Vitamin D, antioxidants (e.g., vitamin C, vitamin E, flavonoids, lycopene), and anti-inflammatory agents like curcumin have all been found by epidemiological and preclinical studies to be beneficial in asthma and COPD. N-Acetyl cysteine has been found to benefit patients with COPD due to its mucus-reducing and sputum-reducing effects, and it is also an essential part of management of cystic fibrosis.