Astragalus
•Last Updated: January 30 2023
Astragalus membranaceus is an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to have anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-aging effects.
Astragalus is most often used for
Last Updated: January 30 2023
Various Astragalus species are used in alternative medicine around the world.[177][178] This page refers to Astragalus membranaceus, a popular herb used in traditional Chinese medicine, also known as Astragali radix or huangqi.[179][180] Astragalus membranaceus can be used alone, but it is also paired with another herb called Angelicae sinensis in Danggui Buxue Tang, a Chinese medicine.[181] Astragalus membranaceus contains several bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins. One of its major bioactive molecules is called astragaloside IV.[182][183], and another of its bioactive extracts has been patented under the name TA-65 (telomerase activator 65).[184]
There are widespread claims about the beneficial effects of Astragalus membranaceus and its extracts (e.g., astragaloside IV, TA-65, etc.) on several conditions. These include chronic heart failure,[185][186] metabolic syndrome,[187] blood lipids,[188] diabetes,[189][190][191][192] kidney disease,[193][194][195][196][191][192] neurological disorders,[197] cell lifespan,[179][184] and cancer.[198][199][200][201] However, the quality of evidence for these effects in humans is generally low because of variable findings between studies, poor methodological quality, unclear methodological details, widespread lack of blinding, use of intravenous rather than oral administration, and publication bias in favor of predominantly positive findings being published.[185][186][193][194][195][196][188][189][190][198][199][200][201] Furthermore, much of the evidence supporting the benefits of astragaloside IV is derived from animal and cell culture experiments,[202][191][192][203][197][204] while clinical studies showing the therapeutic benefit of TA-65 are authored by the group that patented the compound.[184][187] Consequently, high-quality randomized controlled clinical trials by independent researchers are urgently needed to confirm these therapeutic claims.
There is no obvious toxicity nor serious side effects caused by Astragalus membranaceus or its extracts.[205][206][207][208][184][185][186] However, human studies often fail to record the side effects of astragalus.[193][209][208][185][186][196]
The main drawback is that research in this field has major limitations. For example, systematic reviews conclude that evidence in this field is generally of low quality.[185][186][193][194][195][196][188][189][190][198][199][200][201] Furthermore, it is often unclear which species (e.g., Astragalus membranaceus) or part (entire plant, roots, flowers, etc.) of an Astragalus plant is used, or which type of extract is administered (i.e., a total or purified extract). Additionally, astragalus extracts are often combined with other compounds or drugs so their direct effects cannot always be determined. These limitations reduce the certainty of the claimed benefits.
Pharmacological research indicates that Astragalus membranaceus[179][210][211][212] and its extracts (e.g., astragaloside IV[213][214][182][183] and TA-65[215][216][213][184]) can regulate several pathways, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunological systems, as well as increase telomerase activity, which prolongs the lifespan of cells. This may explain the potential role of astragalus in the treatment of chronic disease. However, most pharmacological evidence is derived from cell culture (i.e., in vitro) and animal experiments.[202][191][192][203][197][204] Further clinical pharmacology research is needed to fully understand the potential mechanism(s) of action in humans.
Note that Astragalus is also known as:
- Astragalus
- huangqi
- (A Component Of) Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT)
- Membranous Milk-vetch Root
- Ogi
- Huang Qi
- TA-65
- TAT2
- Astragalus Membranaceus
Astragalus should not be confused with:
- Astaxanthin (a red pigment)
- Ashwagandha (Indian aphrodisiac)
Astragalus membranaceus and Angelicae Sinensis are highly synergistic, meaning they are more powerful when taken together. This combination is traditionally called Dang-gui buxue tang.
The starting point for the preparation of Dang-gui buxue tang in traditional Chinese medicine is 30g of Astragalus membranaceus root paired with 6g of Angelicae sinensis. This is a 5:1 ratio, which is ideal for extracting the bioactive ingredients of the plants.
Astragalus membranaceus can also be supplemented via a root extract. Due to potential differences in the quality/efficiency of the extraction process among different commercial manufacturers, product label recommendations for dosage should be followed and you should consult with your pharmacist or personal physician before taking.
The main bioactive compound in Astragalus membranaceus is astragaloside IV, which can be supplemented by itself. The standard dose for astragaloside IV is 5-10mg.
What works and what doesn't?
Unlock the full potential of Examine
Research FeedRead all studies
1.^Zhang J, Xie X, Li C, Fu PSystematic review of the renal protective effect of Astragalus membranaceus (root) on diabetic nephropathy in animal modelsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2009 Nov 12)
3.^Wu F, Chen X{A review of pharmacological study on Astragalus membranaceus {Fisch.} Bge}Zhong Yao Cai.(2004 Mar)
4.^Kuo YH, Tsai WJ, Loke SH, Wu TS, Chiou WFAstragalus membranaceus flavonoids {AMF} ameliorate chronic fatigue syndrome induced by food intake restriction plus forced swimmingJ Ethnopharmacol.(2009 Feb 25)
5.^Zhu J, Lee S, Ho MK, Hu Y, Pang H, Ip FC, Chin AC, Harley CB, Ip NY, Wong YHIn vitro intestinal absorption and first-pass intestinal and hepatic metabolism of cycloastragenol, a potent small molecule telomerase activatorDrug Metab Pharmacokinet.(2010)
6.^ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF ASTRAGALI RADIX DECOCTION: IN SILICO, IN VITRO, AND A CASE STUDY IN VIVO
7.^Kwon HJ, Park YDDetermination of astragalin and astragaloside content in Radix Astragali using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detectionJ Chromatogr A.(2012 Apr 6)
9.^Chemical and Genetic Assessment of Variability in Commercial Radix Astragali (Astragalus spp.) by Ion Trap LC-MS and Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Barcoding Sequence Analyses
10.^Zhang LJ, Liu HK, Hsiao PC, Kuo LM, Lee IJ, Wu TS, Chiou WF, Kuo YHNew isoflavonoid glycosides and related constituents from astragali radix ( Astragalus membranaceus ) and their inhibitory activity on nitric oxide productionJ Agric Food Chem.(2011 Feb 23)
11.^Hirotani M, Zhou Y, Rui H, Furuya TCycloartane triterpene glycosides from the hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceusPhytochemistry.(1994 Nov)
13.^Xu DJ, Xia Q, Wang JJ, Wang PPMolecular weight and monosaccharide composition of Astragalus polysaccharidesMolecules.(2008 Oct 1)
14.^Saito S, Silva G, Santos RX, Gosmann G, Pungartnik C, Brendel MAstragalin from Cassia alata Induces DNA Adducts in Vitro and Repairable DNA Damage in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeInt J Mol Sci.(2012)
15.^Structural analysis and bioactivity of a polysaccharide from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao
16.^Wang P, Zhang Z, Ma X, Huang Y, Liu X, Tu P, Tong THDTIC-1 and HDTIC-2, two compounds extracted from Astragali Radix, delay replicative senescence of human diploid fibroblastsMech Ageing Dev.(2003 Dec)
17.^Lin LZ, He XG, Lindenmaier M, Nolan G, Yang J, Cleary M, Qiu SX, Cordell GALiquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry study of the flavonoids of the roots of Astragalus mongholicus and A. membranaceusJ Chromatogr A.(2000 Apr 21)
18.^Zhang X, Sun YG, Cheng MC, Wang YQ, Xiao HB, Liang XMSimultaneous quantification of three isoflavonoid glycosides in rabbit plasma after oral administration of Astragalus mongholicus extract by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometryAnal Chim Acta.(2007 Oct 29)
20.^Xu F, Zhang Y, Xiao S, Lu X, Yang D, Yang X, Li C, Shang M, Tu P, Cai SAbsorption and metabolism of Astragali radix decoction: in silico, in vitro, and a case study in vivoDrug Metab Dispos.(2006 Jun)
21.^Bedir E, Calis I, Aquino R, Piacente S, Pizza CCycloartane triterpene glycosides from the roots of Astragalus brachypterus and Astragalus microcephalusJ Nat Prod.(1998 Dec)
22.^Zhang BQ, Hu SJ, Qiu LH, Zhu JH, Xie XJ, Sun J, Zhu ZH, Xia Q, Bian KEffects of Astragalus membranaceus and its main components on the acute phase endothelial dysfunction induced by homocysteineVascul Pharmacol.(2007 Apr)
23.^Nagasawa H, Watanabe K, Yoshida M, Inatomi HEffects of gold banded lily (Lilium auratum Lindl) or Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L) on spontaneous mammary tumourigenesis in SHN miceAnticancer Res.(2001 Jul-Aug)
24.^Ohkawara S, Okuma Y, Uehara T, Yamagishi T, Nomura YAstrapterocarpan isolated from Astragalus membranaceus inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cellsEur J Pharmacol.(2005 Nov 21)
25.^Characterisation of a novel monomeric lectin (AML) from Astragalus membranaceus with anti-proliferative activity
26.^Gu Y, Wang G, Pan G, Fawcett JP, A J, Sun JTransport and bioavailability studies of astragaloside IV, an active ingredient in Radix AstragaliBasic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol.(2004 Dec)
27.^Yang WJ, Li DP, Li JK, Li MH, Chen YL, Zhang PZSynergistic antioxidant activities of eight traditional Chinese herb pairsBiol Pharm Bull.(2009 Jun)
28.^Harley CB, Liu W, Blasco M, Vera E, Andrews WH, Briggs LA, Raffaele JMA natural product telomerase activator as part of a health maintenance programRejuvenation Res.(2011 Feb)
30.^de Jesus BB, Schneeberger K, Vera E, Tejera A, Harley CB, Blasco MAThe telomerase activator TA-65 elongates short telomeres and increases health span of adult/old mice without increasing cancer incidenceAging Cell.(2011 Aug)
31.^Fauce SR, Jamieson BD, Chin AC, Mitsuyasu RT, Parish ST, Ng HL, Kitchen CM, Yang OO, Harley CB, Effros RBTelomerase-based pharmacologic enhancement of antiviral function of human CD8+ T lymphocytesJ Immunol.(2008 Nov 15)
34.^Kang SS, Kwon T, Kwon DY, Do SIAkt protein kinase enhances human telomerase activity through phosphorylation of telomerase reverse transcriptase subunitJ Biol Chem.(1999 May 7)
36.^Huang CR, Wang GJ, Wu XL, Li H, Xie HT, Lv H, Sun JGAbsorption enhancement study of astragaloside IV based on its transport mechanism in caco-2 cellsEur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.(2006 Jan-Mar)
37.^Zheng KY, Choi RC, Guo AJ, Bi CW, Zhu KY, Du CY, Zhang ZX, Lau DT, Dong TT, Tsim KWThe membrane permeability of Astragali Radix-derived formononetin and calycosin is increased by Angelicae Sinensis Radix in Caco-2 cells: A synergistic action of an ancient herbal decoction Danggui Buxue TangJ Pharm Biomed Anal.(2012 May 31)
38.^Zhang W, Zhang C, Liu R, Li H, Zhang J, Mao C, Chen CQuantitative determination of Astragaloside IV, a natural product with cardioprotective activity, in plasma, urine and other biological samples by HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometryJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.(2005 Aug 5)
39.^Zhang WD, Zhang C, Liu RH, Li HL, Zhang JT, Mao C, Moran S, Chen CLPreclinical pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of a natural cardioprotective agent astragaloside IV in rats and dogsLife Sci.(2006 Jul 17)
40.^Pao LH, Hu OY, Fan HY, Lin CC, Liu LC, Huang PWHerb-drug interaction of 50 Chinese herbal medicines on CYP3A4 activity in vitro and in vivoAm J Chin Med.(2012)
42.^Mao XQ, Yu F, Wang N, Wu Y, Zou F, Wu K, Liu M, Ouyang JPHypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide enriched extract of Astragalus membranaceus in diet induced insulin resistant C57BL/6J mice and its potential mechanismPhytomedicine.(2009 May)
43.^Paradies G, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G, Quagliariello EAge-dependent decline in the cytochrome c oxidase activity in rat heart mitochondria: role of cardiolipinFEBS Lett.(1997 Apr 7)
45.^Li XT, Zhang YK, Kuang HX, Jin FX, Liu DW, Gao MB, Liu Z, Xin XJMitochondrial Protection and Anti-aging Activity of Astragalus Polysaccharides and Their Potential MechanismInt J Mol Sci.(2012)
46.^Luo Z, Zhong L, Han X, Wang H, Zhong J, Xuan ZAstragalus membranaceus prevents daunorubicin-induced apoptosis of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes: role of free radical effect of Astragalus membranaceus on daunorubicin cardiotoxicityPhytother Res.(2009 Jun)
47.^Mak DH, Chiu PY, Dong TT, Tsim KW, Ko KMDang-Gui Buxue Tang produces a more potent cardioprotective effect than its component herb extracts and enhances glutathione status in rat heart mitochondria and erythrocytesPhytother Res.(2006 Jul)
48.^Wang P, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Liu X, Tong TThe two isomers of HDTIC compounds from Astragali Radix slow down telomere shortening rate via attenuating oxidative stress and increasing DNA repair ability in human fetal lung diploid fibroblast cellsDNA Cell Biol.(2010 Jan)
49.^Wang PC, Zhang ZY, Zhang J, Tong TJTwo isomers of HDTIC isolated from Astragali Radix decrease the expression of p16 in 2BS cellsChin Med J (Engl).(2008 Feb 5)
50.^Haferkamp S, Becker TM, Scurr LL, Kefford RF, Rizos Hp16INK4a-induced senescence is disabled by melanoma-associated mutationsAging Cell.(2008 Oct)
51.^Beauséjour CM, Krtolica A, Galimi F, Narita M, Lowe SW, Yaswen P, Campisi JReversal of human cellular senescence: roles of the p53 and p16 pathwaysEMBO J.(2003 Aug 15)
52.^Li WZ, Li WP, Zhang W, Yin YY, Sun XX, Zhou SS, Xu XQ, Tao CRProtective effect of extract of Astragalus on learning and memory impairments and neurons' apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids in 12-month-old male miceAnat Rec (Hoboken).(2011 Jun)
53.^Park HJ, Kim HY, Yoon KH, Kim KS, Shim IThe Effects of Astragalus Membranaceus on Repeated Restraint Stress-induced Biochemical and Behavioral ResponsesKorean J Physiol Pharmacol.(2009 Aug)
54.^Effect of extract of astragalus on inflammatory factor and apoptosis after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats
55.^Huang XP, Tan H, Chen BY, Deng CQAstragalus extract alleviates nerve injury after cerebral ischemia by improving energy metabolism and inhibiting apoptosisBiol Pharm Bull.(2012)
56.^Qu YZ, Li M, Zhao YL, Zhao ZW, Wei XY, Liu JP, Gao L, Gao GDAstragaloside IV attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-induced increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier in ratsEur J Pharmacol.(2009 Mar 15)
57.^Luo Y, Qin Z, Hong Z, Zhang X, Ding D, Fu JH, Zhang WD, Chen JAstragaloside IV protects against ischemic brain injury in a murine model of transient focal ischemiaNeurosci Lett.(2004 Jun 17)
58.^Chan WS, Durairajan SS, Lu JH, Wang Y, Xie LX, Kum WF, Koo I, Yung KK, Li MNeuroprotective effects of Astragaloside IV in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated primary nigral cell cultureNeurochem Int.(2009 Nov)
59.^Zhang WD, Chen H, Zhang C, Liu RH, Li HL, Chen HZAstragaloside IV from Astragalus membranaceus shows cardioprotection during myocardial ischemia in vivo and in vitroPlanta Med.(2006 Jan)
60.^Han XH, Liu P, Zhang YY, Zhang N, Chen FR, Cai JFAstragaloside IV regulates expression of ATP-sensitive potassium channel subunits after ischemia-reperfusion in rat ventricular cardiomyocytesJ Tradit Chin Med.(2011 Dec)
61.^Zhang WD, Zhang C, Wang XH, Gao PJ, Zhu DL, Chen H, Liu RH, Li HLAstragaloside IV dilates aortic vessels from normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats through endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent waysPlanta Med.(2006 Jun)
62.^Zhang C, Wang XH, Zhong MF, Liu RH, Li HL, Zhang WD, Chen HMechanisms underlying vasorelaxant action of astragaloside IV in isolated rat aortic ringsClin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.(2007 May-Jun)
63.^Qiu LH, Xie XJ, Zhang BQAstragaloside IV improves homocysteine-induced acute phase endothelial dysfunction via antioxidationBiol Pharm Bull.(2010)
64.^Zhang N, Wang XH, Mao SL, Zhao FAstragaloside IV improves metabolic syndrome and endothelium dysfunction in fructose-fed ratsMolecules.(2011 May 10)
65.^Chao M, Zou D, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang M, Wu H, Ning G, Wang WImproving insulin resistance with traditional Chinese medicine in type 2 diabetic patientsEndocrine.(2009 Oct)
66.^Bai F, Makino T, Ono T, Mizukami HAnti-hypertensive effects of shichimotsukokato in 5/6 nephrectomized Wistar rats mediated by the DDAH-ADMA-NO pathwayJ Nat Med.(2012 Oct)
67.^Li JX, Xue B, Chai Q, Liu ZX, Zhao AP, Chen LBAntihypertensive effect of total flavonoid fraction of Astragalus complanatus in hypertensive ratsChin J Physiol.(2005 Jun 30)
68.^Zheng KY, Choi RC, Cheung AW, Guo AJ, Bi CW, Zhu KY, Fu Q, Du Y, Zhang WL, Zhan JY, Duan R, Lau DT, Dong TT, Tsim KWFlavonoids from Radix Astragali induce the expression of erythropoietin in cultured cells: a signaling mediated via the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1αJ Agric Food Chem.(2011 Mar 9)
69.^Wang YF, Yang XF, Cheng B, Mei CL, Li QX, Xiao H, Zeng QT, Liao YH, Liu KProtective effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on ATP binding cassette transporter A1 in THP-1 derived foam cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alphaPhytother Res.(2010 Mar)
70.^Oram JFATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and cholesterol traffickingCurr Opin Lipidol.(2002 Aug)
71.^Fujiwara Y, Hayashida A, Tsurushima K, Nagai R, Yoshitomi M, Daiguji N, Sakashita N, Takeya M, Tsukamoto S, Ikeda TTriterpenoids isolated from Zizyphus jujuba inhibit foam cell formation in macrophagesJ Agric Food Chem.(2011 May 11)
72.^Yang QY, Lu S, Sun HRClinical effect of Astragalus granule of different dosages on quality of life in patients with chronic heart failureChin J Integr Med.(2011 Feb)
73.^Zhou ZL, Yu P, Lin D{Study on effect of Astragalus injection in treating congestive heart failure}Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(2001 Oct)
74.^Liu H, Wu X, Zhang Y, Lian W{Effect of Shenqi Fuzheng injection (SFI) on immune function in patients with congestive heart failure}Zhong Yao Cai.(2005 Sep)
75.^Zhang JG, Yang N, He H, Wei GH, Gao DS, Wang XL, Wang XZ, Song GY{Effect of Astragalus injection on plasma levels of apoptosis-related factors in aged patients with chronic heart failure}Chin J Integr Med.(2005 Sep)
76.^Liu ZG, Xiong ZM, Yu XY{Effect of astragalus injection on immune function in patients with congestive heart failure}Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(2003 May)
77.^Lu S, Chen KJ, Yang QY, Sun HRProgress in the research of Radix Astragali in treating chronic heart failure: effective ingredients, dose-effect relationship and adverse reactionChin J Integr Med.(2011 Jun)
78.^Fu S, Zhang J, Menniti-Ippolito F, Gao X, Galeotti F, Massari M, Hu L, Zhang B, Ferrelli R, Fauci A, Firenzuoli F, Shang H, Guerra R, Raschetti RHuangqi injection {a traditional Chinese patent medicine} for chronic heart failure: a systematic reviewPLoS One.(2011 May 6)
79.^Cheng Y, Tang K, Wu S, Liu L, Qiang C, Lin X, Liu BAstragalus polysaccharides lowers plasma cholesterol through mechanisms distinct from statinsPLoS One.(2011)
80.^Ntanios FY, Jones PJEffects of variable dietary sitostanol concentrations on plasma lipid profile and phytosterol metabolism in hamstersBiochim Biophys Acta.(1998 Feb 23)
81.^Wang YW, Jones PJ, Pischel I, Fairow CEffects of policosanols and phytosterols on lipid levels and cholesterol biosynthesis in hamstersLipids.(2003 Feb)
82.^Vanstone CA, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Parsons WE, Jones PJUnesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic personsAm J Clin Nutr.(2002 Dec)
84.^Trautwein EA, Kunath-Rau A, Erbersdobler HFIncreased fecal bile acid excretion and changes in the circulating bile acid pool are involved in the hypocholesterolemic and gallstone-preventive actions of psyllium in hamstersJ Nutr.(1999 Apr)
85.^Astragalus Polysaccharide Improves Palmitate-Induced Insulin Resistance by Inhibiting PTP1B and NF-κB in C2C12 Myotubes
86.^Wu Y, Ou-Yang JP, Wu K, Wang Y, Zhou YF, Wen CYHypoglycemic effect of Astragalus polysaccharide and its effect on PTP1BActa Pharmacol Sin.(2005 Mar)
87.^Zou F, Mao XQ, Wang N, Liu J, Ou-Yang JPAstragalus polysaccharides alleviates glucose toxicity and restores glucose homeostasis in diabetic states via activation of AMPKActa Pharmacol Sin.(2009 Dec)
89.^Liu M, Wu K, Mao X, Wu Y, Ouyang JAstragalus polysaccharide improves insulin sensitivity in KKAy mice: regulation of PKB/GLUT4 signaling in skeletal muscleJ Ethnopharmacol.(2010 Jan 8)
90.^Shen P, Liu MH, Ng TY, Chan YH, Yong ELDifferential effects of isoflavones, from Astragalus membranaceus and Pueraria thomsonii, on the activation of PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and adipocyte differentiation in vitroJ Nutr.(2006 Apr)
91.^Liu Y, Wang WJ, Chen WH, Yin JEffects of Astragalus polysaccharides on proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytesZhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao.(2007 Jul)
92.^Wang SH, Wang WJ, Wang XF, Chen WEffect of Astragalus polysaccharides and berberine on carbohydrate metabolism and cell differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytesZhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(2004 Oct)
93.^Xu ME, Xiao SZ, Sun YH, Ou-Yang Y, Zheng XXEffects of astragaloside IV on pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in vitroActa Pharmacol Sin.(2006 Feb)
94.^Xu A, Wang H, Hoo RL, Sweeney G, Vanhoutte PM, Wang Y, Wu D, Chu W, Qin G, Lam KSSelective elevation of adiponectin production by the natural compounds derived from a medicinal herb alleviates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in obese miceEndocrinology.(2009 Feb)
95.^Yamakawa J, Moriya J, Takahashi T, Ishige A, Motoo Y, Yoshizaki F, Kanda TA Kampo Medicine, Boi-ogi-to, Inhibits Obesity in Ovariectomized RatsEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2010 Mar)
96.^Cho WC, Leung KNIn vitro and in vivo immunomodulating and immunorestorative effects of Astragalus membranaceusJ Ethnopharmacol.(2007 Aug 15)
97.^Denzler KL, Waters R, Jacobs BL, Rochon Y, Langland JORegulation of inflammatory gene expression in PBMCs by immunostimulatory botanicalsPLoS One.(2010 Sep 3)
98.^Zhao LH, Ma ZX, Zhu J, Yu XH, Weng DPCharacterization of polysaccharide from Astragalus radix as the macrophage stimulatorCell Immunol.(2011)
99.^Qin Q, Niu J, Wang Z, Xu W, Qiao Z, Gu Y<em>Astragalus </em><em>m</em><em>embranaceus</em> Extract Activates Immune Response in Macrophages via HeparanaseMolecules.(2012 Jun 13)
100.^Lee KY, Jeon YJMacrophage activation by polysaccharide isolated from Astragalus membranaceusInt Immunopharmacol.(2005 Jul)
101.^Schepetkin IA, Quinn MTBotanical polysaccharides: macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potentialInt Immunopharmacol.(2006 Mar)
102.^Lai PK, Chan JY, Cheng L, Lau CP, Han SQ, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lau CBIsolation of Anti-inflammatory Fractions and Compounds from the Root of Astragalus membranaceusPhytother Res.(2012 Jun 13)
103.^He X, Shu J, Xu L, Lu C, Lu AInhibitory effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-a and IL-1β production in THP-1 cellsMolecules.(2012 Mar 12)
104.^Yuan Y, Sun M, Li KSAstragalus mongholicus polysaccharide inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-alpha and interleukin-8World J Gastroenterol.(2009 Aug 7)
105.^Clement-Kruzel S, Hwang SA, Kruzel MC, Dasgupta A, Actor JKImmune modulation of macrophage pro-inflammatory response by goldenseal and Astragalus extractsJ Med Food.(2008 Sep)
106.^Mao XF, Piao XS, Lai CH, Li DF, Xing JJ, Shi BLEffects of beta-glucan obtained from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus and lipopolysaccharide challenge on performance, immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weanling pigsJ Anim Sci.(2005 Dec)
107.^Rajput ZI, Hu SH, Xiao CW, Arijo AGAdjuvant effects of saponins on animal immune responsesJ Zhejiang Univ Sci B.(2007 Mar)
108.^Gao XH, Xu XX, Pan R, Li Y, Luo YB, Xia YF, Murata K, Matsuda H, Dai YSaponin fraction from Astragalus membranaceus roots protects mice against polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture by inhibiting inflammation and upregulating protein C pathwayJ Nat Med.(2009 Oct)
109.^You Y, Duan Y, Liu SW, Zhang XL, Zhang XL, Feng JT, Yan CH, Han YLAnti-atherosclerotic function of Astragali Radix extract: downregulation of adhesion molecules in vitro and in vivoBMC Complement Altern Med.(2012 Apr 26)
110.^Zhang WJ, Hufnagl P, Binder BR, Wojta JAntiinflammatory activity of astragaloside IV is mediated by inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and adhesion molecule expressionThromb Haemost.(2003 Nov)
111.^Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao JPreparation and suppressive effect of astragalus polysaccharide in glomerulonephritis ratsInt Immunopharmacol.(2007 Jan)
112.^Shao BM, Xu W, Dai H, Tu P, Li Z, Gao XMA study on the immune receptors for polysaccharides from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herbBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2004 Aug 6)
113.^Du X, Chen X, Zhao B, Lv Y, Zhang H, Liu H, Chen Z, Chen Y, Zeng XAstragalus polysaccharides enhance the humoral and cellular immune responses of hepatitis B surface antigen vaccination through inhibiting the expression of transforming growth factor β and the frequency of regulatory T cellsFEMS Immunol Med Microbiol.(2011 Nov)
114.^Yin X, Chen L, Liu Y, Yang J, Ma C, Yao Z, Yang L, Wei L, Li MEnhancement of the innate immune response of bladder epithelial cells by Astragalus polysaccharides through upregulation of TLR4 expressionBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2010 Jun 25)
115.^Liu QY, Yao YM, Yu Y, Dong N, Sheng ZYAstragalus polysaccharides attenuate postburn sepsis via inhibiting negative immunoregulation of CD4+ CD25(high) T cellsPLoS One.(2011)
116.^Qu LL, Su YL, Li CX, Hou GHAstragalus membranaceus injection delayed allograft survival related with CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cellsTransplant Proc.(2010 Nov)
117.^Shao P, Zhao LH, Zhi-Chen, Pan JPRegulation on maturation and function of dendritic cells by Astragalus mongholicus polysaccharidesInt Immunopharmacol.(2006 Jul)
118.^Kim MY, Kim JY, Lim D, Lee D, Kim Y, Chang GT, Choi HY, Kim HSkeletal Growth and IGF Levels in Rats after HT042 TreatmentPhytother Res.(2012 Mar 3)
120.^[Astragalus membranaceus promote expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in rat model of olivo-cerebellar degeneration
121.^Kim W, Kim SH, Park SK, Chang MSAstragalus membranaceus Ameliorates Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Male MicePhytother Res.(2012 Jun 2)
122.^Krausz C, Sassone-Corsi PGenetic control of spermiogenesis: insights from the CREM gene and implications for human infertilityReprod Biomed Online.(2005 Jan)
123.^Jiang C, Lee HJ, Li GX, Guo J, Malewicz B, Zhao Y, Lee EO, Lee HJ, Lee JH, Kim MS, Kim SH, Lu JPotent antiandrogen and androgen receptor activities of an Angelica gigas-containing herbal formulation: identification of decursin as a novel and active compound with implications for prevention and treatment of prostate cancerCancer Res.(2006 Jan 1)
124.^Kim IG, Kang SC, Kim KC, Choung ES, Zee OPScreening of estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities from medicinal plantsEnviron Toxicol Pharmacol.(2008 Jan)
125.^Sheng B, He D, Zhao J, Chen X, Nan XThe protective effects of the traditional Chinese herbs against renal damage induced by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a clinical studyUrol Res.(2011 Apr)
126.^Ti YX, Pan ZX, Wu CIntervention of astragalus injection on the kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass of infants with congenital heart diseaseZhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(2011 May)
127.^Qu ZL, Dong H, Wang SDEffects of astragalus injection on renal function in patients after cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypassZhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(2009 Apr)
128.^Su L, Mao JC, Gu JHEffect of intravenous drip infusion of cyclophosphamide with high-dose Astragalus injection in treating lupus nephritisZhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao.(2007 May)
129.^Zhao L, Lan LG, Min XL, Lu AH, Zhu LQ, He XH, He LJIntegrated treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine for early- and intermediate-stage diabetic nephropathyNan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao.(2007 Jul)
130.^Li SM, Yan JX, Yang LEffects of Astragalus injection on renal tubular function in patients with IgA nephropathyZhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(2006 Jun)
131.^Chen LP, Zhou QL, Yang JHProtective effects of astragali injection on tubular in patients with primary nephrotic syndromeZhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.(2004 Apr)
132.^Li M, Wang W, Xue J, Gu Y, Lin SMeta-analysis of the clinical value of Astragalus membranaceus in diabetic nephropathyJ Ethnopharmacol.(2011 Jan 27)
133.^Wojcikowski K, Johnson DW, Gobe GHerbs or natural substances as complementary therapies for chronic kidney disease: ideas for future studiesJ Lab Clin Med.(2006 Apr)
134.^Ahmed MS, Hou SH, Battaglia MC, Picken MM, Leehey DJTreatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy with the herb Astragalus membranaceusAm J Kidney Dis.(2007 Dec)
135.^A novel antioxidant agent, astragalosides, prevents shock wave-induced renal oxidative injury in rabbits
136.^Zhang YW, Wu CY, Cheng JTMerit of Astragalus polysaccharide in the improvement of early diabetic nephropathy with an effect on mRNA expressions of NF-kappaB and IkappaB in renal cortex of streptozotoxin-induced diabetic ratsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2007 Dec 3)
137.^Zhang YW, Xie D, Xia B, Zhen RT, Liu IM, Cheng JTSuppression of transforming growth factor-beta1 gene expression by Danggui buxue tang, a traditional Chinese herbal preparation, in retarding the progress of renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsHorm Metab Res.(2006 Feb)
138.^Ai P, Yong G, Dingkun G, Qiuyu Z, Kaiyuan Z, Shanyan LAqueous extract of Astragali Radix induces human natriuresis through enhancement of renal response to atrial natriuretic peptideJ Ethnopharmacol.(2008 Mar 28)
139.^Cho WC, Leung KNIn vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects of Astragalus membranaceusCancer Lett.(2007 Jul 8)
140.^Lee SJ, Oh SG, Seo SW, Ahn HJ, Geum D, Cho JJ, Park CSOral administration of Astragalus membranaceus inhibits the development of DNFB-induced dermatitis in NC/Nga miceBiol Pharm Bull.(2007 Aug)
141.^Yang B, Ji C, Chen X, Cui L, Bi Z, Wan Y, Xu JProtective effect of astragaloside IV against matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in ultraviolet-irradiated human dermal fibroblastsArch Pharm Res.(2011 Sep)
142.^Kim JH, Kim MR, Lee ES, Lee CHInhibitory effects of calycosin isolated from the root of Astragalus membranaceus on melanin biosynthesisBiol Pharm Bull.(2009 Feb)
143.^Chen X, Peng LH, Li N, Li QM, Li P, Fung KP, Leung PC, Gao JQThe healing and anti-scar effects of astragaloside IV on the wound repair in vitro and in vivoJ Ethnopharmacol.(2012 Feb 15)
144.^Peng LH, Chen X, Chen L, Li N, Liang WQ, Gao JQTopical Astragaloside IV-Releasing Hydrogel Improves Healing of Skin Wounds <i>in Vivo</i>Biol Pharm Bull.(2012)
145.^Shah M, Revis D, Herrick S, Baillie R, Thorgeirson S, Ferguson M, Roberts ARole of elevated plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 levels in wound healingAm J Pathol.(1999 Apr)
146.^Miller MC, Nanchahal JAdvances in the modulation of cutaneous wound healing and scarringBioDrugs.(2005)
147.^Huh JE, Nam DW, Baek YH, Kang JW, Park DS, Choi DY, Lee JDFormononetin accelerates wound repair by the regulation of early growth response factor-1 transcription factor through the phosphorylation of the ERK and p38 MAPK pathwaysInt Immunopharmacol.(2011 Jan)
148.^Matkovic Z, Zivkovic V, Korica M, Plavec D, Pecanic S, Tudoric NEfficacy and safety of Astragalus membranaceus in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitisPhytother Res.(2010 Feb)
149.^Cho JH, Cho CK, Shin JW, Son JY, Kang W, Son CGMyelophil, an extract mix of Astragali Radix and Salviae Radix, ameliorates chronic fatigue: a randomised, double-blind, controlled pilot studyComplement Ther Med.(2009 Jun)
150.^Song ZH, Ji ZN, Lo CK, Dong TT, Zhao KJ, Li OT, Haines CJ, Kung SD, Tsim KWChemical and biological assessment of a traditional chinese herbal decoction prepared from Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae Sinensis: orthogonal array design to optimize the extraction of chemical constituentsPlanta Med.(2004 Dec)
151.^Dong TT, Zhao KJ, Gao QT, Ji ZN, Zhu TT, Li J, Duan R, Cheung AW, Tsim KWChemical and biological assessment of a chinese herbal decoction containing Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae Sinensis: Determination of drug ratio in having optimized propertiesJ Agric Food Chem.(2006 Apr 5)
153.^Zhao KJ, Dong TT, Tu PF, Song ZH, Lo CK, Tsim KWMolecular genetic and chemical assessment of radix Angelica (Danggui) in ChinaJ Agric Food Chem.(2003 Apr 23)
154.^Chang MS, Kim do R, Ko EB, Choi BJ, Park SY, Kang SA, Park SKTreatment with Astragali radix and Angelicae radix enhances erythropoietin gene expression in the cyclophosphamide-induced anemic ratJ Med Food.(2009 Jun)
155.^Gao QT, Cheung JK, Choi RC, Cheung AW, Li J, Jiang ZY, Duan R, Zhao KJ, Ding AW, Dong TT, Tsim KWA Chinese herbal decoction prepared from Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae Sinensis induces the expression of erythropoietin in cultured Hep3B cellsPlanta Med.(2008 Mar)
156.^Yang M, Chan GC, Deng R, Ng MH, Cheng SW, Lau CP, Ye JY, Wang L, Liu CAn herbal decoction of Radix astragali and Radix angelicae sinensis promotes hematopoiesis and thrombopoiesisJ Ethnopharmacol.(2009 Jul 6)
157.^Lei Y, Gao Q, Li YSStudy on effects of Astragalus, Angelica and their combination on vascular endothelial cell proliferation in vitroZhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(2003 Oct)
158.^Tse HY, Hui MN, Li L, Lee SM, Leung AY, Cheng SHAngiogenic efficacy of simplified 2-herb formula (NF3) in zebrafish embryos in vivo and rat aortic ring in vitroJ Ethnopharmacol.(2012 Jan 31)
159.^Tam JC, Lau KM, Liu CL, To MH, Kwok HF, Lai KK, Lau CP, Ko CH, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lau CBThe in vivo and in vitro diabetic wound healing effects of a 2-herb formula and its mechanisms of actionJ Ethnopharmacol.(2011 Apr 12)
160.^Lau KM, Lai KK, Liu CL, Tam JC, To MH, Kwok HF, Lau CP, Ko CH, Leung PC, Fung KP, Poon SK, Lau CBSynergistic interaction between Astragali Radix and Rehmanniae Radix in a Chinese herbal formula to promote diabetic wound healingJ Ethnopharmacol.(2012 May 7)
161.^Zhang Q, Wei F, Fong CC, Yu WK, Chen Y, Koon CM, Lau KM, Leung PC, Lau CB, Fung KP, Yang MTranscriptional profiling of human skin fibroblast cell line Hs27 induced by herbal formula Astragali Radix and Rehmanniae RadixJ Ethnopharmacol.(2011 Dec 8)
162.^Chan CM, Chan YW, Lau CH, Lau TW, Lau KM, Lam FC, Che CT, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lau CB, Ho YYInfluence of an anti-diabetic foot ulcer formula and its component herbs on tissue and systemic glucose homeostasisJ Ethnopharmacol.(2007 Jan 3)
163.^Or PM, Lam FF, Kwan YW, Cho CH, Lau CP, Yu H, Lin G, Lau CB, Fung KP, Leung PC, Yeung JHEffects of Radix Astragali and Radix Rehmanniae, the components of an anti-diabetic foot ulcer herbal formula, on metabolism of model CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 probe substrates in pooled human liver microsomes and specific CYP isoformsPhytomedicine.(2012 Apr 15)
164.^Huang X, Tan H, Chen B, Deng CInfluence of astragalosides and Panax notoginseng saponins compatibility on MMP-9 and TIMP-1 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in miceZhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi.(2010 Aug)
165.^Tan H, Huang XP, Deng CQEffects of astragaloside and Panax notoginseng saponins combination on oxidative stress of cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in miceZhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao.(2010 May)
166.^Xuejiang W, Ichikawa H, Konishi TAntioxidant potential of qizhu tang, a chinese herbal medicine, and the effect on cerebral oxidative damage after ischemia reperfusion in ratsBiol Pharm Bull.(2001 May)
167.^Gao XH, Xu XX, Pan R, Wang C, Sheng R, Xia YF, Dai YQi-Shao-Shuang-Gan, a combination of Astragalus membranaceus saponins with Paeonia lactiflora glycosides, ameliorates polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture in miceInflammation.(2011 Feb)
168.^Yan F, Zhang QY, Jiao L, Han T, Zhang H, Qin LP, Khalid RSynergistic hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae lignans with Astragalus polysaccharides on chronic liver injury in ratsPhytomedicine.(2009 Sep)
169.^Liang XC, Hagino N, Guo SS, Tsutsumi T, Kobayashi STherapeutic efficacy of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore for treatment of neovascularization of retinal capillary (retinopathy) in diabetes--in vitro studyPhytomedicine.(2002 Jul)
170.^Tsutsumi T, Hagino N, Liang XC, Guo SS, Kobayashi SEffects of oral administration of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore on neovascularization of retinal and choroidal capillaries of diabetes in ratsPhytother Res.(2008 May)
171.^Tsutsumi T, Kobayashi S, Liu YY, Kontani HAnti-hyperglycemic effect of fangchinoline isolated from Stephania tetrandra Radix in streptozotocin-diabetic miceBiol Pharm Bull.(2003 Mar)
172.^Ma W, Nomura M, Takahashi-Nishioka T, Kobayashi SCombined effects of fangchinoline from Stephania tetrandra Radix and formononetin and calycosin from Astragalus membranaceus Radix on hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in streptozotocin-diabetic miceBiol Pharm Bull.(2007 Nov)
173.^Booth A, Amen RJ, Scott M, Greenway FLOral dose-ranging developmental toxicity study of an herbal supplement (NT) and gallic acid in ratsAdv Ther.(2010 Apr)
176.^Roberts AT, Martin CK, Liu Z, Amen RJ, Woltering EA, Rood JC, Caruso MK, Yu Y, Xie H, Greenway FLThe safety and efficacy of a dietary herbal supplement and gallic acid for weight lossJ Med Food.(2007 Mar)