositol is sometimes administered intravenously for premature babies and is considered likely to be safe. However, current evidence suggests that it does not reduce mortality or prevent conditions such as retinopathy of prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome in these infants.
Myo-inositol is sometimes given intravenously for the nutritional management of premature babies. While this is likely safe for the baby,[19][20][21] the current evidence shows that myo-inositol is unlikely to reduce mortality (risk of death) or prevent conditions like retinopathy of prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome when given intravenously to premature babies.[30][21][31]
What are inositol’s main drawbacks?
Inositol's main drawbacks include a lack of comprehensive studies on the safety and side effects of orally administered inositol, which means that its side effects are not clearly defined. Although side effects are generally uncommon, high doses (up to 12 grams per day) can lead to gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and diarrhea.
Although studies examining the safety of intravenously-administered inositol in preterm infants do not find a greater incidence of adverse events compared to placebo,[19][20][21] a thorough dose-response study of orally-administered inositol assessing safety and side effects is currently lacking. Consequently, the side effects of inositol are not clearly defined. However, while many randomized controlled trials of inositol fail to report side effects,[7] meta-analyses typically conclude that side effects following supplementation with inositol are not common.[7][12][9][11][15] That said, gastrointestinal problems like nausea and diarrhea have been documented at very high orally-administered doses (e.g., up to 12 grams of inositol per day) in adults.[22][6]
How does inositol work?
Inositols are naturally occurring molecules in the body that play a role in cellular signaling, particularly in blood glucose control through their influence on insulin signaling and sensitivity. However, further research is necessary to fully elucidate their mechanisms of action.
Inositols are molecules naturally present in the body with a role in various cellular signaling pathways.[6][23][24] The most robust effect of supplementation with inositol is on blood glucose control,[7][8][9][10][11] and this effect may be explained by inositol’s role in insulin signaling and its ability to increase insulin sensitivity.[6][23][24] However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanism(s) of action.[1][2]
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