Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is the primary treatment option for low testosterone and can be given as an oral pill, buccal tablet (which dissolves in the mouth), injection, nasal gel, topical gel, transdermal patch (worn on the skin), or implant.[1] TRT appears to be safe,[2] although there is limited data on long-term safety.
Each form of administration can cause unique adverse effects, but in general, TRT may cause erythrocytosis (as indicated by a hematocrit level > 54%), dyslipidemia, acne, oily skin, reduced sperm production, and/or growth of metastatic prostate cancer.[1][3] Additionally, TRT is contraindicated for certain populations (e.g., people with a recent history of heart attack or stroke, heart failure, or prostate cancer).[1]
