References
- ^Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, and CKD Work GroupKDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 1: Definition and classification of CKDKidney Int Supp.(2013 jan)
What are the signs and symptoms of CKD?
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•Last Updated: October 25, 2023
CKD does not usually present with any symptoms until kidney function is impaired by 50% or more. Symptoms include fatigue, confusion, brain fog, headaches, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, poor sleep, nighttime muscle cramping, swelling in the feet and around the eyes, dry and itchy skin, and more frequent urination or lack of any urination.
Common signs of CKD include markers used for diagnosis — decreased GFR, decreased albumin, protein in the urine, elevated creatinine or cystatin — and markers of the underlying conditions — dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, glycemic dysregulation, and elevated uric acid levels.[1]