Type 1 Diabetes

    Written by:
    Mike Murray

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Morgan Pfiffner, Rob Stenstrom
    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas stops producing insulin. It can begin at any age, although most commonly in childhood or adolescence, and requires life-long treatment with insulin.

    23 references on this page
    106,197 participants in 22 trials and 6 meta-analyses

    Overview

    Examine Database: Type 1 Diabetes

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    Examine Database References

    1. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Davison GW, Ashton T, George L, Young IS, McEneny J, Davies B, Jackson SK, Peters JR, Bailey DMMolecular detection of exercise-induced free radicals following ascorbate prophylaxis in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trialDiabetologia.(2008 Nov)
    2. Plasma Vitamin C - Bishop N, Schorah CJ, Wales JKThe effect of vitamin C supplementation on diabetic hyperlipidaemia: a double blind, crossover studyDiabet Med.(1985 Mar)
    3. Blood glucose - Klein F, Juhl B, Christiansen JSUnchanged renal haemodynamics following high dose ascorbic acid administration in normoalbuminuric IDDM patientsScand J Clin Lab Invest.(1995 Feb)
    4. Blood glucose - Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán MThe effect of lowering blood pressure by magnesium supplementation in diabetic hypertensive adults with low serum magnesium levels: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialJ Hum Hypertens.(2009 Apr)
    5. LDL Oxidation - I De Leeuw, W Engelen, P Aerts, S SchransEffect of intensive magnesium supplementation on the in vitro oxidizability of LDL and VLDL in Mg-depleted type 1 diabetic patientsMagnes Res.(1998 Sep)
    6. Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms - De Leeuw I, Engelen W, De Block C, Van Gaal LLong term magnesium supplementation influences favourably the natural evolution of neuropathy in Mg-depleted type 1 diabetic patients (T1dm)Magnes Res.(2004 Jun)
    7. Blood glucose - Serag H, El Wakeel L, Adly ACoenzyme Q10 administration has no effect on sICAM-1 and metabolic parameters of pediatrics with type 1 diabetes mellitusInt J Vitam Nutr Res.(2020 Jan 16)
    8. Blood glucose - Fallah M, Askari G, Soleimani A, Feizi A, Asemi ZClinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control and markers of lipid profiles in diabetic hemodialysis patientsInt Urol Nephrol.(2018 Nov)
    9. Blood glucose - Gunton JE, Cheung NW, Hitchman R, Hams G, O'Sullivan C, Foster-Powell K, McElduff AChromium supplementation does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or lipid profile: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of supplementation in subjects with impaired glucose toleranceDiabetes Care.(2005 Mar)
    10. Blood glucose - Omid Asbaghi, Naeini Fatemeh, Rezaei Kelishadi Mahnaz, Ghaedi Ehsan, Eslampour Elham, Nazarian Behzad, Ashtary-Larky Damoon, Alavi Naeini AmirmansourEffects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jul 28)
    11. Blood glucose - Joseph J Matthews, Eimear Dolan, Paul A Swinton, Lívia Santos, Guilherme G Artioli, Mark D Turner, Kirsty J Elliott-Sale, Craig SaleEffect of Carnosine or β-Alanine Supplementation on Markers of Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisAdv Nutr.(2021 Jul 31)
    12. Blood glucose - Ranjan A, Schmidt S, Damm-Frydenberg C, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Nørgaard KShort-term effects of a low carbohydrate diet on glycaemic variables and cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized open-label crossover trialDiabetes Obes Metab.(2017 Oct)
    13. Blood glucose - Sheyu Li, Xiang Chen, Qianrui Li, Juan Du, Zhimin Liu, Yongde Peng, Mian Xu, Qifu Li, Minxiang Lei, Changjiang Wang, Shaoxiong Zheng, Xiaojuan Zhang, Hongling Yu, Jinyu Shi, Shibing Tao, Ping Feng, Haoming TianEffects of acetyl-L-carnitine and methylcobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trialJ Diabetes Investig.(2016 Sep)
    14. Blood glucose - Barriocanal LA, Palacios M, Benitez G, Benitez S, Jimenez JT, Jimenez N, Rojas VApparent lack of pharmacological effect of steviol glycosides used as sweeteners in humans. A pilot study of repeated exposures in some normotensive and hypotensive individuals and in Type 1 and Type 2 diabeticsRegul Toxicol Pharmacol.(2008 Jun)
    15. Blood glucose - Amirani E, Milajerdi A, Reiner Ž, Mirzaei H, Mansournia MA, Asemi ZEffects of whey protein on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Lipids Health Dis.(2020-Sep-21)
    16. Blood glucose - Daneshvar M, Ghaheri M, Safarzadeh D, Karimi F, Adib-Hajbagheri P, Ahmadzade M, Haedi AEffect of zinc supplementation on glycemic biomarkers: an umbrella of interventional meta-analyses.Diabetol Metab Syndr.(2024 Jun 8)
    17. Blood glucose - Zhang JW, Zhao Q, Li Z, Liu Q, Zang SS, Liu SThe effect of saffron supplementation on liver and kidney function, blood glucose and pressure in patients with diabetes and prediabetes: A grade assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.(2025 Jan 14)
    18. Blood glucose - Steinberg T, Poucher RL, Sarin RK, Rees RB, Gwinup GOral administration of D-ribose in diabetes mellitus.Diabetes.(1970 Jan)
    19. Heart Rate - Moloney MA, Casey RG, O'Donnell DH, Fitzgerald P, Thompson C, Bouchier-Hayes DJTwo weeks taurine supplementation reverses endothelial dysfunction in young male type 1 diabeticsDiab Vasc Dis Res.(2010 Oct)
    20. Total cholesterol - Fraser DA, Diep LM, Hovden IA, Nilsen KB, Sveen KA, Seljeflot I, Hanssen KFThe effects of long-term oral benfotiamine supplementation on peripheral nerve function and inflammatory markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: a 24-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2012 May)
    21. HbA1c - M Horvaticek, J Djelmis, M Ivanisevic, S Oreskovic, M HermanEffect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on C-peptide preservation in pregnant women with type-1 diabetes: randomized placebo controlled clinical trialEur J Clin Nutr.(2017 Aug)
    22. Type 1 Diabetes Incidence - Kempf K, Manzo G, Hanifi-Moghaddam P, Kappler S, Seissler J, Jaeger C, Boehm B, Roden M, Kolb H, Martin S, Schloot NC; PRODIAB Study GroupEffect of combined oral proteases and flavonoid treatment in subjects at risk of Type 1 diabetesDiabet Med.(2009 Dec)
    23. Type 1 Diabetes Incidence - Mohr SB, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Garland FCThe association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwideDiabetologia.(2008 Aug)
    24. Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease - Parker J, Hashmi O, Dutton D, Mavrodaris A, Stranges S, Kandala NB, Clarke A, Franco OHLevels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysisMaturitas.(2009 Dec 18)
    25. Blood Flow - Skyrme-Jones RA, O'Brien RC, Berry KL, Meredith ITVitamin E supplementation improves endothelial function in type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled studyJ Am Coll Cardiol.(2000 Jul)
    26. Glycemic Control - Crandall JP, Oram V, Trandafirescu G, Reid M, Kishore P, Hawkins M, Cohen HW, Barzilai NPilot Study of Resveratrol in Older Adults With Impaired Glucose ToleranceJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.(2012 Jan 4)
    27. Insulin Resistance - Gregory JM, Smith TJ, Duffus SH, Brooks D, Akbar MN, Huntley MA, Gottlieb JA, LeStourgeon LM, Wilson CS, Beckman JA, Cherrington ADA one-week reduced-carbohydrate diet to mitigate iatrogenic peripheral hyperinsulinemia does not improve insulin sensitivity or endothelial function in a randomized, crossover trial in patients with type 1 diabetes.Cardiovasc Diabetol.(2025 Mar 5)
    28. Endothelial Function - Shannon OM, Mendes I, Köchl C, Mazidi M, Ashor AW, Rubele S, Minihane AM, Mathers JC, Siervo MMediterranean Diet Increases Endothelial Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.J Nutr.(2020-May-01)