Micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy can have significant consequences on both the mother and the baby. Here are some of the most common deficiencies and their associated risks:
Iron deficiency during pregnancy is among the most common nutrient deficiencies. Low iron levels can lead to iron deficiency anemia (IDA) which can have negative consequences both on the mother and the baby.[1]
Low folate levels are associated with infant neural tube defects.[1]
Severe iodine deficiency can cause irreversible neurological damage to the fetus, resulting in congenital hypothyroidism, which, if not treated within a month of birth, can result in permanent intellectual disability.[2][3] Iodine deficiency is rare in most countries, as in the majority of countries most people get enough iodine from food; however, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia still have relatively high incidences of iodine deficiency.[4]
Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies during pregnancy are associated with hypertension (high blood pressure) and increased risk of preeclampsia (a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure), as well as high levels of protein in the urine, all of which can have negative consequences for both the mother and the fetus.[5][1][6]
Selenium deficiency has been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes, including increased incidences of recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm birth.[7]
References
- ^Keats EC, Oh C, Chau T, Khalifa DS, Imdad A, Bhutta ZAEffects of vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy on maternal, birth, child health and development outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.Campbell Syst Rev.(2021-Jun)
- ^Pharoah P, Buttfield IH, Hetzel BSNeurological damage to the fetus resulting from severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy.Int J Epidemiol.(2012-Jun)
- ^Rastogi MV, LaFranchi SHCongenital hypothyroidism.Orphanet J Rare Dis.(2010-Jun-10)
- ^Han X, Ding S, Lu J, Li YGlobal, regional, and national burdens of common micronutrient deficiencies from 1990 to 2019: A secondary trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.EClinicalMedicine.(2022-Feb)
- ^Karrar SA, Hong PLPreeclampsiaStatPearls.(2024-01)
- ^Sanam Behjat Sasan, Farnaz Zandvakili, Nasrin Soufizadeh, Elaheh BaybordiThe Effects of Vitamin D Supplement on Prevention of Recurrence of Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women with a History of PreeclampsiaObstet Gynecol Int.(2017)
- ^Kerry Richard, Olivia Holland, Kelly Landers, Jessica J Vanderlelie, Pierre Hofstee, James S M Cuffe, Anthony V PerkinsReview: Effects of maternal micronutrient supplementation on placental functionPlacenta.(2017 Jun)