Spikenard

    Written by:
    Kamal Patel
    Last Updated: August 28, 2025

    Nardostachys jatamansi (Jatamansi) is a supposedly calming herb from Ayurveda that has been used for anticonvulsive and antiepileptic properties. It may enhance learning in youth and neuroprotective properties (needs human evidence) and is protective against pancreatitis.



    1.

    Sources and Summary

    1.1

    Sources

    Nardostachys jatamansi (of the family Valerianaceae, plant is synonymous with Nardostachys grandiflora) is a plant commonly referred to as either Spikenard, Muskroot, or Jatamansi that has been used in Ayurveda (recently under the brand name of Ayush 56) for the medicinal purposes of anticonvulsion and antiepileptic[1] or a general antistress/sedative compound.[2][3] Other uses of the herb include the oil fragment being isolated for its aromatic properties and to darken mixtures, and both topical usage of the oil to promote hair growth[4] and usage as a nootropic have been reported.[5]

    In traditional chinese medicine, the rhizomes of N. jatamansi and the related herb N. chinensis are referred to as 'Gansongxiang' or 'Gansong' while in Kampo medicine (Japan) it is referred to as 'Kanshoko'.[6]

    Nardostachys jatamanis (synonym of nardostachys grandiflora, but not the same plant as nardostachys chinensis) is a traditionally used antispasmolytic and anticonvulsive herb which appears to have links to both Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine

    Jatamansi, in traditional usage, is sometimes replaced with its substitute Selinum vaginatum or 'bhootkeshi'[7][8] (similar to the relationship between tribulus terrestris and pedalium murex or between panax ginseng and codonopsis pilosula); these two plants appear to have different phenolic profiles as well as having different primary bioactives.[7]

    Jatamansi is commonly associated with the herb Selinum vaginatum due to having similar physical properties and have been used interchangeable in some traditional medicine, it is not known if the two herbs are similar enough in chemical profile to warrant this lack of discrimination

    1.2

    Composition

    The rhizome component (vertical root) of the herb has been found to contain

    • Nardal, its oxidized form Nardin[4][9] and the methyl ester of Nardin.[10] Nardin appears to be highly variable in quantity between 0.008-0.039% up to 0.37%[9]
    • Nardin A and Nardin B (sequesterpenes)[10]
    • Jatamansic acid[4][11]
    • Jatamol A and B[12]
    • Spirojatamol[13] which has been detected at 26.9% of the essential oil[6] and 400mg/kg of the root[13]
    • Nardostachysin (terpenoid) as two isomers, with the β being more stable[3]
    • Neolignans (unidentified)[14]
    • Taraxerone[10]
    • Ursolic acid and its 3-O-arabinosyl conjugate[10]
    • Valeranone, at 30.9% of the essential oil[6] and 200mg/kg of the root[13]
    • Valepotriates (less than 0.07%)[15]
    • Valerenic acid (less than Valerian)[15]
    • Chlorogenic acid[7]
    • Ferulic acid[7]
    • Protocatechuic acid[7]
    • Syringic acid[7]
    • Aromadendrene at 5% of the essential oil[6]
    • Cubeb-11-ene at 3.9% and Epi-a-selinene at 3.3% of the essential oil[6]

    Although there is a lack of evidence to support what the main bioactive is (benefits are seen with extracts rather than isolated molecules usually) it is thought that the main bioactives are Jatamansic acid and Nardostachysin as well as Nardal/Nardin

    image

    It should be noted that the volatiles in the related plant Nardostachys chinensis differ widely.[6] N. chinensis contains Patchouli alcohol (named after patchouli but found in higher levels in Indian Valerian) while N. jatamansi has been reported to have none in some sources[6] but have a small content (100mg/kg) elsewhere.[13]

    Total phenolic content has been quantified at 41.34+/-2.30mg/g gallic acid equivalents (GAE) or 32.15+/-1.27mg/g catechin equivalents based on dry weight or the root.[16]

    1.3

    Properties

    Relative to other herbs in the __ family, jatamansi and Valeriana sisymbriifolia appear to have less ex vivo antioxidative potency than does Valerian.[15] The antioxidant capacity has been determined to be approximately 109.48+/-11.72mg/g Vitamin C equivalents based on the dry weight of the root or has bene found to be about 8-fold less potent than butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT).[16]

    2.

    Neurology

    2.1

    Sedation

    Jatamansi has traditionally been recommended as a sedative and destressing agent[2][3] and been noted to increase cerebral levels of GABA in mice[17] and some studies comparing a healthy rodent control against one given Jatamansi note that 250mg/kg is able to slightly reduce locomotion (11.5%) and increase rest time (12.6%) indicative of some sedation.[18]

    Possible relaxing and sedative effects, although this has not yet been studied directly or in humans

    2.2

    Memory and Learning

    Jatamansi hydroalcoholic extract (rhizome) has shown in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibiting properties with an IC50 value of 130.11+/-12.97µg/mL, which underperformed relative to centella asiatica (106.55+/-9.96µg/mL) but outperformed Nelumbo nucifera (185.55+/-21.24µg/mL), Myristica fragrans (133.28+/-11.26µg/mL), Andrographis paniculata (222.41+/-19.87µg/mL) and Evolvulus alsinoides (141.76+/-16.27µg/mL); all herbs significantly underperformed relative to the reference drug of physostigmine (0.076+/-0.0042µg/mL).[19] Elsewhere, Jatamanis has been found to have an IC50 value of 47.21µg/mL when using the methanolic extract but this underperformed relative to the root of Embelia ribes (16.74µg/mL), the stem bark of Semecarpus anacardium (23.04µg/mL), and the root of Ashwagandha (33.38µg/mL).[20]

    Other possible mechanisms include a preservation of brain Na+/K+ATPase activity, although this study noted significant protection in an ischemic model and only a trend to increase activity in healthy controls at 250mg/kg.[18]

    Has the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase; appears to be somewhat weak to moderate potency and the molecule(s) mediating this inhibition is not yet known.

    When 50-200mg/kg of an ethanolic root extract is fed to young and old mice for 8 days, it was noted that 100mg/kg of the extract was as effective as the reference drug (200mg/kg Piracetam) in improving learning as assessed by an elevated maze plus test, with 200mg/kg trending to outperform Piracetam in both young and old.[21] The 100mg/kg dose was also tested alongside Diazepam and Scopolamine (amnesiac compounds) and it was found that Jatamansi abolished the memory deficit by these compounds.[21]

    Appears to have memory enhancing properties in both youth and elderly, requires human testing

    2.3

    Depression

    100-400mg/kg of the ethanolic extract of Jatamansi appears to have comparable efficacy as Imipramine (15mg/kg) and sertraline (20mg/kg) in reducing depressive symptoms in mice,[22] which is thought to be secondary to increasing monoamines (as whole brain MAOA and MAOB enzymes were reduced) and some interaction with GABA(B) receptors, as an agonist of GABA(B) receptors abolished the anti-depressive effects.[22] Elsewhere, an increase in brain monoamines (noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA) is noted with Jatamansi ingestion after 15 days[17] with an increase in GABA, serotonin, and taurine occurring after a single dose.[17]

    Preliminary evidence in mice suggest fairly potent anti-depressive effects comparable to Imipramine and Sertaline (reference drugs) with an interaction at GABA(B) receptors which is not common. Requires more evidence to come to conclusions

    2.4

    Stress

    A single acute dose of Jatamanis appears to have adaptogen-like effects via reducing the biochemical consequences of restraint stress in rats (cerebral and adrenal oxidation, ulceration, plasma corticosterone) in a dose-depedent manner up to 500mg/kg.[23]

    200-500mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract of jatamansi noted that the higher dose as well as the reference drug (100mg/kg panax ginseng) was able to fully normalize or otherwise attenuate the increases of monoamines in the hippocampus, cortex, and hypothalamus induced by a cold stress test.[24] Beyond reducing noradrenaline in the hypothalamus and serotonin in the hippocampus (in which jatamansi outperformed), 500mg/kg jatamansi and 100mg/kg panax ginseng were comparable.[24]

    100-200mg/kg of the root extract fed to rats during 21 days of stress testing appears to dose-dependently attenuate the increase in corticosterone and normalize the stress-induced cognitive deficits, with no significant differences between 200mg/kg jatamansi (stressed rats) and unstressed controls in reference and working memory errors, retention of new memories, or correct choice tasks.[5]

    Jatamansi appears to be an adaptogen herb at 200mg/kg in rats (human dose of 32mg/kg of the root) or higher, and is less potent than the reference drug of panax ginseng on a dry weight basis but at 5-fold the dose is comparable in potency. Through the adaptogenic effects ingestion of Jatamansi appears to preserve cognition during stressful periods

    There is currently no support in humans, only numerous studies in animals

    2.5

    Fatigue

    Rats given 200-500mg/kg Jatamansi in a model of stress induced fatigue noted that the increase in oxidative stress parameters seen in stressed control were attenuated in a dose-dependent manner as well as other biomarkers of stress (locomotion, anxiety) with both doses comparable to 100mg/kg Panax ginseng.[25]

    Possible antifatigue effects with a potency not exceeding Panax Ginseng, the refrence antifatigue agent

    2.6

    Neuroprotection

    In C6 glioma cells ex vivo, incubation with all extracts of jatamansi appears to offer protection against H2O2 induced oxidative stress at a concentration of 6.2µg/mL (methanolic) being most effective and increasing viability to 70.7+/-6.4% from 50%; it is thought that this was due from direct antioxidative effects, as the stress markers (HSP70 and HSP75 as well as antioxidative enzymes) were no longer induced as much by H2O2.[26]

    Oral intake of 200mg/kg Jatamansi ethanolic extract (this study confounded with selenium and crocetin from saffron[27]) appears to have neuroprotective properties against streptozotocin injections as assessed by escape/step-through latency associated with less lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, where damage was normalized.[27] When tested in isolation, jatamansi at 250mg/kg appears to be protective against cerebral ischemia[18] and 200-800mg/kg of the ethanolic root extract was able to confer partial protection against some changes in 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner (with almost absolute protection on parameters of locomotion and rest only).[28]

    Appears to have general neuroprotective effects, but although it occurs at a concentration low enough that it might be practically relevant there is not enough information to draw conclusions or compare it against other neuroprotective agents

    2.7

    Catalepsy and Seizures

    Haloperidol-induced catalepsy appears to be reduced with oral intake of 250-500mg/kg Jatamansi water extract to a level that is not significantly different than combination L-DOPA (100mg/kg IP) and Carbidopa (25mg/kg IP), although 500mg/kg trended to be weaker (and 100mg/kg was protective but significantly less than the reference drugs).[29] Similar effects are noted with reserpine-induced catalepsy where it outperformed Vitamin E (10mg/kg),[30] and both studies trace the bioactives back to the triterpene class.[29]

    Appears to have anti-cataleptic effects in response to toxins

    One study to induce seizures in rats noted that 50-400mg/kg was able to slightly protect against electricity induced seizures with no protective effect against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures.[31] When tested alongside phenytoin, jatamansi appeared to synergistically reduced seizures with 50mg/kg jatamansi and 75mg/kg phenytoin conferring absolute protection and reducing the ED50 of phenytoin from 169+/-14.0mg/kg to 32.4+/-4.58mg/kg (to 19% of baseline).[31]

    Appears to have some anti-seizure effects, but alone it is not that remarkable. Jatamansi appears to be synergistic with the antiseizure agent phenytoin

    3.

    Cardiovascular Health

    3.1

    Cardiac Tissue

    500mg/kg of jatamansi is able to attenuate cardiac damage induced by 15mg/kg doxorubicin[32] and is able to preserve lipid metabolism despite doxorubicin toxicity;[33] it is thought that this protective effect is mediated via anti-lipid peroxidation at the level of the cell membrane.[33]

    May be cardioprotective

    4.

    Inflammation and Immunology

    4.1

    Mechanisms

    The roots of jatamansi at 1-10mg/kg (oral ingestion) appear to have anti-inflammatory properties in a model of endotoxic stress due to MAPK inhibition.[34]

    5.

    Interactions with Organ Systems

    5.1

    Pancreas

    Jatamansi has shown benefit in animal models for mild (cerulein-induced)[35][36] and severe[37][38] pancreatitis at relative low oral doses of 10-20mg/kg (or 10mg/mL in drinking water) in mice,[35] with some efficacy against alcohol-induced pancreatitis as well.[39] When looking at the animals afterwards there is routinely less neutrophil infiltration, enzyme leakage into serum (amylase and lipase), and both reduced fibrosis and cellular death.[35][36][38]

    The mechanism of action is thought to be either via MAPK inhibition[38] or preventing pancreatic stellate cell activation (noted with Jatamansi in vitro[39]) which is a common pancreatitis treatment target.[40] An increase in heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) has also been noted.[36]

    Appears to have protective effects on the pancreas against stressors that induce pancreatitis. Although there is no human evidence currently, the respectible dose that it occurs in rats/mice suggest that this is relevant to human consumption and would correlate to an estimate human intake of around 0.8-1.6mg/kg or higher

    Protective effects have been noted on the β-cells of the pancreas, where oral ingestion of Jatamasi prior to streptozotocin injections significantly protected from diabetes.[41] This was replicated in vitro in response to cytokine damage with 100µg/mL conferring near absolute protection in RINm5F cells, and the mechanism is thought to be related to preventing NF-kB activity downstream of the pro-diabetic stressors.[41]

    Protective effects on the pancreas extend to the β-cells, where there may be some anti-diabetic effects (in regards to reducing the risk thereof, the role of Jatamansi in treatment of diabetes is not known)

    5.2

    Liver

    Jatamansi has been demonstrated to have hepatoprotective effects in one study combining the herb with Momordica charantia and Ferula asafetida,[42] the combination of which was statistically comparable but trended to be less potent than Liv-52 as reference drug.[42] In isolation, jatamansi 50% ethanolic extract at 800mg/kg preloaded prior to thioacetamide was able to confer absolute protection as assessed by liver enzymes in serum (no histological examination undertaken, but death with an LD90 does was greatly attenuated but not abolished with jatamasni).[43]

    Appears to have hepatoprotective properties, although it is too soon to suggest potency or a role in treatment. Preliminary evidence on the topic looks promising

    6.

    Interactions with Aesthetics

    6.1

    Hair

    Extracts of Jatamansi applied topically via oil are noted to increase hair growth rates in mice (reducing the required time to regrow hair by 30%), which has been noted with isolated Jatamansic acid (27%) and Nardin (23%); no group outperformed 2% Minoxidil as active control (43%).[4]

    Topical application of the oil of Jatamansi appears to promote hair growth, although not more potent than the reference drug (Minoxidil; Rogaine). The effects of oral ingestion of Jatamansi are unknown

    7.

    Safety and Toxicology

    7.1

    General

    5000mg/kg oral intake in rats of the water extract has failed to show any signs of clinical toxicity whereas 28 days ingestion of 1000mg/kg also failed.[29] Other studies have noted a failure of 2,000mg/kg of a 70% ethanolic extract[25] and no adverse effects with 1,000mg/kg of 95% ethanolic extract[31] although injections of Jatamansi 95% ethanolic extract have noted an LD50 value of 569+/-20.8mg/kg.[31]

    References

    1. ^Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical studies on the rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. using different extracts
    2. ^BOSE BC, GUPTA SS, BHATNAGAR JN, VIJAYVARGIYA RNardostachys Jatamansi DC: its sedative and depressant action as estimated by Warburg techniqueIndian J Med Sci.(1957 Oct)
    3. ^Chatterjee A, Basak B, Saha M, Dutta U, Mukhopadhyay C, Banerji J, Konda Y, Harigaya YStructure and stereochemistry of nardostachysin, a new terpenoid ester constituent of the rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansiJ Nat Prod.(2000 Nov)
    4. ^Phytochemical investigation and hair growth studies on the rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi DC
    5. ^Nardostachys jatamansi extract prevents chronic restraint stress-induced learning and memory deficits in a radial arm maze task
    6. ^Comparative study on volatile components of Nardostachys Rhizome
    7. ^Pandey MM, Katara A, Pandey G, Rastogi S, Rawat AKAn important Indian traditional drug of ayurveda jatamansi and its substitute bhootkeshi: chemical profiling and antioxidant activityEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2013)
    8. ^Chemical components of the roots of selinum vaginatum—1 : Coumarins of the petroleum ether extract
    9. ^Mallavadhani UV, Panigrahi R, Pattnaik BA rapid and highly sensitive UPLC-QTOF MS method for quantitative evaluation of Nardostachys jatamansi using Nardin as the markerBiomed Chromatogr.(2011 Aug)
    10. ^Rekha K, Rao RR, Pandey R, Prasad KR, Babu KS, Vangala JR, Kalivendi SV, Rao JMTwo new sesquiterpenoids from the rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansiJ Asian Nat Prod Res.(2013)
    11. ^Revised structure and stereochemistry of jatamansic acid
    12. ^Bagchi A, Oshima Y, Hikino HJatamols A and B: Sesquiterpenoids of Nardostachys jatamansi Roots1Planta Med.(1991 Jun)
    13. ^Spirojatamol, a new skeletal sesquiterpenoid of Nardostachys jatamansi roots
    14. ^Bagchi A, Oshima Y, Hikino HNeolignans and Lignans of Nardostachys jatamansi Roots1Planta Med.(1991 Feb)
    15. ^Dugaheh MA, Meisami F, Torabian Z, Sharififar FAntioxidant effect and study of bioactive components of Valeriana sisymbriifolia and Nardostachys jatamansii in comparison to Valeriana officinalisPak J Pharm Sci.(2013 Jan)
    16. ^Sharma SK, Singh APIn vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Nardostachys jatamansi DCJ Acupunct Meridian Stud.(2012 Jun)
    17. ^Prabhu V, Karanth KS, Rao AEffects of Nardostachys jatamansi on biogenic amines and inhibitory amino acids in the rat brainPlanta Med.(1994 Apr)
    18. ^Salim S, Ahmad M, Zafar KS, Ahmad AS, Islam FProtective effect of Nardostachys jatamansi in rat cerebral ischemiaPharmacol Biochem Behav.(2003 Jan)
    19. ^Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Houghton PJScreening of Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activityPhytother Res.(2007 Dec)
    20. ^Vinutha B, Prashanth D, Salma K, Sreeja SL, Pratiti D, Padmaja R, Radhika S, Amit A, Venkateshwarlu K, Deepak MScreening of selected Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activityJ Ethnopharmacol.(2007 Jan 19)
    21. ^Joshi H, Parle MNardostachys jatamansi improves learning and memory in miceJ Med Food.(2006 Spring)
    22. ^Dhingra D, Goyal PKInhibition of MAO and GABA: probable mechanisms for antidepressant-like activity of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. in miceIndian J Exp Biol.(2008 Apr)
    23. ^Lyle N, Bhattacharyya D, Sur TK, Munshi S, Paul S, Chatterjee S, Gomes AStress modulating antioxidant effect of Nardostachys jatamansiIndian J Biochem Biophys.(2009 Feb)
    24. ^Lyle N, Chakrabarti S, Sur T, Gomes A, Bhattacharyya DNardostachys jatamansi protects against cold restraint stress induced central monoaminergic and oxidative changes in ratsNeurochem Res.(2012 Dec)
    25. ^Lyle N, Gomes A, Sur T, Munshi S, Paul S, Chatterjee S, Bhattacharyya DThe role of antioxidant properties of Nardostachys jatamansi in alleviation of the symptoms of the chronic fatigue syndromeBehav Brain Res.(2009 Sep 14)
    26. ^Dhuna K, Dhuna V, Bhatia G, Singh J, Kamboj SSCytoprotective effect of methanolic extract of Nardostachys jatamansi against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in C6 glioma cellsActa Biochim Pol.(2013)
    27. ^Khan MB, Hoda MN, Ishrat T, Ahmad S, Moshahid Khan M, Ahmad A, Yusuf S, Islam FNeuroprotective efficacy of Nardostachys jatamansi and crocetin in conjunction with selenium in cognitive impairmentNeurol Sci.(2012 Oct)
    28. ^Ahmad M, Yousuf S, Khan MB, Hoda MN, Ahmad AS, Ansari MA, Ishrat T, Agrawal AK, Islam FAttenuation by Nardostachys jatamansi of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studiesPharmacol Biochem Behav.(2006 Jan)
    29. ^Rasheed AS, Venkataraman S, Jayaveera KN, Fazil AM, Yasodha KJ, Aleem MA, Mohammed M, Khaja Z, Ushasri B, Pradeep HA, Ibrahim MEvaluation of toxicological and antioxidant potential of Nardostachys jatamansi in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in ratsInt J Gen Med.(2010 May 26)
    30. ^Patil RA, Hiray YA, Kasture SBReversal of reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and catalepsy by Nardostachys jatamansiIndian J Pharmacol.(2012 May)
    31. ^Rao VS, Rao A, Karanth KSAnticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of Nardostachys jatamansi in ratsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2005 Dec 1)
    32. ^Subashini R, Yogeeta S, Gnanapragasam A, Devaki TProtective effect of Nardostachys jatamansi on oxidative injury and cellular abnormalities during doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage in ratsJ Pharm Pharmacol.(2006 Feb)
    33. ^Subashini R, Ragavendran B, Gnanapragasam A, Yogeeta SK, Devaki TBiochemical study on the protective potential of Nardostachys jatamansi extract on lipid profile and lipid metabolizing enzymes in doxorubicin intoxicated ratsPharmazie.(2007 May)
    34. ^Bae GS, Seo SW, Kim MS, Park KC, Koo BS, Jung WS, Cho GH, Oh HC, Yun SW, Kim JJ, Kim SG, Hwang SY, Song HJ, Park SJThe roots of Nardostachys jatamansi inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shockJ Nat Med.(2011 Jan)
    35. ^Bae GS, Park HJ, Kim DY, Song JM, Kim TH, Oh HJ, Yun KJ, Park RK, Lee JH, Shin BC, Sim HJ, Hong SP, Song HJ, Park SJNardostachys jatamansi protects against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitisPancreas.(2010 May)
    36. ^Bae GS, Kim MS, Park KC, Koo BS, Jo IJ, Choi SB, Lee DS, Kim YC, Kim TH, Seo SW, Shin YK, Song HJ, Park SJEffect of biologically active fraction of Nardostachys jatamansi on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitisWorld J Gastroenterol.(2012 Jul 7)
    37. ^Bae GS, Park KC, Koo BS, Jo IJ, Choi SB, Lee DS, Kim YC, Kim JJ, Shin YK, Hong SH, Kim TH, Song HJ, Park SJThe beneficial effects of Nardostachys jatamansi extract on diet-induced severe acute pancreatitisPancreas.(2013 Mar)
    38. ^Bae GS, Park KC, Koo BS, Jo IJ, Choi SB, Song HJ, Park SJNardostachys jatamansi inhibits severe acute pancreatitis via mitogen-activated protein kinasesExp Ther Med.(2012 Sep)
    39. ^Bae GS, Park KC, Koo BS, Choi SB, Jo IJ, Choi CM, Song HJ, Park SJThe inhibitory effects of Nardostachys jatamansi on alcoholic chronic pancreatitisBMB Rep.(2012 Jul)
    40. ^Haber PS, Keogh GW, Apte MV, Moran CS, Stewart NL, Crawford DH, Pirola RC, McCaughan GW, Ramm GA, Wilson JSActivation of pancreatic stellate cells in human and experimental pancreatic fibrosisAm J Pathol.(1999 Oct)
    41. ^Song MY, Bae UJ, Lee BH, Kwon KB, Seo EA, Park SJ, Kim MS, Song HJ, Kwon KS, Park JW, Ryu DG, Park BHNardostachys jatamansi extract protects against cytokine-induced beta-cell damage and streptozotocin-induced diabetesWorld J Gastroenterol.(2010 Jul 14)
    42. ^Dandagi PM, Patil MB, Mastiholimath VS, Gadad AP, Dhumansure RHDevelopment and evaluation of hepatoprotective polyherbal formulation containing some indigenous medicinal plantsIndian J Pharm Sci.(2008 Mar-Apr)
    43. ^Ali S, Ansari KA, Jafry MA, Kabeer H, Diwakar GNardostachys jatamansi protects against liver damage induced by thioacetamide in ratsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2000 Aug)