High Blood Pressure

    Written by:
    Mike Murray

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Nick Milazzo, Shyam Jayaraman
    Last Updated: January 22, 2025

    High blood pressure is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. High blood pressure is often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, although it can result from other medical conditions as well.

    24 references on this page
    170,798 participants in 119 trials and 61 meta-analyses

    What is high blood pressure?

    High blood pressure, or hypertension, occurs when the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently too high.

    What are the main signs and symptoms of high blood pressure?

    High blood pressure typically does not show any signs or symptoms until it leads to serious health issues, such as stroke or heart attack.

    How is high blood pressure diagnosed?

    High blood pressure is diagnosed by measuring blood pressure using various methods, such as hand-powered cuffs, semiautomatic monitors, or ambulatory monitors. A diagnosis of hypertension occurs when systolic readings are 130 or higher and/or diastolic readings are 80 mmHg or higher in multiple measurements.

    What are some of the main medical treatments for high blood pressure?

    The main medical treatments for high blood pressure include 5 classes of drugs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics, which work by reducing blood volume and relaxing blood vessel muscles.

    Have any supplements been studied for high blood pressure?

    Several supplements may moderately lower blood pressure, including garlic, nitrate, potassium, and magnesium.

    What specific nutrients lower blood pressure?

    How could diet affect high blood pressure?

    Lowering sodium and increasing potassium can help reduce blood pressure, whereas alcohol may raise it. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is particularly effective for managing high blood pressure.

    How does baseline blood pressure modify the effects of salt reduction?How does salt increase blood pressure?How does potassium lower blood pressure?

    Are there any other treatments for high blood pressure?

    Exercise, especially when coupled with weight loss, is especially effective for reducing blood pressure. Stress-reduction techniques like yoga, meditation, and guided breathing may also help lower blood pressure.

    Is there a best type of exercise to reduce blood pressure?

    What causes high blood pressure?

    Lifestyle factors cause over 80% of high blood pressure cases, and poor diet, inactivity, and excessive alcohol intake are key contributors. Genetics play a minor role; approximately 10% to 20% of cases are due to conditions like primary aldosteronism and renal artery stenosis.

    Examine Database: High Blood Pressure

    Cocoa Extract
    Magnesium
    Resveratrol
    Spirulina
    Citrulline
    Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
    Garlic
    Mediterranean Diet
    Nitrate
    Vegan Diet
    Fish Oil
    Roselle
    Vitamin C
    Grape Juice
    Melatonin
    Stevia
    Chlorella
    Cinnamon
    Flaxseed
    Ginkgo Biloba
    Hesperidin
    Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
    Taurine
    Black seed
    Chia seeds
    Coenzyme Q10
    Ephedrine
    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
    L-Carnitine
    Licorice
    Olive Leaf Extract
    Policosanol
    Potassium
    Pycnogenol
    Quercetin
    Sauna
    Alpha-Lipoic Acid
    Astaxanthin
    Beetroot
    Bhringaraj
    Blueberry
    Caffeine
    Calcium
    Casein
    Cat's whiskers
    Chlorogenic Acid
    Chromium
    Curcumin
    Dandelion
    Echinacea
    Eleuthero
    Eucommia Bark
    Gotu Kola
    Grapefruit
    Green Coffee Extract
    Gymnema Sylvestre
    L-Tyrosine
    Microlactin
    Milk Protein
    Nattokinase
    Niacin (Vitamin B3)
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Potatoes
    Psyllium
    Pterostilbene
    Reishi
    Saffron
    Sesamin
    Soy Protein
    Theanine
    Tribulus Terrestris
    Vitamin D
    Whey Protein

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    What is high blood pressure?

    High blood pressure, or hypertension, occurs when the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently too high.

    Blood pressure consists of two components: systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the pressure when the ventricles of the heart contract and pump blood through the body. Diastolic pressure is the pressure between heartbeats, when the heart is filling with blood.[1] High blood pressure (commonly referred to as “hypertension”) is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high.

    What are the main signs and symptoms of high blood pressure?

    High blood pressure typically does not show any signs or symptoms until it leads to serious health issues, such as stroke or heart attack.

    There are generally no signs or symptoms of high blood pressure until it has caused serious health problems (e.g., stroke, heart attack, kidney failure), which is why it is colloquially known as the “silent killer”.

    How is high blood pressure diagnosed?

    High blood pressure is diagnosed by measuring blood pressure using various methods, such as hand-powered cuffs, semiautomatic monitors, or ambulatory monitors. A diagnosis of hypertension occurs when systolic readings are 130 or higher and/or diastolic readings are 80 mmHg or higher in multiple measurements.

    High blood pressure is diagnosed by measuring a person’s blood pressure. There are multiple methods for measuring blood pressure, including using hand-powered cuffs and a stethoscope, semiautomatic monitors (either at the doctor’s office or at home), or ambulatory blood pressure monitors (which collect blood pressure readings several times per hour across a 24-hour period).

    Broadly speaking, a systolic and diastolic blood pressure of <120 and <80 mmHg is considered optimal.[2] Hypertension is diagnosed at the doctor’s office if they measure a systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 130 and ≥ 80 mmHg over multiple measurements.

    What are some of the main medical treatments for high blood pressure?

    The main medical treatments for high blood pressure include 5 classes of drugs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics, which work by reducing blood volume and relaxing blood vessel muscles.

    There are five major classes of blood pressure-lowering drugs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCB), and thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics. Broadly, these drugs have their effects by reducing blood volume and/or relaxing the smooth muscles that control the diameter of blood vessels.

    A combination of an ACEi or ARB with a CCB or diuretic is the preferred initial therapy for most people with high blood pressure.[2] If blood pressure remains uncontrolled, a combination of an ACEi or ARB with a CCB and a diuretic is recommended.[2]

    Have any supplements been studied for high blood pressure?

    Several supplements may moderately lower blood pressure, including garlic, nitrate, potassium, and magnesium.

    A variety of supplements may reduce blood pressure to a moderate extent including taurine,[3] garlic,[4] nitrate,[5] cocoa extract,[6] potassium,[7] and magnesium.[8]

    What specific nutrients lower blood pressure?
    Quick answer:

    Foods/nutrients that can lower blood pressure include potassium, beetroot juice (potentially/partially due to its nitrate content), and garlic (especially garlic powder).

    Besides the restriction of sodium, there are some nutrients that may help lower blood pressure. For example, one meta-analysis found that supplementation of potassium lowered blood pressure by about 4–5 mmHg.[18] Beetroot juice may also lower blood pressure,[19] which may be partially driven by nitrate content,[20] but also by mechanisms independent of nitrate. Garlic also probably lowers blood pressure in people with hypertension. The form doesn't seem to matter much for lowering systolic blood pressure, but garlic powder may outperform aged garlic extract when it comes to lowering diastolic pressure.[21]

    How could diet affect high blood pressure?

    Lowering sodium and increasing potassium can help reduce blood pressure, whereas alcohol may raise it. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is particularly effective for managing high blood pressure.

    Diet directly affects blood pressure. In most people, sodium reduction reduces blood pressure,[9] and so does increasing potassium intake,[10] whereas alcohol seems to increase blood pressure.[11] A sodium intake of <1,500 mg/day is ideal for people with high blood pressure, but reducing sodium intake by 1,000 mg/day is a good starting point.

    The most effective diet for reducing blood pressure is the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes, and low-fat dairy products and is greatly reduced in added sugar and saturated fat.[12]

    How does baseline blood pressure modify the effects of salt reduction?
    Quick answer:

    Sodium restriction primarily lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure in individuals with higher baseline blood pressure, whereas the benefits for people with lower blood pressure are minimal and often not clinically relevant.

    Sodium restriction may reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, primarily among people starting out with higher blood pressure. Although there can be small benefits among people with lower blood pressure, these effects are typically not clinically relevant (and possibly non-existent). The effects of a reduction in salt intake of 2,300 milligrams (2.3 g) stratified by blood pressure are summarized below.

    Changes in blood pressure to salt reduction, by baseline status

    image
    How does salt increase blood pressure?
    Quick answer:

    Increased salt intake raises the concentration of sodium in the blood, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and leads the body to retain more water and consequently increases blood pressure.

    Sodium is a known regulator of blood pressure. Sodium concentrations are sensed by macula densa cells in the kidneys.[22] When the blood sodium concentration increases, these cells activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as shown below.

    In short, increased salt intake causes your body to hold onto more water, which increases blood pressure. This extra pressure places a strain on your cardiovascular system which can eventually lead to worse cardiovascular disease outcomes over time.

    Sodium’s role in blood pressure

    image
    How does potassium lower blood pressure?
    Quick answer:

    Potassium lowers blood pressure by promoting diuresis, primarily in the kidney's distal convoluted tubule. High potassium levels increase potassium and water excretion, which reduces blood pressure, whereas low potassium levels cause retention, which raises blood pressure.

    Potassium is well known to reduce blood pressure by inducing diuresis (increased production of urine). However, precisely how potassium achieves this effect is less well-known. Potassium works to lower blood pressure primarily in a specific part of the kidney, known as the distal convoluted tubule.[23] This area of the kidney acts as a potassium sensor. When potassium is low, the kidney holds onto more potassium and water and increases blood pressure. When potassium is high, it allows more potassium and more water to pass by, reducing blood pressure. Furthermore, high sodium intake can increase potassium excretion,[24] indicating that high sodium intakes can exacerbate potassium balance issues in those who consume low potassium diets.

    Are there any other treatments for high blood pressure?

    Exercise, especially when coupled with weight loss, is especially effective for reducing blood pressure. Stress-reduction techniques like yoga, meditation, and guided breathing may also help lower blood pressure.

    Exercise has a powerful effect on blood pressure, and evidence suggests that it’s as effective as some medications.[13] Exercise seems to reduce blood pressure independent of changes in body weight,[14] but the magnitude of blood pressure reduction will increase if weight loss also occurs.[15]

    People with high blood pressure should perform at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week and two resistance exercise sessions.

    A growing body of evidence suggests that stress-reduction interventions, such as yoga, meditation, and guided breathing can also decrease blood pressure.[16]

    Is there a best type of exercise to reduce blood pressure?
    Quick answer:

    Increasing physical activity can lower systolic blood pressure by 4 to 9 mmHg, which particularly benefits people with higher starting blood pressure. Although a combination of resistance and endurance training seems most effective, the optimal type, intensity, and duration of exercise for blood pressure reduction remain to be determined.

    Increasing physical activity can reduce your systolic blood pressure by 4–9 mmHg. However, it’s not as clear if there’s a dose-response effect of exercise or what types of exercise might impact blood pressure the most. Luckily, a network meta-analysis aimed to answer these questions.[13]

    Exercise becomes more effective for lowering blood pressure the higher the starting systolic pressure is — in other words, people with higher starting blood pressures tend to benefit more from exercise. You can also see from the figure below that a combination of resistance and endurance training looks to be more effective, although there’s no clear winner between isometric, endurance, and resistance training taken on their own.

    Effects of exercise on systolic blood pressure

    image

    Reference: Naci et al. Br J Sports Med. 2019.[13]

    However, the authors of the paper caution that more research is needed to explore whether one type of exercise is indeed better than another due to the relative lack of research into this topic.

    There are also some other key takeaways from this research that aren’t apparent from the figure.

    • Due to reporting issues and lack of relevant data, the authors were not able to explore whether some frequencies or durations of exercise improved blood pressure more than others.
    • The authors didn’t see a clear relationship between exercise intensity and blood pressure reduction, mainly due to not having enough data. There is much more room for future research to explore the relationship between exercise intensity and blood pressure reduction.
    • There’s some concern about the generalizability of the exercise results to people with high blood pressure, since most of the exercise trials involved people with normal or mildly elevated blood pressure. Future research focused on exercise’s effect on people with high blood pressure would be useful. In short: all types of exercise seem to reduce systolic blood pressure, especially in people with high blood pressure. However, how much exercise is best, whether intensity matters, and exactly what kinds of exercise have the biggest impact are still unclear.
    What causes high blood pressure?

    Lifestyle factors cause over 80% of high blood pressure cases, and poor diet, inactivity, and excessive alcohol intake are key contributors. Genetics play a minor role; approximately 10% to 20% of cases are due to conditions like primary aldosteronism and renal artery stenosis.

    In the vast majority of cases (>80%), high blood pressure is caused by lifestyle habits such as unhealthy eating patterns, insufficient physical activity, and excessive intake of alcohol.[12] Consequently, there is a direct relationship between increases in body mass index or waist-to-hip ratio and increases in blood pressure.[11] Genetic variants also influence blood pressure, but they only contribute to about 3.5% of the variability in blood pressure between people.[12]

    In about 10-20% of cases, high blood pressure is caused by a separate medical condition (e.g., primary aldosteronism, renal artery stenosis, obstructive sleep apnea). Primary aldosteronism is increasingly recognized as an underdiagnosed cause of high blood pressure and may be responsible in up to 10% of cases.[17]

    Examine Database References

    1. Liver Enzymes - Patricia V Torres-Duran, Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo, Marco A Juarez-OropezaAntihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary reportLipids Health Dis.(2007 Nov 26)
    2. Total cholesterol - Juárez-Oropeza MA, Mascher D, Torres-Durán PV, Farias JM, Paredes-Carbajal MCEffects of dietary Spirulina on vascular reactivityJ Med Food.(2009 Feb)
    3. Blood Pressure - Miczke A, Szulińska M, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Kręgielska-Narożna M, Suliburska J, Walkowiak J, Bogdański PEffects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trialEur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.(2016)
    4. Blood Pressure - Jesús Martínez-Sámano, Adriana Torres-Montes de Oca, Oscar Ivan Luqueño-Bocardo, Patricia V Torres-Durán, Marco A Juárez-OropezaSpirulina maxima Decreases Endothelial Damage and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Patients with Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Results from Exploratory Controlled Clinical TrialMar Drugs.(2018 Dec 8)
    5. Blood Pressure - Machowiec P, Ręka G, Maksymowicz M, Piecewicz-Szczęsna H, Smoleń AEffect of Supplementation on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients.(2021-Aug-31)
    6. Weight - Meysam Zarezadeh, Amir Hossein Faghfouri, Nima Radkhah, Elaheh Foroumandi, Masoud Khorshidi, Ahmadreza Rasouli, Mahtab Zarei, Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, Nazanin Hazhir Karzar, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsPhytother Res.(2020 Sep 23)
    7. Interleukin 2 - Sara Mohiti, Meysam Zarezadeh, Fatemeh Naeini, Helda Tutunchi, Alireza Ostadrahimi, Zohreh Ghoreishi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsClin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.(2021 Aug)
    8. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) - Fatemeh Naeini, Meysam Zarezadeh, Sara Mohiti, Helda Tutunchi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi Mamaghani, Alireza OstadrahimiSpirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsInt J Clin Pract.(2021 Jul 8)
    9. Liver Enzymes - Mason SA, Rasmussen B, van Loon LJC, Salmon J, Wadley GDAscorbic acid supplementation improves postprandial glycaemic control and blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized cross-over trialDiabetes Obes Metab.(2019 Mar)
    10. Blood glucose - Mahmoudabadi MM, Djalali M, Djazayery SA, Keshavarz SA, Eshraghian MR, Yaraghi AA, Askari G, Ghiasvand R, Zarei MEffects of eicosapentaenoic acid and vitamin C on glycemic indices, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic Iranian malesJ Res Med Sci.(2011 Mar)
    11. Blood glucose - Chen H, Karne RJ, Hall G, Campia U, Panza JA, Cannon RO 3rd, Wang Y, Katz A, Levine M, Quon MJHigh-dose oral vitamin C partially replenishes vitamin C levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes and low vitamin C levels but does not improve endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistanceAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2006 Jan)
    12. Blood glucose - Ellulu MS, Rahmat A, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Abed YEffect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trialDrug Des Devel Ther.(2015 Jul 1)
    13. Total cholesterol - Knab AM, Shanely RA, Henson DA, Jin F, Heinz SA, Austin MD, Nieman DCInfluence of quercetin supplementation on disease risk factors in community-dwelling adultsJ Am Diet Assoc.(2011 Apr)
    14. Liver Enzymes - Maryam Akbari, Omid Reza Tamtaji, Kamran B Lankarani, Reza Tabrizi, Ehsan Dadgostar, Neda Haghighat, Fariba Kolahdooz, Amir Ghaderi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Zatollah AsemiThe effects of resveratrol on lipid profiles and liver enzymes in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsLipids Health Dis.(2020 Feb 17)
    15. Blood glucose - Abdelhaleem IA, Brakat AM, Adayel HM, Asla MM, Rizk MA, Aboalfetoh AYThe effects of resveratrol on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters in patients with T2DM: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Med Clin (Barc).(2022-Jun-24)
    16. Blood Pressure - Samuel R Weaver, Catarina Rendeiro, Helen M McGettrick, Andrew Philp, Samuel J E LucasFine wine or sour grapes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of red wine polyphenols on vascular healthEur J Nutr.(2021 Feb)
    17. Blood Pressure - Lipert A, Szadkowska I, Matusiak-Wieczorek E, Kochan EThe Effect of Herbal Supplements on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Antioxidants (Basel).(2022-Jul-22)
    18. Blood Pressure - Liu Y, Ma W, Zhang P, He S, Huang DEffect of resveratrol on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr.(2015-Feb)
    19. Interleukin 6 - Haghighatdoost F, Hariri MCan resveratrol supplement change inflammatory mediators? A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized clinical trials.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2019-Mar)
    20. Endothelial Function - Mohammadipoor N, Shafiee F, Rostami A, Kahrizi MS, Soleimanpour H, Ghodsi M, Ansari MJ, Bokov DO, Jannat B, Mosharkesh E, Pour Abbasi MSResveratrol supplementation efficiently improves endothelial health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022-Sep)
    21. Creatinine - Abdollahi S, Vajdi M, Meshkini F, Vasmehjani AA, Sangsefidi ZS, Clark CCT, Soltani SResveratrol may mildly improve renal function in the general adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Nutr Res.(2023-May)
    22. Leptin - Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloom Z, Sohrabi Z, Sherafatmanesh S, Barati-Boldaji RResveratrol supplementation and plasma adipokines concentrations? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res.(2017-Mar)
    23. Liver Enzymes - Dehkordi FR, Kamkhah AFAntihypertensive effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in patients with mild hypertensionFundam Clin Pharmacol.(2008 Aug)
    24. Blood Pressure - Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Safaei E, Mohammadi Asmaroud M, Khashakichafi F, Ahrabi SS, Dehghan PAntihypertensive effects of Nigella sativa supplementation: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2023-Aug)
    25. Liver Enzymes - Susalit E, Agus N, Effendi I, Tjandrawinata RR, Nofiarny D, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Verbruggen MOlive (Olea europaea) leaf extract effective in patients with stage-1 hypertension: comparison with CaptoprilPhytomedicine.(2011 Feb 15)
    26. Blood Pressure - Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Busjahn A, Schmidlin C, Schmidt A, Bradl B, Aydogan CFood supplementation with an olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract reduces blood pressure in borderline hypertensive monozygotic twinsPhytother Res.(2008 Sep)
    27. Liver Enzymes - Watanabe T, Arai Y, Mitsui Y, Kusaura T, Okawa W, Kajihara Y, Saito IThe blood pressure-lowering effect and safety of chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential hypertensionClin Exp Hypertens.(2006 Jul)
    28. Blood glucose - Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A, Fogacci F, Bove M, Giovannini M, Borghi CEffects of phytosomal curcumin on anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance, cortisolemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indices: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialEur J Nutr.(2019 Feb 22)
    29. Blood glucose - Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán MThe effect of lowering blood pressure by magnesium supplementation in diabetic hypertensive adults with low serum magnesium levels: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialJ Hum Hypertens.(2009 Apr)
    30. Blood glucose - Lee S, Park HK, Son SP, Lee CW, Kim IJ, Kim HJEffects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight Korean adultsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2009 Dec)
    31. Blood Pressure - L Kass, J Weekes, L CarpenterEffect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysisEur J Clin Nutr.(2012 Apr)
    32. Blood Pressure - Daniel T Dibaba, Pengcheng Xun, Yiqing Song, Andrea Rosanoff, Michael Shechter, Ka HeThe effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure in individuals with insulin resistance, prediabetes, or noncommunicable chronic diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsAm J Clin Nutr.(2017 Sep)
    33. Blood Pressure - Xi Zhang, Yufeng Li, Liana C Del Gobbo, Andrea Rosanoff, Jiawei Wang, Wen Zhang, Yiqing SongEffects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled TrialsHypertension.(2016 Aug)
    34. Blood Pressure - Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae TEffects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressuresHypertension.(1998 Aug)
    35. Blood Pressure - Hatzistavri LS, Sarafidis PA, Georgianos PI, Tziolas IM, Aroditis CP, Zebekakis PE, Pikilidou MI, Lasaridis ANOral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertensionAm J Hypertens.(2009 Oct)
    36. Blood Pressure - Asbaghi O, Hosseini R, Boozari B, Ghaedi E, Kashkooli S, Moradi SThe Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Obesity Measure Among Type 2 Diabetes Patient: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2021-Feb)
    37. Migraine Frequency - Veronese N, Demurtas J, Pesolillo G, Celotto S, Barnini T, Calusi G, Caruso MG, Notarnicola M, Reddavide R, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Maggi S, Vaona A, Firth J, Smith L, Koyanagi A, Dominguez L, Barbagallo MMagnesium and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational and intervention studiesEur J Nutr.(2019 Jan 25)
    38. Blood glucose - Ochiai M, Hayashi T, Morita M, Ina K, Maeda M, Watanabe F, Morishita KShort-term effects of L-citrulline supplementation on arterial stiffness in middle-aged menInt J Cardiol.(2012 Mar 8)
    39. Blood Pressure - Juliano Casonatto, Daniel Massaharu Enokida, Kamila GrandolfiInter-Individual Responses to Citrulline Malate Oral Supplementation on Post-Exercise Hypotension in Hypertensives: A 24-Hour AnalysisArq Bras Cardiol.(2019 Jul 10)
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    42. Blood Pressure - Domingues V, Cavalari JV, Grandolfi K, Aguiar AF, Borghi SM, Casonatto JAcute Effects of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping After Exercise in Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.J Diet Suppl.(2024)
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    44. Blood glucose - Siervo M, Lara J, Chowdhury S, Ashor A, Oggioni C, Mathers JCEffects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysisBr J Nutr.(2015 Jan 14)
    45. Blood glucose - Lari A, Sohouli MH, Fatahi S, Cerqueira HS, Santos HO, Pourrajab B, Rezaei M, Saneie S, Rahideh STThe effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2021 Sep 22)
    46. Total cholesterol - Ru Guo, Nian Li, Rong Yang, Xiao-Yang Liao, Yu Zhang, Ben-Fu Zhu, Qian Zhao, Lingmin Chen, Yong-Gang Zhang, Yi LeiEffects of the Modified DASH Diet on Adults With Elevated Blood Pressure or Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisFront Nutr.(2021 Sep 7)
    47. Blood Pressure - Ndanuko RN, Tapsell LC, Charlton KE, Neale EP, Batterham MJDietary Patterns and Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsAdv Nutr.(2016 Jan 15)
    48. Blood Pressure - Saneei P, Salehi-Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht LInfluence of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trialsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2014 Dec)
    49. Blood Pressure - Gay HC, Rao SG, Vaccarino V, Ali MKEffects of Different Dietary Interventions on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsHypertension.(2016 Apr)
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    54. Blood glucose - Barriocanal LA, Palacios M, Benitez G, Benitez S, Jimenez JT, Jimenez N, Rojas VApparent lack of pharmacological effect of steviol glycosides used as sweeteners in humans. A pilot study of repeated exposures in some normotensive and hypotensive individuals and in Type 1 and Type 2 diabeticsRegul Toxicol Pharmacol.(2008 Jun)
    55. Blood Pressure - Maki KC, Curry LL, Carakostas MC, Tarka SM, Reeves MS, Farmer MV, McKenney JM, Toth PD, Schwartz SL, Lubin BC, Dicklin MR, Boileau AC, Bisognano JDThe hemodynamic effects of rebaudioside A in healthy adults with normal and low-normal blood pressureFood Chem Toxicol.(2008 Jul)
    56. Blood Pressure - Hsieh MH, Chan P, Sue YM, Liu JC, Liang TH, Huang TY, Tomlinson B, Chow MS, Kao PF, Chen YJEfficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled studyClin Ther.(2003 Nov)
    57. Blood glucose - Lin Guan, Peng MiaoThe effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2020 Oct 15)
    58. Blood Pressure - Mark Waldron, Stephen David Patterson, Jamie Tallent, Owen JeffriesThe Effects of Oral Taurine on Resting Blood Pressure in Humans: a Meta-AnalysisCurr Hypertens Rep.(2018 Jul 13)
    59. Blood Pressure - Sun Q, Wang B, Li Y, Sun F, Li P, Xia W, Zhou X, Li Q, Wang X, Chen J, Zeng X, Zhao Z, He H, Liu D, Zhu ZTaurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled StudyHypertension.(2016 Mar)
    60. Blood glucose - Greenway F, Liu Z, Yu Y, Gupta AA clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of a standardized Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark extract to treat hypertensionAltern Med Rev.(2011 Dec)
    61. Blood glucose - Morand C, Dubray C, Milenkovic D, Lioger D, Martin JF, Scalbert A, Mazur AHesperidin contributes to the vascular protective effects of orange juice: a randomized crossover study in healthy volunteersAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Jan)
    62. Blood glucose - Khorasanian AS, Fateh ST, Gholami F, Rasaei N, Gerami H, Khayyatzadeh SS, Shiraseb F, Asbaghi OThe effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2023)
    63. Blood Flow - Hiroko Takumi, Hiroyasu Nakamura, Terumi Simizu, Ryoko Harada, Takashi Kometani, Tomonori Nadamoto, Rie Mukai, Kaeko Murota, Yoshichika Kawai, Junji TeraoBioavailability of orally administered water-dispersible hesperetin and its effect on peripheral vasodilatation in human subjects: implication of endothelial functions of plasma conjugated metabolitesFood Funct.(2012 Apr)
    64. Blood glucose - Aneliya Parvanova, Matias Trillini, Manuel A Podestà, Ilian P Iliev, Carolina Aparicio, Annalisa Perna, Francesco Peraro, Nadia Rubis, Flavio Gaspari, Antonio Cannata, Silvia Ferrari, Antonio C Bossi, Roberto Trevisan, Sreejith Parameswaran, Jonathan S Chávez-Iñiguez, Fahrudin Masnic, Sidy Mohamed Seck, Teerayuth Jiamjariyaporn, Monica Cortinovis, Luca Perico, Kanishka Sharma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Piero Ruggenenti, David G WarnockBlood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled TrialJ Endocr Soc.(2018 Mar 22)
    65. Blood Pressure - Askarpour M, Hadi A, Dehghani Kari Bozorg A, Sadeghi O, Sheikhi A, Kazemi M, Ghaedi EEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Hum Hypertens.(2019-Oct)
    66. Blood glucose - Dohadwala MM, Hamburg NM, Holbrook M, Kim BH, Duess MA, Levit A, Titas M, Chung WB, Vincent FB, Caiano TL, Frame AA, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JAEffects of Concord grape juice on ambulatory blood pressure in prehypertension and stage 1 hypertensionAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 Nov)
    67. Total cholesterol - Park YK, Lee SH, Park E, Kim JS, Kang MHChanges in antioxidant status, blood pressure, and lymphocyte DNA damage from grape juice supplementationAnn N Y Acad Sci.(2009 Aug)
    68. Blood Pressure - Neto MM, da Silva TF, de Lima FF, Siqueira TMQ, Toscano LT, de Moura SKMSF, Silva ASWhole Red Grape Juice Reduces Blood Pressure at Rest and Increases Post-exercise HypotensionJ Am Coll Nutr.(2017 Sep-Oct)
    69. Blood Pressure - Park YK, Kim JS, Kang MHConcord grape juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in Korean hypertensive men: double-blind, placebo controlled intervention trialBiofactors.(2004)
    70. Blood glucose - Koziróg M, Poliwczak AR, Duchnowicz P, Koter-Michalak M, Sikora J, Broncel MMelatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndromeJ Pineal Res.(2011 Apr)
    71. Blood Pressure - Cagnacci A, Arangino S, Angiolucci M, Maschio E, Melis GBInfluences of melatonin administration on the circulation of womenAm J Physiol.(1998 Feb)
    72. Blood Pressure - Hadi A, Ghaedi E, Moradi S, Pourmasoumi M, Ghavami A, Kafeshani MEffects of Melatonin Supplementation On Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Horm Metab Res.(2019 Mar)
    73. Cerebral Blood Flow - Cook JS, Sauder CL, Ray CAMelatonin differentially affects vascular blood flow in humansAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2011 Feb)
    74. Blood glucose - Lívia de Paula Nogueira, Marcela Paranhos Knibel, Márcia Regina Simas Gonçalves Torres, José Firmino Nogueira Neto, Antonio Felipe SanjulianiConsumption of high-polyphenol dark chocolate improves endothelial function in individuals with stage 1 hypertension and excess body weightInt J Hypertens.(2012)
    75. Blood glucose - Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, Croce G, Valeri L, Pasqualetti P, Desideri G, Blumberg JB, Ferri CCocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensivesHypertension.(2005 Aug)
    76. Blood glucose - Muniyappa R, Hall G, Kolodziej TL, Karne RJ, Crandon SK, Quon MJCocoa consumption for 2 wk enhances insulin-mediated vasodilatation without improving blood pressure or insulin resistance in essential hypertensionAm J Clin Nutr.(2008 Dec)
    77. Total cholesterol - Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PREffect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjectsInt J Obes (Lond).(2008 Aug)
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    79. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Hamed MS, Gambert S, Bliden KP, Bailon O, Singla A, Antonino MJ, Hamed F, Tantry US, Gurbel PADark chocolate effect on platelet activity, C-reactive protein and lipid profile: a pilot studySouth Med J.(2008 Dec)
    80. Blood Pressure - Karin Ried, Oliver R Frank, Nigel P StocksDark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomised controlled trialBMC Complement Altern Med.(2009 Jul 8)
    81. Blood Pressure - Eunice K Chan, Jon Quach, Fiona K Mensah, Valerie Sung, Michael Cheung, Melissa WakeDark chocolate for children's blood pressure: randomised trialArch Dis Child.(2012 Jul)
    82. Blood Pressure - Verawati Sudarma, Sri Sukmaniah, Parlindungan SiregarEffect of dark chocolate on nitric oxide serum levels and blood pressure in prehypertension subjectsActa Med Indones.(2011 Oct)
    83. Blood Pressure - Ottaviani JI, Balz M, Kimball J, Ensunsa JL, Fong R, Momma TY, Kwik-Uribe C, Schroeter H, Keen CLSafety and efficacy of cocoa flavanol intake in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled, double-masked trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2015 Dec)
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    85. Blood Pressure - Karin Ried, Peter Fakler, Nigel P StocksEffect of cocoa on blood pressureCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2017 Apr 25)
    86. Blood Pressure - Desch S, Schmidt J, Kobler D, Sonnabend M, Eitel I, Sareban M, Rahimi K, Schuler G, Thiele HEffect of cocoa products on blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis.Am J Hypertens.(2010 Jan)
    87. Blood Flow - Andrew B. Petrone, J. Michael Gaziano, Luc DjousséEffects of Dark Chocolate and Cocoa Products on Endothelial Function: A Meta-AnalysisCurrent Nutrition Reports.()
    88. Blood glucose - Kelly JJ, Lawson JA, Campbell LV, Storlien LH, Jenkins AB, Whitworth JA, O'Sullivan AJEffects of nicotinic acid on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in healthy subjectsJ Hum Hypertens.(2000 Sep)
    89. Blood glucose - Mashhadi NS, Zakerkish M, Mohammadiasl J, Zarei M, Mohammadshahi M, Haghighizadeh MHAstaxanthin improves glucose metabolism and reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAsia Pac J Clin Nutr.(2018)
    90. Blood glucose - L Axelrod, J Camuso, E Williams, K Kleinman, E Briones, D SchoenfeldEffects of a Small Quantity of omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in NIDDM. A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Controlled StudyDiabetes Care.(1994 Jan)
    91. Blood glucose - Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, Beilin LJEffects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertensionAm J Clin Nutr.(2002 Nov)
    92. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Alison M Hill, Jonathan D Buckley, Karen J Murphy, and Peter RC HoweCombining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factorsThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.()
    93. Blood Pressure - Campbell F, Dickinson HO, Critchley JA, Ford GA, Bradburn MA systematic review of fish-oil supplements for the prevention and treatment of hypertensionEur J Prev Cardiolog.(2012 Feb 1)
    94. Glycemic Control - Akinkuolie AO, Ngwa JS, Meigs JB, Djoussé LOmega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsClin Nutr.(2011 Sep 7)
    95. Blood glucose - Randi L. Edwards, Tiffany Lyon, Sheldon E. Litwin, Alexander Rabovsky, J. David Symons, and Thunder JaliliQuercetin Reduces Blood Pressure in Hypertensive SubjectsAmerican Society for Nutrition.()
    96. Blood Pressure - Egert S, Rimbach G, Müller MJNo evidence for a thermic effect of the dietary flavonol quercetin: a pilot study in healthy normal-weight womenEur J Appl Physiol.(2011 May)
    97. Blood glucose - Zamani M, Ashtary-Larky D, Nosratabadi S, Bagheri R, Wong A, Rafiei MM, Asiabar MM, Khalili P, Asbaghi O, Davoodi SHThe effects of Gymnema Sylvestre supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic control, blood pressure, and anthropometric indices in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytother Res.(2023-Mar)
    98. Blood glucose - Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, Engardeh J, Mahmoodnia L, Khaledifar A, Jafari TEffect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsClin Nutr.(2018-Dec)
    99. Blood Pressure - Shimada M, Hasegawa T, Nishimura C, Kan H, Kanno T, Nakamura T, Matsubayashi TAnti-hypertensive effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich Chlorella on high-normal blood pressure and borderline hypertension in placebo-controlled double blind studyClin Exp Hypertens.(2009 Jun)
    100. Blood Pressure - Ayatollahi SA, Asgary S, Ghanbari F, Karimi R, Kobarfard F, Sarfaraz S, Nazim U, Mohammadi Pour PQuantifying the Impact of Algae Supplement on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Curr Probl Cardiol.(2022-Nov)
    101. Blood glucose - Zhou S, Cheng F, He J, Xu T, Zhang X, Wan S, Qi J, He J, Chen F, Luo J, Luo Y, An PEffects of high-quality protein supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr.(2024 Aug)
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    106. Total cholesterol - Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RIA double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipidsAm J Clin Nutr.(1996 Dec)
    107. Total cholesterol - Veena Dhawan, Sanjay JainGarlic supplementation prevents oxidative DNA damage in essential hypertensionMol Cell Biochem.(2005 Jul)
    108. Blood Pressure - Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NPAged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trialMaturitas.(2010 Oct)
    109. Blood Pressure - Ashraf R, Khan RA, Ashraf I, Qureshi AAEffects of Allium sativum (Garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertensionPak J Pharm Sci.(2013 Sep)
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    115. Blood Pressure - Akinori Masuda, Masaaki Miyata, Takashi Kihara, Shinichi Minagoe, Chuwa TeiRepeated sauna therapy reduces urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2alpha)Jpn Heart J.(2004 Mar)
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    117. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Boozer CN, Daly PA, Homel P, Solomon JL, Blanchard D, Nasser JA, Strauss R, Meredith THerbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trialInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2002 May)
    118. Blood Pressure - Ingerslev J, Svendsen TL, Mørk AIs an ephedrine caffeine treatment contraindicated in hypertensionInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1997 Aug)
    119. Blood Pressure - Persio D Lopez, Eder H Cativo, Steven A Atlas, Clive RosendorffThe Effect of Vegan Diets on Blood Pressure in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsAm J Med.(2019 Jul)
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    121. Blood Pressure - Kai Wei Lee, Hong Chuan Loh, Siew Mooi Ching, Navin Kumar Devaraj, Fan Kee HooEffects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Pressure Lowering: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential AnalysisNutrients.(2020 May 29)
    122. Blood Pressure - Joshua Gibbs, Eleanor Gaskin, Chen Ji, Michelle A Miller, Francesco P CappuccioThe effect of plant-based dietary patterns on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention trialsJ Hypertens.(2021 Jan)
    123. Blood Pressure - Michael Macknin, Tammie Kong, Adam Weier, Sarah Worley, Anne S Tang, Naim Alkhouri, Mladen GolubicPlant-based, no-added-fat or American Heart Association diets: impact on cardiovascular risk in obese children with hypercholesterolemia and their parentsJ Pediatr.(2015 Apr)
    124. Blood Pressure - Richard J Bloomer, Trint A Gunnels, JohnHenry M SchrieferComparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific MeasuresHealthcare (Basel).(2015 Jul 14)
    125. Blood Pressure - Paria Azimi, Reza Ghiasvand, Awat Feizi, Javad Hosseinzadeh, Maryam Bahreynian, Mitra Hariri, Hossein Khosravi-BoroujeniEffect of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron and ginger consumption on blood pressure and a marker of endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trialBlood Press.(2016 Jun)
    126. Blood Pressure - Coles LT, Clifton PMEffect of beetroot juice on lowering blood pressure in free-living, disease-free adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialNutr J.(2012 Dec 11)
    127. Blood Pressure - Benjamim CJR, Porto AA, Valenti VE, Sobrinho ACDS, Garner DM, Gualano B, Bueno Júnior CRNitrate Derived From Beetroot Juice Lowers Blood Pressure in Patients With Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Front Nutr.(2022)
    128. Blood Pressure - Bondonno CP, Liu AH, Croft KD, Ward NC, Shinde S, Moodley Y, Lundberg JO, Puddey IB, Woodman RJ, Hodgson JMAbsence of an effect of high nitrate intake from beetroot juice on blood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals: a randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2015 Aug)
    129. Blood Pressure - Kelly J, Fulford J, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, French O, Bailey SJ, Gilchrist M, Winyard PG, Jones AMEffects of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure, O2 uptake kinetics, and muscle and cognitive function in older adultsAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2013 Jan 15)
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    131. Blood Pressure - Yayu He, Jinshu Liu, Hongwei Cai, Jun Zhang, Jiang Yi, Yirou Niu, Huihui Xi, Xinyue Peng, Lirong GuoEffect of inorganic nitrate supplementation on blood pressure in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysisNitric Oxide.(2021 Sep 1)
    132. Blood Pressure - Renda G, Zimarino M, Antonucci I, Tatasciore A, Ruggieri B, Bucciarelli T, Prontera T, Stuppia L, De Caterina RGenetic determinants of blood pressure responses to caffeine drinkingAm J Clin Nutr.(2012 Jan)
    133. Blood Pressure - Gillian Keheyan, Lauren A Dunn, Wendy Louise HallAcute effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on vascular function and blood pressurePlant Foods Hum Nutr.(2011 Sep)
    134. Blood Pressure - Mehlsen J, Drabaek H, Wiinberg N, Winther KEffects of a Ginkgo biloba extract on forearm haemodynamics in healthy volunteersClin Physiol Funct Imaging.(2002 Nov)
    135. Blood Pressure - Brinkley TE, Lovato JF, Arnold AM, Furberg CD, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Nahin RL, Lopez OL, Yasar S, Williamson JD; Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study InvestigatorsEffect of Ginkgo biloba on blood pressure and incidence of hypertension in elderly men and womenAm J Hypertens.(2010 May)
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    139. Blood Pressure - M Haji Faraji, A Haji TarkhaniThe effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertensionJ Ethnopharmacol.(1999 Jun)
    140. Blood Pressure - McKay DL, Chen CY, Saltzman E, Blumberg JBHibiscus sabdariffa L. tea (tisane) lowers blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adultsJ Nutr.(2010 Feb)
    141. Blood Pressure - Herrera-Arellano A, Miranda-Sánchez J, Avila-Castro P, Herrera-Alvarez S, Jiménez-Ferrer JE, Zamilpa A, Román-Ramos R, Ponce-Monter H, Tortoriello JClinical effects produced by a standardized herbal medicinal product of Hibiscus sabdariffa on patients with hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, lisinopril-controlled clinical trialPlanta Med.(2007 Jan)
    142. Blood Pressure - Sigurjonsdottir HA, Manhem K, Axelson M, Wallerstedt SSubjects with essential hypertension are more sensitive to the inhibition of 11 beta-HSD by liquoriceJ Hum Hypertens.(2003 Feb)
    143. Estrogen - Helga Agusta Sigurjonsdottir, Magnus Axelson, Gudmundur Johannsson, Karin Manhem, Ernst Nystrom, Sven WallerstedtLiquorice in moderate doses does not affect sex steroid hormones of biological importance although the effect differs between the gendersHorm Res.(2006)
    144. Blood Pressure - Pal S, Khossousi A, Binns C, Dhaliwal S, Radavelli-Bagatini SThe effects of 12-week psyllium fibre supplementation or healthy diet on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in overweight and obese individualsBr J Nutr.(2012 Mar)
    145. Blood Pressure - Schwingshackl L, Chaimani A, Schwedhelm C, Toledo E, Pünsch M, Hoffmann G, Boeing HComparative effects of different dietary approaches on blood pressure in hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2018 May 11)
    146. Blood Pressure - Cowell OR, Mistry N, Deighton K, Matu J, Griffiths A, Minihane AM, Mathers JC, Shannon OM, Siervo MEffects of a Mediterranean diet on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies.J Hypertens.(2021-Apr-01)
    147. Blood Pressure - Filippou CD, Thomopoulos CG, Kouremeti MM, Sotiropoulou LI, Nihoyannopoulos PI, Tousoulis DM, Tsioufis CPMediterranean diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr.(2021-May)
    148. Blood Pressure - M J Sole, C R Benedict, M G Myers, F H Leenen, G H AndersonChronic dietary tyrosine supplements do not affect mild essential hypertensionHypertension.(Jul-Aug 1985)
    149. Blood Pressure - Shah SA, Schlesselman L, Cios D, Lipeika J, Patel AA, Kluger J, White CMEffects of echinacea on electrocardiographic and blood pressure measurementsAm J Health Syst Pharm.(2007 Aug 1)
    150. Blood Pressure - Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, Zhou S, Würthwein G, Rohdewald PPycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patientsLife Sci.(2004 Jan 2)
    151. Blood Pressure - Saeed Hosseini, Jeongmin Lee, Ramon T. Sepulveda, Peter Rohdewald, Ronald R. WatsonA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective, 16 week crossover study to determine the role of Pycnogenol in modifying blood pressure in mildly hypertensive patientsNutrition Research.()
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    153. Blood Pressure - Wilson CP, McNulty H, Ward M, Strain JJ, Trouton TG, Hoeft BA, Weber P, Roos FF, Horigan G, McAnena L, Scott JMBlood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype is responsive to intervention with riboflavin: findings of a targeted randomized trialHypertension.(2013 Jun)
    154. Blood Pressure - Wilson CP, Ward M, McNulty H, Strain JJ, Trouton TG, Horigan G, Purvis J, Scott JMRiboflavin offers a targeted strategy for managing hypertension in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype: a 4-y follow-upAm J Clin Nutr.(2012 Mar)
    155. Blood Pressure - Johnson SA, Figueroa A, Navaei N, Wong A, Kalfon R, Ormsbee LT, Feresin RG, Elam ML, Hooshmand S, Payton ME, Arjmandi BHDaily blueberry consumption improves blood pressure and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialJ Acad Nutr Diet.(2015 Mar)
    156. Blood Pressure - Jalal Poorolajal, Fatemeh Zeraati, Ali Reza Soltanian, Vida Sheikh, Elham Hooshmand, Akram MalekiOral potassium supplementation for management of essential hypertension: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPLoS One.(2017 Apr 18)
    157. Blood Pressure - Filippini T, Violi F, D'Amico R, Vinceti MThe effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Cardiol.(2017-Mar-01)
    158. Blood Pressure - Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers ADEffect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Hypertens.(2009 Oct)
    159. Blood Pressure - Miyawaki T, Aono H, Toyoda-Ono Y, Maeda H, Kiso Y, Moriyama KAntihypertensive effects of sesamin in humansJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2009 Feb)
    160. Blood Pressure - Burke BE, Neuenschwander R, Olson RDRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertensionSouth Med J.(2001 Nov)
    161. Blood Pressure - Young JM, Florkowski CM, Molyneux SL, McEwan RG, Frampton CM, Nicholls MG, Scott RS, George PMA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of coenzyme Q10 therapy in hypertensive patients with the metabolic syndromeAm J Hypertens.(2012 Feb)
    162. Blood Pressure - Kim JY, Gum SN, Paik JK, Lim HH, Kim KC, Ogasawara K, Inoue K, Park S, Jang Y, Lee JHEffects of nattokinase on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trialHypertens Res.(2008 Aug)
    163. Blood Pressure - Michael S Stone, Berdine R Martin, Connie M WeaverShort-Term RCT of Increased Dietary Potassium from Potato or Potassium Gluconate: Effect on Blood Pressure, Microcirculation, and Potassium and Sodium Retention in Pre-Hypertensive-to-Hypertensive AdultsNutrients.(2021 May 11)
    164. Blood Pressure - Ghanbari M, Amini MR, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar SThe effects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2022-Mar)
    165. Blood Pressure - Wang WW, Wang XS, Zhang ZR, He JC, Xie CLA Meta-Analysis of Folic Acid in Combination with Anti-Hypertension Drugs in Patients with Hypertension and Hyperhomocysteinemia.Front Pharmacol.(2017)
    166. Blood Pressure - Asbaghi O, Salehpour S, Rezaei Kelishadi M, Bagheri R, Ashtary-Larky D, Nazarian B, Mombaini D, Ghanavati M, Clark CCT, Wong A, Naeini AAFolic acid supplementation and blood pressure: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 41,633 participants.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2023)
    167. Blood Pressure - Khalesi S, Irwin C, Schubert MFlaxseed consumption may reduce blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.J Nutr.(2015 Apr)
    168. Blood Pressure - Li L, Li H, Gao Y, Vafaei S, Zhang X, Yang MEffect of flaxseed supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review, and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Food Funct.(2023 Jan 23)
    169. Blood Pressure - Fazeli Moghadam E, Khaghani L, Shekarchizadeh-Esfahani PFlaxseed Lowers Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clin Nutr Res.(2024 Oct 29)
    170. Blood Pressure - Grönroos R, Eggertsen R, Bernhardsson S, Praetorius Björk MEffects of beetroot juice on blood pressure in hypertension according to European Society of Hypertension Guidelines: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2024 Jun 26)
    171. Blood Pressure - Ghavami A, Haghighian HK, Roshanravan N, Ziaei R, Ghaedi E, Moravejolahkami AR, Askari GWhat is the Impact of Cinnamon Supplementation on Blood Pressure? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets.(2021)
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