What are the main signs and symptoms of avoidant restrictive food intake disorder?

Due to the heterogeneity of people with ARFID, the combination of signs and symptoms experienced may vary among individuals.

Malnutrition is a common indicator of ARFID and can lead to a wide range of signs and symptoms, which largely depend on the specific foods being avoided and/or restricted. Deficiency in certain nutrients may result in fatigue, tiredness, gut health issues (such as constipation), abnormal heart rhythm, hair loss, or dry skin. Other physical signs commonly associated with ARFID include weight loss, difficulties in reaching expected weight (particularly in children), and the absence or irregularity of menstrual periods in women.^[1]

It is important to acknowledge that individuals with ARFID can also be overweight or maintain a healthy weight despite being affected by the disorder. This situation often occurs when their diet primarily consists of high-energy foods that lack nutritional value. Although their diet may provide sufficient calories to sustain or increase weight, it may lack the essential nutrients necessary for optimal health.^[2][3][4]

Additionally, people with ARFID may experience feelings of distress and anxiety, especially in situations involving food, which can significantly impact their social, academic, and professional lives. For instance, people with ARFID may avoid meeting up with friends or family gatherings out of fear that they will be presented with foods that they struggle to eat.^[5]