In recent years, there have been some major advances in medical treatments which improve the trajectory and symptoms of heart failure. For example, treatments for HF with reduced ejection fraction include a combination of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i - commonly used drugs for diabetes), angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors (ARNi), certain beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), and as needed diuretics. Treatments for HF with preserved ejection fraction involves ensuring that conditions such as hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes are well controlled.[1] [2]
Depending on the cause of HF, implantation of electrical devices may be required to either synchronize the chambers of the heart (atria and ventricles) or to defibrillate (shock) the heart in the event of a ventricular arrhythmia. Although relatively uncommon, cardiac transplantation or the use of a mechanical pump for circulatory support may be considered in end-stage HF.