Overview

What is L-carnitine?

What are L-carnitine’s main benefits?

What are L-carnitine’s main drawbacks?

How does L-carnitine work?

Dosage information

The standard dose for L-carnitine is between 500–2000 milligrams per day (mg/day).

Supplementation with up to 2000 mg/day of L-carnitine is considered safe for humans.^[1] There are various other forms of carnitine supplementation available: The equivalent dosage is up to about 2700 mg/day for acetyl-L-carnitine and up to about 2900 mg/day for propionyl L-carnitine.^[1]

Examine Database: L-Carnitine

Show Conditions

Health Condition/Goal	Health Outcome	Evidence
Type 2 Diabetes	36 Outcomes	21 Studies
Metabolic Health	48 Outcomes	19 Studies
General Athletic Performance	35 Outcomes	18 Studies
Muscle Size & Strength	32 Outcomes	14 Studies
Infertility	5 Outcomes	11 Studies
High Cholesterol	22 Outcomes	9 Studies
Hepatic Encephalopathy	11 Outcomes	8 Studies
Muscle Recovery	18 Outcomes	8 Studies
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome	23 Outcomes	5 Studies
Aerobic Exercise Performance	5 Outcomes	5 Studies
Cycling Performance	7 Outcomes	5 Studies
Dyslipidemia	11 Outcomes	5 Studies
Peripheral Arterial Disease	11 Outcomes	5 Studies
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	3 Outcomes	4 Studies
Coronary Artery Disease	17 Outcomes	4 Studies
Obesity	17 Outcomes	4 Studies
Osteoarthritis	13 Outcomes	4 Studies
Male Sexual Dysfunction	12 Outcomes	4 Studies
Metabolic Syndrome	22 Outcomes	4 Studies
Chronic Kidney Disease	20 Outcomes	3 Studies
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis	2 Outcomes	3 Studies
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	12 Outcomes	3 Studies
Cirrhosis	4 Outcomes	3 Studies
Cognitive Improvement	7 Outcomes	3 Studies
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis	10 Outcomes	3 Studies
Prediabetes	14 Outcomes	3 Studies
Running Performance	8 Outcomes	3 Studies
Weight Loss & Maintenance	9 Outcomes	3 Studies
Depression	3 Outcomes	2 Studies
Migraine Headache	6 Outcomes	2 Studies
High Blood Pressure	13 Outcomes	2 Studies
Alcohol Use Disorder	2 Outcomes	2 Studies
Dysthymia	3 Outcomes	2 Studies
End-Stage Renal Disease	9 Outcomes	2 Studies
Erectile Dysfunction	2 Outcomes	2 Studies
General Liver Health	3 Outcomes	2 Studies
Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia	4 Outcomes	2 Studies
Immune Health	7 Outcomes	2 Studies
Intermittent Claudication	1 Outcome	2 Studies
Overweight	5 Outcomes	2 Studies
Acne	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Asthma	4 Outcomes	1 Study
Atherosclerosis	10 Outcomes	1 Study
Autism Spectrum Disorder	1 Outcome	1 Study
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	3 Outcomes	1 Study
Fibromyalgia	1 Outcome	1 Study
Multiple Sclerosis	1 Outcome	1 Study
Type 1 Diabetes	3 Outcomes	1 Study
Anaerobic Exercise Performance	3 Outcomes	1 Study
Body Composition	7 Outcomes	1 Study
Bone Health	1 Outcome	1 Study
Cardiovascular Disease	2 Outcomes	1 Study
General Cardiovascular Health	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Celiac Disease	1 Outcome	1 Study
Chronic Liver Disease	8 Outcomes	1 Study
Diabetic Neuropathy	3 Outcomes	1 Study
Fatigue	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Fragile X Syndrome	1 Outcome	1 Study
Hashimoto's disease	8 Outcomes	1 Study
Hyperthyroidism	1 Outcome	1 Study
Hypocarnitinemia	1 Outcome	1 Study
Hypothyroidism	11 Outcomes	1 Study
Major Depressive Disorder	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Mitochondrial Myopathy	7 Outcomes	1 Study
Muscle Cramps	1 Outcome	1 Study
Oligospermia	3 Outcomes	1 Study
Renal Anemia	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Surgical Recovery	3 Outcomes	1 Study
Swimming Performance	3 Outcomes	1 Study
Traumatic Brain Injury	1 Outcome	1 Study
Healthy Muscle Aging	8 Outcomes	1 Study

Type 2 Diabetes

36 Outcomes

21 Studies

Metabolic Health

48 Outcomes

19 Studies

General Athletic Performance

35 Outcomes

18 Studies

Muscle Size & Strength

32 Outcomes

14 Studies

Infertility

5 Outcomes

11 Studies

High Cholesterol

22 Outcomes

9 Studies

Hepatic Encephalopathy

11 Outcomes

8 Studies

Muscle Recovery

18 Outcomes

8 Studies

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

23 Outcomes

5 Studies

Aerobic Exercise Performance

5 Outcomes

5 Studies

Cycling Performance

7 Outcomes

5 Studies

Dyslipidemia

11 Outcomes

5 Studies

Peripheral Arterial Disease

11 Outcomes

5 Studies

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

3 Outcomes

4 Studies

Coronary Artery Disease

17 Outcomes

4 Studies

Obesity

17 Outcomes

4 Studies

Osteoarthritis

13 Outcomes

4 Studies

Male Sexual Dysfunction

12 Outcomes

4 Studies

Metabolic Syndrome

22 Outcomes

4 Studies

Chronic Kidney Disease

20 Outcomes

3 Studies

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis

2 Outcomes

3 Studies

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

12 Outcomes

3 Studies

Cirrhosis

4 Outcomes

3 Studies

Cognitive Improvement

7 Outcomes

3 Studies

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

10 Outcomes

3 Studies

Prediabetes

14 Outcomes

3 Studies

Running Performance

8 Outcomes

3 Studies

Weight Loss & Maintenance

9 Outcomes

3 Studies

Depression

3 Outcomes

2 Studies

Migraine Headache

6 Outcomes

2 Studies

High Blood Pressure

13 Outcomes

2 Studies

Alcohol Use Disorder

2 Outcomes

2 Studies

Dysthymia

3 Outcomes

2 Studies

End-Stage Renal Disease

9 Outcomes

2 Studies

Erectile Dysfunction

2 Outcomes

2 Studies

General Liver Health

3 Outcomes

2 Studies

Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia

4 Outcomes

2 Studies

Immune Health

7 Outcomes

2 Studies

Intermittent Claudication

1 Outcome

2 Studies

Overweight

5 Outcomes

2 Studies

Acne

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Asthma

4 Outcomes

1 Study

Atherosclerosis

10 Outcomes

1 Study

Autism Spectrum Disorder

1 Outcome

1 Study

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Fibromyalgia

1 Outcome

1 Study

Multiple Sclerosis

1 Outcome

1 Study

Type 1 Diabetes

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Anaerobic Exercise Performance

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Body Composition

7 Outcomes

1 Study

Bone Health

1 Outcome

1 Study

Cardiovascular Disease

2 Outcomes

1 Study

General Cardiovascular Health

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Celiac Disease

1 Outcome

1 Study

Chronic Liver Disease

8 Outcomes

1 Study

Diabetic Neuropathy

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Fatigue

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Fragile X Syndrome

1 Outcome

1 Study

Hashimoto's disease

8 Outcomes

1 Study

Hyperthyroidism

1 Outcome

1 Study

Hypocarnitinemia

1 Outcome

1 Study

Hypothyroidism

11 Outcomes

1 Study

Major Depressive Disorder

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Mitochondrial Myopathy

7 Outcomes

1 Study

Muscle Cramps

1 Outcome

1 Study

Oligospermia

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Renal Anemia

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Surgical Recovery

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Swimming Performance

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Traumatic Brain Injury

1 Outcome

1 Study

Healthy Muscle Aging

8 Outcomes

1 Study

Type 2 Diabetes

Metabolic Health

General Athletic Performance

Muscle Size & Strength

Infertility

High Cholesterol

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Muscle Recovery

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Aerobic Exercise Performance

Cycling Performance

Dyslipidemia

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Coronary Artery Disease

Obesity

Osteoarthritis

Male Sexual Dysfunction

Metabolic Syndrome

Chronic Kidney Disease

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Cirrhosis

Cognitive Improvement

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Prediabetes

Running Performance

Weight Loss & Maintenance

End-Stage Renal Disease

Erectile Dysfunction

General Liver Health

Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia

Immune Health

Intermittent Claudication

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Fibromyalgia

Multiple Sclerosis

Type 1 Diabetes

Anaerobic Exercise Performance

Body Composition

Bone Health

Cardiovascular Disease

General Cardiovascular Health

Celiac Disease

Chronic Liver Disease

Major Depressive Disorder

Mitochondrial Myopathy

Traumatic Brain Injury

Healthy Muscle Aging

Research FeedRead all studies

L-carnitine may improve liver enzymes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

In this 12-week randomized controlled trial in 100 children in the maintenance phase of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (a cancer of the blood and bone marrow) treatment, supplemental L-carnitine improved liver enzymes and total bilirubin levels.

Which supplements can improve chronic fatigue syndrome?

Synbiotics and L-carnitine may improve body composition and atherogenic indexes in women with obesity

Does L-carnitine improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in hemodialysis patients?

Can an antioxidant supplement improve semen parameters in men with infertility?

Frequently asked questions

What is acetyl-L-carnitine?

What is carnitine deficiency?

What are other names for L-Carnitine?

Update History

One new meta analysis added
minor

Reviewed by

Nick Milazzo

Standard FAQ and database update
major

Research written by

Thomas Solomon

Edited by

Natalka Roshak

Reviewed by

Nick Milazzo

Research Breakdown

References

Examine Database References

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Jun-jie Zhang, Zhi-bing Wu, You-jin Cai, Bin Ke, Ying-juan Huang, Chao-ping Qiu, Yu-bing Yang, Lan-ying Shi, Jian QinL-carnitine ameliorated fasting-induced fatigue, hunger, and metabolic abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled studyNutr J.(2014 Nov 26)
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Johri A, et alProgression of atherosclerosis with carnitine supplementation: a randomized controlled trial in the metabolic syndromeNutr Metab..()
Blood glucose - Munji Choi, Seongmin Park, Myoungsook LeeL-Carnitine's Effect on the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2020 Sep 12)
Blood glucose - Ruggenenti P, Cattaneo D, Loriga G, Ledda F, Motterlini N, Gherardi G, Orisio S, Remuzzi GAmeliorating hypertension and insulin resistance in subjects at increased cardiovascular risk: effects of acetyl-L-carnitine therapyHypertension.(2009 Sep)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Hadier M El-Sheikh, Sahar M El-Haggar, Tamer A ElbedewyComparative study to evaluate the effect of l-carnitine plus glimepiride versus glimepiride alone on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes Metab Syndr.(Jan-Feb 2019)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Fabio Galvano, Giovanni Li Volti, Michele Malaguarnera, Teresio Avitabile, Tijana Antic, Marco Vacante, Mariano MalaguarneraEffects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitusExpert Opin Pharmacother.(2009 Aug)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli, Ilaria Ferrari, Angela D'Angelo, Elena Fogari, Ilaria Palumbo, Sabrina Randazzo, Arrigo F G CiceroComparison between orlistat plus l-carnitine and orlistat alone on inflammation parameters in obese diabetic patientsFundam Clin Pharmacol.(2011 Oct)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli, Sibilla A T Salvadeo, Ilaria Ferrari, Alessia Gravina, Roberto Mereu, Angela D'Angelo, Ilaria Palumbo, Sabrina Randazzo, Arrigo F G CiceroEffects of combination of sibutramine and L-carnitine compared with sibutramine monotherapy on inflammatory parameters in diabetic patientsMetabolism.(2011 Mar)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Mariano Malaguarnera, Marco Vacante, Teresio Avitabile, Marcella Malaguarnera, Lisa Cammalleri, Massimo MottaL-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetesAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 Jan)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - A R Rahbar, R Shakerhosseini, N Saadat, F Taleban, A Pordal, B GollestanEffect of L-carnitine on plasma glycemic and lipidemic profile in patients with type II diabetes mellitusEur J Clin Nutr.(2005 Apr)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Eun Shil Hong, Eun Ky Kim, Seon Mee Kang, Ah Reum Khang, Sung Hee Choi, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Soo LimEffect of carnitine-orotate complex on glucose metabolism and fatty liver: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Gastroenterol Hepatol.(2014)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Cristiano Capurso, Anna M Colacicco, Alessia D'Introno, Cristina Fontana, Sabrina A Capurso, Francesco Torres, Anna M Gadaleta, Aleardo Koverech, Antonio Capurso, Francesco PanzaEfficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with L-carnitine and simvastatin in lowering lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAtherosclerosis.(2006 Oct)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Aneliya Parvanova, Matias Trillini, Manuel A Podestà, Ilian P Iliev, Carolina Aparicio, Annalisa Perna, Francesco Peraro, Nadia Rubis, Flavio Gaspari, Antonio Cannata, Silvia Ferrari, Antonio C Bossi, Roberto Trevisan, Sreejith Parameswaran, Jonathan S Chávez-Iñiguez, Fahrudin Masnic, Sidy Mohamed Seck, Teerayuth Jiamjariyaporn, Monica Cortinovis, Luca Perico, Kanishka Sharma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Piero Ruggenenti, David G WarnockBlood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled TrialJ Endocr Soc.(2018 Mar 22)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Y Liang, Y Li, J Shan, B Yu, Z HoThe effects of oral L-carnitine treatment on blood lipid metabolism and the body fat content in the diabetic patientAsia Pac J Clin Nutr.(1998 Jun)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Giuseppe Derosa, Arrigo F G Cicero, Antonio Gaddi, Amedeo Mugellini, Leonardina Ciccarelli, Roberto FogariThe effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusClin Ther.(2003 May)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Li Y, Xie Y, Qiu C, Yu B, Yang F, Cheng Y, Zhong W, Yuan JEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on glucolipid metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Food Funct.(2023-Mar-06)
Triglycerides - Gheysari R, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Hosseini AM, Rasaei N, Hosseini S, Bahari H, Asbaghi O, Rastgoo S, Goudarzi K, Shiraseb F, Behmadi RThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in participants with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Diabetol Metab Syndr.(2024 Jul 31)
Triglycerides - Alavinejad P, et alEvaluation of L-Carnitine Efficacy in the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Double Blind Pilot StudyJ Gastroenterol Hepatol.()
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms - Sheyu Li, Xiang Chen, Qianrui Li, Juan Du, Zhimin Liu, Yongde Peng, Mian Xu, Qifu Li, Minxiang Lei, Changjiang Wang, Shaoxiong Zheng, Xiaojuan Zhang, Hongling Yu, Jinyu Shi, Shibing Tao, Ping Feng, Haoming TianEffects of acetyl-L-carnitine and methylcobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trialJ Diabetes Investig.(2016 Sep)
Total cholesterol - González-Ortiz M, Hernández-González SO, Hernández-Salazar E, Martínez-Abundis EEffect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patientsAnn Nutr Metab.(2008)
HbA1c - Zamani M, Pahlavani N, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Rasaei N, Ghaffarian-Ensaf R, Asbaghi O, Shiraseb F, Rastgoo SThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic markers in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2022)
Apolipoprotein B - Ali Sheikhi, Kurosh Djafarian, Moein Askarpour, Sakineh Shab-BidarThe effects of supplementation with L-carnitine on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2019 Sep 5)
Whole Body Glucose Uptake - G Mingrone, A V Greco, E Capristo, G Benedetti, A Giancaterini, A De Gaetano, G GasbarriniL-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patientsJ Am Coll Nutr.(1999 Feb)
Insulin - Molfino A, Cascino A, Conte C, Ramaccini C, Rossi Fanelli F, Laviano ACaloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolismJPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.(2010 May-Jun)
Erections - V Gentile, P Vicini, G Prigiotti, A Koverech, F Di SilverioPreliminary observations on the use of propionyl-L-carnitine in combination with sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction and diabetesCurr Med Res Opin.(2004 Sep)
Migraine Severity - Knut Hagen, Eiliv Brenner, Mattias Linde, Gøril Bruvik Gravdahl, Erling Andreas Tronvik, Morten Engstrøm, Ursula Sonnewald, Grethe Helde, Lars Jacob Stovner, Trond SandAcetyl-l-carnitine versus placebo for migraine prophylaxis: A randomized, triple-blind, crossover studyCephalalgia.(2015 Oct)
Migraine Severity - Ali Tarighat Esfanjani, Reza Mahdavi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi Mameghani, Mahnaz Talebi, Zeinab Nikniaz, Abdolrasool SafaiyanThe effects of magnesium, L-carnitine, and concurrent magnesium-L-carnitine supplementation in migraine prophylaxisBiol Trace Elem Res.(2012 Dec)
Total cholesterol - Gong Y, Jiang T, He H, Wang Y, Wu GL, Shi Y, Cai Q, Xiong CL, Shen R, Li JEffects of carnitine on glucose and lipid metabolic profiles and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2023-May)
Total cholesterol - Mansooreh Samimi, Mehri Jamilian, Faraneh Afshar Ebrahimi, Maryam Rahimi, Banafsheh Tajbakhsh, Zatollah AsemiOral carnitine supplementation reduces body weight and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialClin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2016 Jun)
Atherosclerotic Signs - Hamid Reza Talari, Zeinab Jafari Azad, Yaser Hamidian, Mansooreh Samimi, Hamid Reza Gilasi, Faraneh Ebrahimi Afshar, Vahidreza Ostadmohammadi, Zatollah AsemiEffects of Carnitine Administration on Carotid Intima-media Thickness and Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled TrialInt J Prev Med.(2019 Jun 7)
Depression Symptoms - Hamidreza Jamilian, Mehri Jamilian, Mansooreh Samimi, Faraneh Afshar Ebrahimi, Maryam Rahimi, Fereshteh Bahmani, Sama Aghababayan, Mobina Kouhi, Sedighe Shahabbaspour, Zatollah AsemiOral carnitine supplementation influences mental health parameters and biomarkers of oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialGynecol Endocrinol.(2017 Jun)
Body Mass Index (BMI) - Mohd Falihin Mohd Shukri, Mohd Noor Norhayati, Salziyan Badrin, Azidah Abdul KadirEffects of L-carnitine supplementation for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysisPeerJ.(2022 Sep 16)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics - Smith WA, Fry AC, Tschume LC, Bloomer RJEffect of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2008 Feb)
Power Output - L Vecchiet, F Di Lisa, G Pieralisi, P Ripari, R Menabò, M A Giamberardino, N SiliprandiInfluence of L-carnitine administration on maximal physical exerciseEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1990)
Power Output - Majid S Koozehchian, Amin Daneshfar, Ebrahim Fallah, Hamid Agha-Alinejad, Mohammad Samadi, Mojtaba Kaviani, Maryam Kaveh B, Y Peter Jung, Mozhgan Hassanzadeh Sablouei, Najmeh Moradi, Conrad P Earnest, T Jeff Chandler, Richard B KreiderEffects of nine weeks L-Carnitine supplementation on exercise performance, anaerobic power, and exercise-induced oxidative stress in resistance-trained malesJ Exerc Nutrition Biochem.(2018 Dec 31)
Power Output - Ho JY, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Fragala MS, Thomas GA, Dunn-Lewis C, Coday M, Häkkinen K, Maresh CMl-Carnitine l-tartrate supplementation favorably affects biochemical markers of recovery from physical exertion in middle-aged men and womenMetabolism.(2010 Aug)
Power Output - Jacobs PL, Goldstein ER, Blackburn W, Orem I, Hughes JJGlycine propionyl-L-carnitine produces enhanced anaerobic work capacity with reduced lactate accumulation in resistance trained malesJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2009 Apr 2)
Oxygen Uptake - Wall BT, Stephens FB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Marimuthu K, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PLChronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humansJ Physiol.(2011 Feb 15)
Oxygen Uptake - C Greig, K M Finch, D A Jones, M Cooper, A J Sargeant, C A ForteThe effect of oral supplementation with L-carnitine on maximum and submaximum exercise capacityEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1987)
Oxygen Uptake - E P Brass, C L Hoppel, W R HiattEffect of intravenous L-carnitine on carnitine homeostasis and fuel metabolism during exercise in humansClin Pharmacol Ther.(1994 Jun)
Muscle Soreness - M A Giamberardino, L Dragani, R Valente, F Di Lisa, R Saggini, L VecchietEffects of prolonged L-carnitine administration on delayed muscle pain and CK release after eccentric effortInt J Sports Med.(1996 Jul)
Weight - Angelika K Sawicka, Dace Hartmane, Patrycja Lipinska, Ewa Wojtowicz, Wieslawa Lysiak-Szydlowska, Robert A Olekl-Carnitine Supplementation in Older Women. A Pilot Study on Aging Skeletal Muscle Mass and FunctionNutrients.(2018 Feb 23)
Muscle Damage - Spiering BA, Kraemer WJ, Hatfield DL, Vingren JL, Fragala MS, Ho JY, Thomas GA, Häkkinen K, Volek JSEffects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on muscle oxygenation responses to resistance exerciseJ Strength Cond Res.(2008 Jul)
Muscle Damage - Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, French DN, Rubin MR, Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, Ratamess NA, Newton RU, Jemiolo B, Craig BW, Häkkinen KThe effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance exercise and recoveryJ Strength Cond Res.(2003 Aug)
Muscle Mass - Pistone G, Marino A, Leotta C, Dell'Arte S, Finocchiaro G, Malaguarnera MLevocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue: effect on body composition, lipid profile and fatigueDrugs Aging.(2003)
Exercise-Induced Oxidation - Bloomer RJ, Smith WAOxidative stress in response to aerobic and anaerobic power testing: influence of exercise training and carnitine supplementationRes Sports Med.(2009 Jan-Mar)
Fatigue Symptoms - Decombaz J, Deriaz O, Acheson K, Gmuender B, Jequier EEffect of L-carnitine on submaximal exercise metabolism after depletion of muscle glycogenMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1993 Jun)
Androgen Receptor Density - Kraemer WJ, Spiering BA, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Sharman MJ, Rubin MR, French DN, Silvestre R, Hatfield DL, Van Heest JL, Vingren JL, Judelson DA, Deschenes MR, Maresh CMAndrogenic responses to resistance exercise: effects of feeding and L-carnitineMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2006 Jul)
Ammonia - Broad EM, Maughan RJ, Galloway SDCarbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism during exercise after oral carnitine supplementation in humansInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2008 Dec)
Fat Oxidation - Broad EM, Maughan RJ, Galloway SDEffects of four weeks L-carnitine L-tartrate ingestion on substrate utilization during prolonged exerciseInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2005 Dec)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics - Stuessi C, Hofer P, Meier C, Boutellier UL -Carnitine and the recovery from exhaustive endurance exercise: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialEur J Appl Physiol.(2005 Dec)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics - Cha YS, Choi SK, Suh H, Lee SN, Cho D, Li KEffects of carnitine coingested caffeine on carnitine metabolism and endurance capacity in athletesJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2001 Dec)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics - Colombani P, Wenk C, Kunz I, Krähenbühl S, Kuhnt M, Arnold M, Frey-Rindova P, Frey W, Langhans WEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on physical performance and energy metabolism of endurance-trained athletes: a double-blind crossover field studyEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1996)
Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Vecchio M, Chiaramonte R, Testa G, Pavone VClinical Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Healthy Subjects, the Key to Success in Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from the Rehabilitation Point of View.J Funct Morphol Kinesiol.(2021-Nov-04)
Total cholesterol - M Florentin, M S Elisaf, C V Rizos, V Nikolaou, E Bilianou, C Pitsavos, E N LiberopoulosL-Carnitine/Simvastatin Reduces Lipoprotein (a) Levels Compared with Simvastatin Monotherapy: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled StudyLipids.(2017 Jan)
Total cholesterol - Sani Hlais, Dana R Abou Reslan, Hiba K Sarieddine, Lara Nasreddine, Ghazi Taan, Sami Azar, Omar A ObeidEffect of lysine, vitamin B(6), and carnitine supplementation on the lipid profile of male patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a 12-week, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trialClin Ther.(2012 Aug)
Free Fatty Acids - Yvonne M H Bruls, Yvo J M Op den Kamp, Esther Phielix, Lucas Lindeboom, Bas Havekes, Gert Schaart, Esther Moonen-Kornips, Joachim E Wildberger, Matthijs K C Hesselink, Patrick Schrauwen, Vera B Schrauwen-HinderlingL-carnitine infusion does not alleviate lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibilityPLoS One.(2020 Sep 25)
Free Fatty Acids - Weronika N Abramowicz, Stuart D R GallowayEffects of acute versus chronic L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on metabolic responses to steady state exercise in males and femalesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2005 Aug)
Free Fatty Acids - Gaetano A, Mingrone G, Castagneto, M, Calvani MCarnitine Increases Glucose Disposal in HumansJ Am Coll Nutr.()
Respiratory Quotient - Satoshi Odo, Koji Tanabe, Masafumi Yohda, Masamitsu YamauchiLiver-Oriented Acute Metabolic Effects of A Low Dose of L-Carnitine under Fat-Mobilizing Conditions: Pilot Human Clinical TrialJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2020)
Insulin - Hadis Fathizadeh, Alireza Milajerdi, Željko Reiner, Fariba Kolahdooz, Zatollah AsemiThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsEXCLI J.(2019 Aug 19)
Interleukin 6 - F Haghighatdoost, M Jabbari, Mitra HaririThe effect of L-carnitine on inflammatory mediators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trialsEur J Clin Pharmacol.(2019 Aug)
Interleukin 6 - Bor-Jen Lee, Jun-Shuo Lin, Yi-Chin Lin, Ping-Ting LinAntiinflammatory effects of L-carnitine supplementation (1000 mg/d) in coronary artery disease patientsNutrition.(2015 Mar)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Yu Cao, Hai-Jun Qu, Ping Li, Chun-Bo Wang, Le-Xin Wang, Zhi-Wu HanSingle dose administration of L-carnitine improves antioxidant activities in healthy subjectsTohoku J Exp Med.(2011 Jul)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Bloomer RJ, Farney TM, Trepanowski JF, McCarthy CG, Canale RE, Schilling BKComparison of pre-workout nitric oxide stimulating dietary supplements on skeletal muscle oxygen saturation, blood nitrate/nitrite, lipid peroxidation, and upper body exercise performance in resistance trained menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2010 May 6)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Bloomer RJ, Tschume LC, Smith WAGlycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjectsInt J Vitam Nutr Res.(2009 May)
TNF-Alpha - Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Russo C, Antic T, Vacante M, Malaguarnera M, Avitabile T, Li Volti G, Galvano FL-carnitine supplementation to diet: a new tool in treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis--a randomized and controlled clinical trialAm J Gastroenterol.(2010 Jun)
TNF-Alpha - Volek JS, Judelson DA, Silvestre R, Yamamoto LM, Spiering BA, Hatfield DL, Vingren JL, Quann EE, Anderson JM, Maresh CM, Kraemer WJEffects of carnitine supplementation on flow-mediated dilation and vascular inflammatory responses to a high-fat meal in healthy young adultsAm J Cardiol.(2008 Nov 15)
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Amirhossein SahebkarEffect of L-carnitine Supplementation on Circulating C-reactive Protein Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisJ Med Biochem.(2015 Apr)
Muscle Mass - Klaus D Wutzke, Henrik LorenzThe effect of l-carnitine on fat oxidation, protein turnover, and body composition in slightly overweight subjectsMetabolism.(2004 Aug)
Blood glucose - Broad EM, Maughan RJ, Galloway S DREffects of exercise intensity and altered substrate availability on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to exercise after oral carnitine supplementation in athletesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2011 Oct)
Blood glucose - M R Rubin, J S Volek, A L Gómez, N A Ratamess, D N French, M J Sharman, W J KraemerSafety measures of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation in healthy menJ Strength Cond Res.(2001 Nov)
Blood glucose - Galloway SD, Craig TP, Cleland SJEffects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on insulin sensitivity indices in response to glucose feeding in lean and overweight/obese malesAmino Acids.(2011 Jul)
Plasma Nitrate - Bloomer RJ, Smith WA, Fisher-Wellman KHGlycine propionyl-L-carnitine increases plasma nitrate/nitrite in resistance trained menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2007 Dec 3)
Exercise-Induced Oxidation - Fatouros IG, Douroudos I, Panagoutsos S, Pasadakis P, Nikolaidis MG, Chatzinikolaou A, Sovatzidis A, Michailidis Y, Jamurtas AZ, Mandalidis D, Taxildaris K, Vargemezis VEffects of L-carnitine on oxidative stress responses in patients with renal diseaseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2010 Oct)
Serum Albumin - Chen Y, Abbate M, Tang L, Cai G, Gong Z, Wei R, Zhou J, Chen XL-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysisAm J Clin Nutr.(2014 Feb)
Blood Pressure - Askarpour M, Hadi A, Dehghani Kari Bozorg A, Sadeghi O, Sheikhi A, Kazemi M, Ghaedi EEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Hum Hypertens.(2019-Oct)
Triglycerides - Francesco Brescia, Elisabetta Balestra, Maria Grazia Iasella, Aurelia Bellomo DamatoEffects of combined treatment with simvastatin and L-carnitine on triglyceride levels in diabetic patients with hyperlipidaemiaClin Drug Investig.(2002 Nov)
Triglycerides - Bor-Jen Lee, Jun-Shuo Lin, Yi-Chin Lin, Ping-Ting LinEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery diseaseLipids Health Dis.(2016 Jun 17)
Triglycerides - Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Michael E Symonds, Maryam Miraghajani, Omid Sadeghi, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediEfficacy of l-carnitine supplementation for management of blood lipids: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2019 Nov)
Bone Mineral Density - Salvatore Benvenga, Antonino Amato, Menotti Calvani, Francesco TrimarchiEffects of carnitine on thyroid hormone actionAnn N Y Acad Sci.(2004 Nov)
Asthma Symptoms - Mohammed Al-Biltagi, Mona Isa, Adel Salah Bediwy, Nevien Helaly, Dalia D El LebedyL-carnitine improves the asthma control in children with moderate persistent asthmaJ Allergy (Cairo).(2012)
Insulin - Bruls Y, et alCarnitine supplementation improves metabolic flexibility and skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine formation in volunteers with impaired glucose tolerance: A randomised controlled trialEBioMedicine.()
Blood Carnitine - S W Trappe, D L Costill, B Goodpaster, M D Vukovich, W J FinkThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on performance during interval swimmingInt J Sports Med.(1994 May)
Prostate Specific Antigen - G Cavallini, S Caracciolo, G Vitali, F Modenini, G BiagiottiCarnitine versus androgen administration in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, depressed mood, and fatigue associated with male agingUrology.(2004 Apr)
Sexual Function - Giorgio Cavallini, Fabio Modenini, Giovanni Vitali, Aleardo KoverechAcetyl-L-carnitine plus propionyl-L-carnitine improve efficacy of sildenafil in treatment of erectile dysfunction after bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomyUrology.(2005 Nov)
Sperm Quality - Khaw SC, Wong ZZ, Anderson R, Martins da Silva Sl-carnitine and l-acetylcarnitine supplementation for idiopathic male infertility.Reprod Fertil.(2020-Dec-03)
Power Output - V Wyss, G P Ganzit, A RienziEffects of L-carnitine administration on VO2max and the aerobic-anaerobic threshold in normoxia and acute hypoxiaEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1990)
Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Gamze E Orer, Nevin A GuzelThe effects of acute L-carnitine supplementation on endurance performance of athletesJ Strength Cond Res.(2014 Feb)
ADHD Symptoms - L Eugene Arnold, Antonino Amato, Hernan Bozzolo, Jill Hollway, Amy Cook, Yaser Ramadan, Lindsay Crowl, Dan Zhang, Susan Thompson, Giussepe Testa, Vernon Kliewer, Timothy Wigal, Keith McBurnett, Michael ManosAcetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multi-site, placebo-controlled pilot trialJ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.(2007 Dec)
ADHD Symptoms - Seyed-Hesameddin Abbasi, Shahram Heidari, Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi, Mina Tabrizi, Ali Ghaleiha, Shahin AkhondzadehAcetyl-L-carnitine as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled trialChild Psychiatry Hum Dev.(2011 Jun)
ADHD Symptoms - Van Oudheusden LJ, Scholte HREfficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorderProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2002 Jul)
ADHD Symptoms - Torrioli MG, Vernacotola S, Peruzzi L, Tabolacci E, Mila M, Militerni R, Musumeci S, Ramos FJ, Frontera M, Sorge G, Marzullo E, Romeo G, Vallee L, Veneselli E, Cocchi E, Garbarino E, Moscato U, Chiurazzi P, D'Iddio S, Calvani M, Neri GA double-blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of L-acetylcarnitine with placebo on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fragile X syndrome boysAm J Med Genet A.(2008 Apr 1)
Body Fat - Villani RG, Gannon J, Self M, Rich PAL-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese womenInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2000 Jun)
Body Fat - Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Maryam Miraghajani, Michael E Symonds, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediBeneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jan)
Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Cristaldi E, Vacante M, Risino C, Cammalleri L, Pennisi G, Rampello LAcetyl-L-carnitine treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathyDig Dis Sci.(2008 Nov)
Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Motta M, Giordano M, Malaguarnera G, Bella R, Nunnari G, Rampello L, Pennisi GAcetyl-L-carnitine improves cognitive functions in severe hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized and controlled clinical trialMetab Brain Dis.(2011 Dec)
Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Malaguarnera M, Bella R, Vacante M, Giordano M, Malaguarnera G, Gargante MP, Motta M, Mistretta A, Rampello L, Pennisi GAcetyl-L-carnitine reduces depression and improves quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathyScand J Gastroenterol.(2011 Jun)
Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Giordano M, Pennisi G, Bella R, Rampello L, Malaguarnera M, Li Volti G, Galvano FOral acetyl-L-carnitine therapy reduces fatigue in overt hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Apr)
Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Mariano Malaguarnera, Giovanni Pistone, Marinella Astuto, Simona Dell'Arte, Giovanna Finocchiaro, Emilia Lo Giudice, Giovanni PennisiL-Carnitine in the treatment of mild or moderate hepatic encephalopathyDig Dis.(2003)
Ammonia - Arturo J Martí-Carvajal, Christian Gluud, Ingrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, Cristina Elena Martí-AmaristaAcetyl-L-carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathyCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2019 Jan 5)
Ammonia - Kazuto Tajiri, Yuka Futsukaichi, Saito Kobayashi, Satoshi Yasumura, Terumi Takahara, Masami Minemura, Toshiro SugiyamaL-Carnitine for the Treatment of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Advanced Liver CirrhosisJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2018)
Ammonia - Mariano Malaguarnera, Giovanni Pistone, Rampello Elvira, Carmelo Leotta, Linda Scarpello, Rampello LiborioEffects of L-carnitine in patients with hepatic encephalopathyWorld J Gastroenterol.(2005 Dec 7)
Sperm Quality - Giorgio Cavallini, Anna Pia Ferraretti, Luca Gianaroli, Giulio Biagiotti, Giovanni VitaliCinnoxicam and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine treatment for idiopathic and varicocele-associated oligoasthenospermiaJ Androl.(Sep-Oct 2004)
Sperm Quality - Gholamreza Pourmand, Mansooreh Movahedin, Sanaz Dehghani, Abdolrassul Mehrsai, Ayat Ahmadi, Maryam Pourhosein, Marzieh Hoseini, Marzieh Ziloochi, Fariba Heidari, Laleh Beladi, Mohammad NooriDoes L-carnitine therapy add any extra benefit to standard inguinal varicocelectomy in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid damage or sperm quality factor indices: a randomized studyUrology.(2014 Oct)
Sperm Quality - Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Sgrò P, Salacone P, Caponecchia L, Dondero F, Gandini LUse of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trialFertil Steril.(2003 Feb)
Sperm Quality - Balercia G, Regoli F, Armeni T, Koverech A, Mantero F, Boscaro MPlacebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermiaFertil Steril.(2005 Sep)
Sperm Quality - Jonathan P JarowUse of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trialJ Urol.(2003 Aug)
Sperm Quality - Andrea Garolla, Matilde Maiorino, Alberto Roverato, Antonella Roveri, Fulvio Ursini, Carlo ForestaOral carnitine supplementation increases sperm motility in asthenozoospermic men with normal sperm phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase levelsFertil Steril.(2005 Feb)
Sperm Quality - Moradi M, Moradi A, Alemi M, Ahmadnia H, Abdi H, Ahmadi A, Bazargan-Hejazi SSafety and efficacy of clomiphene citrate and L-carnitine in idiopathic male infertility: a comparative studyUrol J.(2010 Summer)
Sperm Quality - Sigman M, Glass S, Campagnone J, Pryor JLCarnitine for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialFertil Steril.(2006 May)
Sperm Quality - Najme Moslemi Mehni, Ali Asghar Ketabchi, Ebrahim HosseiniCombination effect of Pentoxifylline and L-carnitine on idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermiaIran J Reprod Med.(2014 Dec)
Seminal Motility - Xuebao Zhang, Yuanshan Cui, Liying Dong, Miao Sun, Yong ZhangThe efficacy of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl carnitine in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: A systematic review and meta-analysisAndrologia.(2020 Mar)
Myeloperoxidase - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak, Maryam Shabanpur, Roghayeh Mostafai, Reza Heidari Moghaddam, Jalal MoludiL-Carnitine supplementation reduces biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomised controlled trialArch Physiol Biochem.(2020 Aug 20)
Creatine Kinase - Khadijeh Parandak, Hamid Arazi, Faegheh Khoshkhahesh, Babak Nakhostin-RoohiThe effect of two-week L-carnitine supplementation on exercise -induced oxidative stress and muscle damageAsian J Sports Med.(2014 Jun)
Muscle Soreness - Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Rubin MR, Gómez AL, Ratamess NA, Gaynor PL-Carnitine L-tartrate supplementation favorably affects markers of recovery from exercise stressAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2002 Feb)
Muscle Soreness - Barry A Spiering, William J Kraemer, Jakob L Vingren, Disa L Hatfield, Maren S Fragala, Jen-Yu Ho, Carl M Maresh, Jeffrey M Anderson, Jeff S VolekResponses of criterion variables to different supplemental doses of L-carnitine L-tartrateJ Strength Cond Res.(2007 Feb)
Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 - Aida Malek Mahdavi, Reza Mahdavi, Sousan KolahiEffects of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Serum Inflammatory Factors and Matrix Metalloproteinase Enzymes in Females with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot StudyJ Am Coll Nutr.(Sep-Oct 2016)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Aida Malek Mahdavi, Reza Mahdavi, Sousan Kolahi, Maryam Zemestani, Amir-Mansour VatankhahL-Carnitine supplementation improved clinical status without changing oxidative stress and lipid profile in women with knee osteoarthritisNutr Res.(2015 Aug)
Osteoarthritis Symptoms - Mahdavi R, et alL-Carnitine supplementation ameliorates serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-3 in knee osteoarthritis womenBangladesh J Pharmacol.()
Osteoarthritis Symptoms - Kolahi S, et alEffect of l-carnitine supplementation on clinical symptoms in women with osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialEur J Integr Med.()
Subjective Well-Being - Martinotti G, Andreoli S, Reina D, Di Nicola M, Ortolani I, Tedeschi D, Fanella F, Pozzi G, Iannoni E, D'Iddio S, Prof LJAcetyl-l-Carnitine in the treatment of anhedonia, melancholic and negative symptoms in alcohol dependent subjectsProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2011 Jun 1)
Alcohol Dependence Symptoms - Martinotti G, Reina D, Di Nicola M, Andreoli S, Tedeschi D, Ortolani I, Pozzi G, Iannoni E, D'Iddio S, Janiri LAcetyl-L-carnitine for alcohol craving and relapse prevention in anhedonic alcoholics: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trialAlcohol Alcohol.(2010 Sep-Oct)
Peripheral Vascular Disease Symptoms - G Brevetti, M Chiariello, G Ferulano, A Policicchio, E Nevola, A Rossini, T Attisano, G Ambrosio, N Siliprandi, C AngeliniIncreases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular disease treated with L-carnitine: a double-blind, cross-over studyCirculation.(1988 Apr)
Peripheral Vascular Disease Symptoms - G Brevetti, S Perna, C Sabbà, A Rossini, V Scotto di Uccio, E Berardi, L GodiSuperiority of L-propionylcarnitine vs L-carnitine in improving walking capacity in patients with peripheral vascular disease: an acute, intravenous, double-blind, cross-over studyEur Heart J.(1992 Feb)
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms - William R Hiatt, Mark A Creager, Antonino Amato, Eric P BrassEffect of propionyl-L-carnitine on a background of monitored exercise in patients with claudication secondary to peripheral artery diseaseJ Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev.(Mar-Apr 2011)
Blood Lactate (Exercise) - G A Barker, S Green, C D Askew, A A Green, P J WalkerEffect of propionyl-L-carnitine on exercise performance in peripheral arterial diseaseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2001 Sep)
Peak flow time - C Corsi, M Pollastri, E Marrapodi, D Leanza, S Giordano, S D'IddioL-propionylcarnitine effect on postexercise and postischemic hyperemia in patients affected by peripheral vascular diseaseAngiology.(1995 Aug)
Serum Platelets - Joanna J Samulak, Angelika K Sawicka, Emilia Samborowska, Robert A OlekPlasma Trimethylamine-N-oxide following Cessation of L-carnitine Supplementation in Healthy Aged WomenNutrients.(2019 Jun 13)
Erections - D Gianfrilli, R Lauretta, C Di Dato, C Graziadio, C Pozza, J De Larichaudy, E Giannetta, A M Isidori, A LenziPropionyl-L-carnitine, L-arginine and niacin in sexual medicine: a nutraceutical approach to erectile dysfunctionAndrologia.(2012 May)
Hematocrit - Y Matsumoto, I Amano, S Hirose, Y Tsuruta, S Hara, M Murata, T ImaiEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on renal anemia in poor responders to erythropoietinBlood Purif.(2001)
Depression Symptoms - Nicola Veronese, Brendon Stubbs, Marco Solmi, Olesya Ajnakina, Andre F Carvalho, Stefania MaggiAcetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPsychosom Med.(Feb/Mar 2018)
Blood Carnitine - S Georgala, K H Schulpis, C Georgala, T MichasL-carnitine supplementation in patients with cystic acne on isotretinoin therapyJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.(1999 Nov)
Respiratory Exchange Ratio - A C Gimenes, D M Bravo, L M Nápolis, M T Mello, A S B Oliveira, J A Neder, L E NeryEffect of L-carnitine on exercise performance in patients with mitochondrial myopathyBraz J Med Biol Res.(2015 Apr)
Total cholesterol - Liu A, Cai Y, Yuan Y, Liu M, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Jiao PEfficacy and safety of carnitine supplementation on NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Syst Rev.(2023-Apr-29)
Liver Enzymes - Mohamad Hosein Somi, Ebrahim Fatahi, Jafar Panahi, Mohamad Reza Havasian, Arezo JudakiData from a randomized and controlled trial of LCarnitine prescription for the treatment for Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver DiseaseBioinformation.(2014 Sep 30)
TNF-Alpha - Amiri-Moghadam s, et alEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammatory factors and malondialdehyde in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)CURR TOP NUTRACEUT R.()
Muscle Mass - Amiri-Moghadam S, et alEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on body composition in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)CURR TOP NUTRACEUT R.()
Ammonia - Angelo Cecere, Francesco Ciaramella, Luciano Tancredi, Ciro Romano, Adriano GattoniEfficacy of L-carnitine in reducing hyperammonaemia and improving neuropsychological test performance in patients with hepatic cirrhosis : results of a randomised trialClin Drug Investig.(2002 Nov)
Cramps - Hiroyuki Nakanishi, Masayuki Kurosaki, Kaoru Tsuchiya, Natsuko Nakakuki, Hitomi Takada, Shuya Matsuda, Kouichi Gondo, Yu Asano, Nobuhiro Hattori, Nobuharu Tamaki, Shoko Suzuki, Yutaka Yasui, Takanori Hosokawa, Jun Itakura, Yuka Takahashi, Namiki IzumiL-carnitine Reduces Muscle Cramps in Patients With CirrhosisClin Gastroenterol Hepatol.(2015 Aug)
Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Barnett C, Costill DL, Vukovich MD, Cole KJ, Goodpaster BH, Trappe SW, Fink WJEffect of L-carnitine supplementation on muscle and blood carnitine content and lactate accumulation during high-intensity sprint cyclingInt J Sport Nutr.(1994 Sep)
Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Jacobs PL, Goldstein ERLong-term glycine propionyl-l-carnitine supplemention and paradoxical effects on repeated anaerobic sprint performanceJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2010 Oct 28)
Liver Enzymes - Esmaeil Yousefi Rad, Elham Eslampour, Ebrahim Falahi, Mahnaz Mardani, Azita Hekmatdoost, Omid Asbaghi, Somayeh SabooriEffects of carnitine supplementation on liver aminotransferase enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trialsIndian J Gastroenterol.(2019 Dec)
Serum T3 - Jee Hyun An, Yoon Jung Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Sun Hwa Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hee Young Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Sin Gon KimL-carnitine supplementation for the management of fatigue in patients with hypothyroidism on levothyroxine treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialEndocr J.(2016 Oct 29)
ST-segment depression - A Cherchi, C Lai, F Angelino, G Trucco, S Caponnetto, P E Mereto, G Rosolen, U Manzoli, G Schiavoni, A RealeEffects of L-carnitine on exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled crossover studyInt J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol.(1985 Oct)
Neutrophil Count - Takehiro Okabayashi, Kenta Sui, Takatsugu Mastumoto, Jun Iwata, Sojiro Morita, Tatsuo Iiyama, Yasuhiro Shimadal-Carnitine Improves Postoperative Liver Function in Hepatectomized PatientsJPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.(2020 Jul)
Muscle Mass - Malaguarnera M, Cammalleri L, Gargante MP, Vacante M, Colonna V, Motta ML-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2007 Dec)
Memory - E Tempesta, R Troncon, L Janiri, L Colusso, P Riscica, G Saraceni, E Gesmundo, M Calvani, N Benedetti, P PolaRole of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of cognitive deficit in chronic alcoholismInt J Clin Pharmacol Res.(1990)
Memory - David Benton, Rachael T DonohoeThe influence on cognition of the interactions between lecithin, carnitine and carbohydratePsychopharmacology (Berl).(2004 Aug)
Depression Symptoms - N Gecele, G Francesetti, A MeluzziAcetyl-L-Carnitine in Aged Subjects with Major Depression: Clinical Efficacy and Effects on the Circadian Rhythm of CortisolDement Geriatr Cogn Disord.()
Subjective Well-Being - Zanardi R, Smeraldi EA double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial of acetyl-L-carnitine vs. amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymiaEur Neuropsychopharmacol.(2006 May)
Depression Symptoms - Giuseppe Bersani, Giuseppe Meco, Alessandro Denaro, Damien Liberati, Chiara Colletti, Raffaella Nicolai, Francesco Saverio Bersani, Aleardo KoverechL-Acetylcarnitine in dysthymic disorder in elderly patients: a double-blind, multicenter, controlled randomized study vs. fluoxetineEur Neuropsychopharmacol.(2013 Oct)
Attention - Vermeulen RC, Scholte HRExploratory open label, randomized study of acetyl- and propionylcarnitine in chronic fatigue syndromePsychosom Med.(2004 Mar-Apr)
Fatigue Symptoms - Sugino T, Aoyagi S, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kajimoto OEffects of Citric Acid and l-Carnitine on Physical FatigueJ Clin Biochem Nutr.(2007 Nov)
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms - Brevetti G, Diehm C, Lambert DEuropean multicenter study on propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudicationJ Am Coll Cardiol.(1999 Nov 1)
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms - Brevetti G, Perna S, Sabba C, Martone VD, Di Iorio A, Barletta GEffect of propionyl-L-carnitine on quality of life in intermittent claudicationAm J Cardiol.(1997 Mar 15)
Autism Symptoms - Geier DA, Kern JK, Davis G, King PG, Adams JB, Young JL, Geier MRA prospective double-blind, randomized clinical trial of levocarnitine to treat autism spectrum disordersMed Sci Monit.(2011 Jun)
Cognition - Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Cristaldi E, Colonna V, Messano M, Koverech A, Neri S, Vacante M, Cammalleri L, Motta MAcetyl L-carnitine (ALC) treatment in elderly patients with fatigueArch Gerontol Geriatr.(2008 Mar-Apr)
Cognition - Cuturic M, Abramson RK, Moran RR, Hardin JWClinical outcomes and low-dose levocarnitine supplementation in psychiatric inpatients with documented hypocarnitinemia: a retrospective chart reviewJ Psychiatr Pract.(2010 Jan)
Hyperthyroidism Symptoms - Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, Lapa D, Campenni A, Trimarchi FUsefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2001 Aug)
COPD Symptoms - A Borghi-Silva, V Baldissera, L M M Sampaio, V A Pires-DiLorenzo, M Jamami, A Demonte, J S Marchini, D CostaL-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programsBraz J Med Biol Res.(2006 Apr)
Triglycerides - Karimi M, Pirzad S, Pourfaraji SMA, Parhizkar Roudsari P, Shirsalimi N, Ahmadizad SEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile in adult patients under hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs.Front Med (Lausanne).(2024 Dec 2)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms - Tomassini V, Pozzilli C, Onesti E, Pasqualetti P, Marinelli F, Pisani A, Fieschi CComparison of the effects of acetyl L-carnitine and amantadine for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: results of a pilot, randomised, double-blind, crossover trialJ Neurol Sci.(2004 Mar 15)
Fatigue Symptoms - Ciacci C, Peluso G, Iannoni E, Siniscalchi M, Iovino P, Rispo A, Tortora R, Bucci C, Zingone F, Margarucci S, Calvani ML-Carnitine in the treatment of fatigue in adult celiac disease patients: a pilot studyDig Liver Dis.(2007 Oct)
Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Rossini M, Di Munno O, Valentini G, Bianchi G, Biasi G, Cacace E, Malesci D, La Montagna G, Viapiana O, Adami SDouble-blind, multicenter trial comparing acetyl l-carnitine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patientsClin Exp Rheumatol.(2007 Mar-Apr)
Brain Injury Symptoms - Ata Mahmoodpoor, Ghaffar Shokouhi, Hadi Hamishehkar, Hassan Soleimanpour, Sarvin Sanaie, Jahan Porhomayon, Fatemeh Rasouli, Nader D NaderA pilot trial of l-carnitine in patients with traumatic brain injury: Effects on biomarkers of injuryJ Crit Care.(2018 Jun)

L-Carnitine

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Examine Database: L-Carnitine

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Standard FAQ and database update
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