Cognitive Decline

    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    Cognitive decline refers to a naturally occurring reduction in cognition and memory formation associated with aging, and may be benign or associated with some disease states (such as Alzheimer's). Some supplements that are not inherently nootropic may reduce cognitive decline.

    examine-databaseExamine Database
    20,660 participants in 47 trials

    Examine Database: Cognitive Decline

    Piracetam
    A
    Moderate Improvement
    Ginkgo Biloba
    B
    Moderate Improvement
    Phosphatidylserine
    B
    Small Improvement
    Oxiracetam
    Saffron
    Vinpocetine
    DHEA
    Fish Oil
    Phlebodium aureum
    Eleuthero
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Polygala Tenuifolia
    Curcumin
    Vitamin E
    Nitrate
    Phenylpiracetam
    DMAE
    CDP-Choline
    Alpha-GPC
    Blueberry
    Lion's Mane

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Examine Database References

    1. DHEA - Muller M, van den Beld AW, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Lamberts SWEffects of dehydroepiandrosterone and atamestane supplementation on frailty in elderly menJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2006 Oct)
    2. Phosphatidylserine - Engel RR, Satzger W, Günther W, Kathmann N, Bove D, Gerke S, Münch U, Hippius HDouble-blind cross-over study of phosphatidylserine vs. placebo in patients with early dementia of the Alzheimer typeEur Neuropsychopharmacol.(1992 Jun)
    3. Ginkgo Biloba - Napryeyenko O, Borzenko I; GINDEM-NP Study GroupGinkgo biloba special extract in dementia with neuropsychiatric features. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trialArzneimittelforschung.(2007)
    4. Piracetam - Itil, T.M., G.N. Menon, M. Bozak, and A. SongarThe effects of oxiracetam (ISF 2522) in patients with organic brain syndrome (a double-blind controlled study with piracetam)Drug development research.()
    5. Piracetam - Kretschmar JH, Kretschmar CH[On the dose-effect relationship in the therapy with piracetam (author's transl)]Arzneimittelforschung.(1976)
    6. Oxiracetam - Dysken MW, Katz R, Stallone F, Kuskowski MOxiracetam in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and primary degenerative dementiaJ Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.(1989 Summer)
    7. Blueberry - Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Nash TA, Kalt W, Vinqvist-Tymchuk MR, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JABlueberry supplementation improves memory in older adultsJ Agric Food Chem.(2010 Apr 14)
    8. Polygala Tenuifolia - Shin KY, Lee JY, Won BY, Jung HY, Chang KA, Koppula S, Suh YHBT-11 is effective for enhancing cognitive functions in the elderly humansNeurosci Lett.(2009 Nov 13)
    9. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Heo JH, Lee ST, Chu K, Oh MJ, Park HJ, Shim JY, Kim MAn open-label trial of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's diseaseEur J Neurol.(2008 Aug)
    10. Ginkgo Biloba - Ihl R, Tribanek M, Bachinskaya N, GOTADAY Study GroupEfficacy and tolerability of a once daily formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: results from a randomised controlled trialPharmacopsychiatry.(2012 Mar)
    11. Ginkgo Biloba - Brautigam MR, Blommaert FA, Verleye G, Castermans J, Jansen Steur EN, Kleijnen JTreatment of age-related memory complaints with Ginkgo biloba extract: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled studyPhytomedicine.(1998 Dec)
    12. Ginkgo Biloba - Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Hörr RProof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementiaPharmacopsychiatry.(1996 Mar)
    13. Phosphatidylserine - Klinkhammer P, Szelies B, Heiss W.D.Effect of Phosphatidylserine on Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Alzheimer's DiseaseDementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders.()
    14. Phlebodium aureum - Alvarez XA, Pichel V, Pérez P, Laredo M, Corzo D, Zas R, Fernández-Novoa L, Sempere JM, Díaz J, Cacabelos RDouble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study with anapsos in senile dementia: effects on cognition, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral hemodynamicsMethods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol.(2000 Sep)
    15. Vitamin E - Kang JH, Cook N, Manson J, Buring JE, Grodstein FA randomized trial of vitamin E supplementation and cognitive function in womenArch Intern Med.(2006 Dec 11-25)
    16. Ginkgo Biloba - Yancheva S, Ihl R, Nikolova G, Panayotov P, Schlaefke S, Hoerr R, GINDON Study GroupGinkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R), donepezil or both combined in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, double-blind, exploratory trialAging Ment Health.(2009 Mar)
    17. Vinpocetine - E I Chukanova[Efficacy of cavinton in the treatment of patients with chronic blood flow insufficiency. Russian multicenter clinical-epidemiological program "CALIPSO"]Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova.(2010)
    18. Ginkgo Biloba - Herrschaft H, Nacu A, Likhachev S, Sholomov I, Hoerr R, Schlaefke SGinkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in dementia with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of a daily dose of 240 mgJ Psychiatr Res.(2012 Jun)
    19. Fish Oil - Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, Launer LJ, Grodstein F, Bernstein PS, Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research GroupEffect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical TrialJAMA.(2015 Aug 25)
    20. Eleuthero - Cicero AF, Derosa G, Brillante R, Bernardi R, Nascetti S, Gaddi AEffects of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus maxim.) on elderly quality of life: a randomized clinical trialArch Gerontol Geriatr Suppl.(2004)
    21. Ginkgo Biloba - Zhang SJ, Xue ZYEffect of Western medicine therapy assisted by Ginkgo biloba tablet on vascular cognitive impairment of none dementiaAsian Pac J Trop Med.(2012 Aug)
    22. Ginkgo Biloba - Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AFA placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group.JAMA.(1997)
    23. Saffron - Mehdi Farokhnia, Mehdi Shafiee Sabet, Negar Iranpour, Amirhossein Gougol, Habibeh Yekehtaz, Roozbeh Alimardani, Farzaneh Farsad, Maryam Kamalipour, Shahin AkhondzadehComparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: a double-blind randomized clinical trialHum Psychopharmacol.(2014 Jul)
    24. Piracetam - Croisile B, Trillet M, Fondarai J, Laurent B, Mauguière F, Billardon MLong-term and high-dose piracetam treatment of Alzheimer's diseaseNeurology.(1993 Feb)
    25. Ginkgo Biloba - K. Wesnes, D. Simmons, M. Rook, P. SimpsonA double-blind placebo-controlled trial of tanakan in the treatment of idiopathic cognitive impairment in the elderlyHuman Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental.()
    26. Oxiracetam - B Baumel, L Eisner, M Karukin, R MacNamara, R J Katz, J Deveaugh-GeissOxiracetam in the treatment of multi-infarct dementiaProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(1989)
    27. Piracetam - Israel L, Melac M, Milinkevitch D, Dubos GDrug therapy and memory training programs: a double-blind randomized trial of general practice patients with age-associated memory impairmentInt Psychogeriatr.(1994 Fall)
    28. Phosphatidylserine - Crook T, Petrie W, Wells C, Massari DCEffects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's diseasePsychopharmacol Bull.(1992)
    29. Phosphatidylserine - Jorissen BL, Brouns F, Van Boxtel MP, Ponds RW, Verhey FR, Jolles J, Riedel WJThe influence of soy-derived phosphatidylserine on cognition in age-associated memory impairmentNutr Neurosci.(2001)
    30. DMAE - Dubois B, Zaim M, Touchon J, Vellas B, Robert P, Murphy MF, Pujadas-Navinés F, Rainer M, Soininen H, Riordan HJ, Kanony-Truc CEffect of six months of treatment with V0191 in patients with suspected prodromal Alzheimer's diseaseJ Alzheimers Dis.(2012)
    31. Ginkgo Biloba - Snitz BE, O'Meara ES, Carlson MC, Arnold AM, Ives DG, Rapp SR, Saxton J, Lopez OL, Dunn LO, Sink KM, DeKosky ST, Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study InvestigatorsGinkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trialJAMA.(2009 Dec 23)
    32. Vinpocetine - O V Vorob'eva, E S Tamarova[Efficacy of vinpotropile in the therapy of initial signs of cerebrovascular pathology]Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova.(2010)
    33. Lion's Mane - Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, Azumi Y, Tuchida TImproving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trialPhytother Res.(2009 Mar)
    34. CDP-Choline - Alvarez XA, Laredo M, Corzo D, Fernández-Novoa L, Mouzo R, Perea JE, Daniele D, Cacabelos RCiticoline improves memory performance in elderly subjectsMethods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol.(1997 Apr)
    35. Saffron - Magda Tsolaki, Elina Karathanasi, Ioulietta Lazarou, Kostas Dovas, Eleni Verykouki, Anastasios Karacostas, Kostas Georgiadis, Anthoula Tsolaki, Katerina Adam, Ioannis Kompatsiaris, Zacharias SinakosEfficacy and Safety of Crocus sativus L. in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: One Year Single-Blind Randomized, with Parallel Groups, Clinical TrialJ Alzheimers Dis.(2016 Jul 27)
    36. Alpha-GPC - De Jesus Moreno Moreno MCognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trialClin Ther.(2003 Jan)
    37. Oxiracetam - Bottini G, Vallar G, Cappa S, Monza GC, Scarpini E, Baron P, Cheldi A, Scarlato GOxiracetam in dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyActa Neurol Scand.(1992 Sep)
    38. Curcumin - Baum L, Lam CW, Cheung SK, Kwok T, Lui V, Tsoh J, Lam L, Leung V, Hui E, Ng C, Woo J, Chiu HF, Goggins WB, Zee BC, Cheng KF, Fong CY, Wong A, Mok H, Chow MS, Ho PC, Ip SP, Ho CS, Yu XW, Lai CY, Chan MH, Szeto S, Chan IH, Mok VSix-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer diseaseJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2008 Feb)
    39. Phenylpiracetam - A Iu Savchenko, N S Zakharova, I N Stepanov[The phenotropil treatment of the consequences of brain organic lesions]Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova.(2005)
    40. Fish Oil - Yurko-Mauro K, McCarthy D, Rom D, Nelson EB, Ryan AS, Blackwell A, Salem N Jr, Stedman M; MIDAS InvestigatorsBeneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive declineAlzheimers Dement.(2010 Nov)
    41. DHEA - Yamada S, Akishita M, Fukai S, Ogawa S, Yamaguchi K, Matsuyama J, Kozaki K, Toba K, Ouchi YEffects of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on cognitive function and activities of daily living in older women with mild to moderate cognitive impairmentGeriatr Gerontol Int.(2010 Oct)
    42. Nitrate - Kelly J, Fulford J, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, French O, Bailey SJ, Gilchrist M, Winyard PG, Jones AMEffects of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure, O2 uptake kinetics, and muscle and cognitive function in older adultsAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2013 Jan 15)
    43. Oxiracetam - Maina G, Fiori L, Torta R, Fagiani MB, Ravizza L, Bonavita E, Ghiazza B, Teruzzi F, Zagnoni PG, Ferrario E, et alOxiracetam in the treatment of primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyNeuropsychobiology.(1989)
    44. Piracetam - Waegemans T, Wilsher CR, Danniau A, Ferris SH, Kurz A, Winblad BClinical efficacy of piracetam in cognitive impairment: a meta-analysisDement Geriatr Cogn Disord.(2002)
    45. Piracetam - Abuzzahab FS Sr, Merwin GE, Zimmermann RL, Sherman MCA double blind investigation of piracetam (Nootropil) vs placebo in geriatric memoryPharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol.(1977 Mar)
    46. Phosphatidylserine - Kato-Kataoka A, Sakai M, Ebina R, Nonaka C, Asano T, Miyamori TSoybean-derived phosphatidylserine improves memory function of the elderly Japanese subjects with memory complaintsJ Clin Biochem Nutr.(2010 Nov)
    47. Ginkgo Biloba - Vellas B, Coley N, Ousset PJ, Berrut G, Dartigues JF, Dubois B, Grandjean H, Pasquier F, Piette F, Robert P, Touchon J, Garnier P, Mathiex-Fortunet H, Andrieu S, GuidAge Study GroupLong-term use of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo-controlled trialLancet Neurol.(2012 Oct)