Dementia

    Written by:
    Louie Neri

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Morgan Pfiffner, James Gaylor
    Last Updated: March 27, 2025

    Dementia is a term that refers to a decline in cognitive function that interferes with daily life. Dementia can affect language, memory, visual perception, problem-solving, and focus. People with dementia may lose their ability to do everyday activities, including bathing, dressing, eating, and using the bathroom.

    6 references on this page
    7,469 participants in 16 trials and 4 meta-analyses

    Overview

    Examine Database: Dementia

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    Examine Database References

    1. Cognition - E Sinforiani, M Iannuccelli, M Mauri, A Costa, P Merlo, G Bono, G NappiNeuropsychological changes in demented patients treated with acetyl-L-carnitineInt J Clin Pharmacol Res.(1990)
    2. Cognitive Decline - Waegemans T, Wilsher CR, Danniau A, Ferris SH, Kurz A, Winblad BClinical efficacy of piracetam in cognitive impairment: a meta-analysisDement Geriatr Cogn Disord.(2002)
    3. Cognition - Chiu S, Gericke N, Farina-Woodbury M, Badmaev V, Raheb H, Terpstra K, Antongiorgi J, Bureau Y, Cernovsky Z, Hou J, Sanchez V, Williams M, Copen J, Husni M, Goble LProof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Study of Cognition Effects of the Proprietary Extract Sceletium tortuosum (Zembrin) Targeting Phosphodiesterase-4 in Cognitively Healthy Subjects: Implications for Alzheimer's DementiaEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2014)
    4. Cognition - Luo G, Zhang J, Song Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Qu H, Wang F, Liu C, Gao FEffectiveness of non-pharmacological therapies on cognitive function in patients with dementia-A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Aging Neurosci.(2023)
    5. Cognition - Farina N, Llewellyn D, Isaac MGEKN, Tabet NVitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2017 Apr 18)
    6. Cognitive Decline - Engel RR, Satzger W, Günther W, Kathmann N, Bove D, Gerke S, Münch U, Hippius HDouble-blind cross-over study of phosphatidylserine vs. placebo in patients with early dementia of the Alzheimer typeEur Neuropsychopharmacol.(1992 Jun)
    7. Cognitive Decline - Alvarez XA, Pichel V, Pérez P, Laredo M, Corzo D, Zas R, Fernández-Novoa L, Sempere JM, Díaz J, Cacabelos RDouble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study with anapsos in senile dementia: effects on cognition, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral hemodynamicsMethods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol.(2000 Sep)
    8. Cognitive Decline - Maina G, Fiori L, Torta R, Fagiani MB, Ravizza L, Bonavita E, Ghiazza B, Teruzzi F, Zagnoni PG, Ferrario E, et alOxiracetam in the treatment of primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyNeuropsychobiology.(1989)
    9. Cognitive Decline - B Baumel, L Eisner, M Karukin, R MacNamara, R J Katz, J Deveaugh-GeissOxiracetam in the treatment of multi-infarct dementiaProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(1989)
    10. Cognitive Decline - Bottini G, Vallar G, Cappa S, Monza GC, Scarpini E, Baron P, Cheldi A, Scarlato GOxiracetam in dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyActa Neurol Scand.(1992 Sep)
    11. Cognitive Decline - Dysken MW, Katz R, Stallone F, Kuskowski MOxiracetam in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and primary degenerative dementiaJ Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.(1989 Summer)
    12. Cognitive Decline - Napryeyenko O, Borzenko I; GINDEM-NP Study GroupGinkgo biloba special extract in dementia with neuropsychiatric features. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trialArzneimittelforschung.(2007)
    13. Cognitive Decline - Herrschaft H, Nacu A, Likhachev S, Sholomov I, Hoerr R, Schlaefke SGinkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in dementia with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of a daily dose of 240 mgJ Psychiatr Res.(2012 Jun)
    14. Cognitive Decline - Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Hörr RProof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementiaPharmacopsychiatry.(1996 Mar)
    15. Cognitive Decline - Zhang SJ, Xue ZYEffect of Western medicine therapy assisted by Ginkgo biloba tablet on vascular cognitive impairment of none dementiaAsian Pac J Trop Med.(2012 Aug)
    16. Cognitive Decline - Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AFA placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group.JAMA.(1997)
    17. Alzheimer's Disease Risk - DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Ives DG, Saxton JA, Lopez OL, Burke G, Carlson MC, Fried LP, Kuller LH, Robbins JA, Tracy RP, Woolard NF, Dunn L, Snitz BE, Nahin RL, Furberg CD; Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study InvestigatorsGinkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(2008 Nov 19)
    18. Cognitive Decline - De Jesus Moreno Moreno MCognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trialClin Ther.(2003 Jan)
    19. Dementia Symptoms - Lott IT, Doran E, Nguyen VQ, Tournay A, Head E, Gillen DLDown syndrome and dementia: a randomized, controlled trial of antioxidant supplementationAm J Med Genet A.(2011 Aug)
    20. Depression Symptoms - Seok JW, Kim JDLight Therapy for Older People with Depressive Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Clin Med.(2024 Nov 20)