Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

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    Marina Shkayeva, Graham Walker
    Last Updated: January 22, 2025

    Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a degenerative disease of the kidneys. In addition to medication, CKD is managed nutritionally with diets that modify the intake of specific nutrients affected by impaired kidney function.

    16 references on this page
    15,893 participants in 17 trials and 19 meta-analyses

    Overview

    Examine Database: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

    Resveratrol
    L-Carnitine
    Creatine
    Fish Oil
    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
    Mediterranean Diet
    Resistant Starch
    Sodium Bicarbonate
    Astaxanthin
    Black seed
    Chia seeds
    Cocoa Extract
    Coenzyme Q10
    Curcumin
    Fiber
    Fruits And Vegetables
    Grape Juice
    Low-Protein Diet
    Magnesium
    Melatonin
    Selenium
    Soy Isoflavones
    Soy Protein
    Vitamin C
    Vitamin E
    Vitamin K
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    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    Examine Database References

    1. Kidney Oxygenation - Menno Pruijm, Lucie Hofmann, Julie Charollais-Thoenig, Valentina Forni, Marc Maillard, Andrew Coristine, Matthias Stuber, Michel Burnier, Bruno VogtEffect of dark chocolate on renal tissue oxygenation as measured by BOLD-MRI in healthy volunteersClin Nephrol.(2013 Sep)
    2. Itching - Se Kyoo Jeong, Hyun Jung Park, Byeong Deog Park, Il-Hwan KimEffectiveness of Topical Chia Seed Oil on Pruritus of End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients and Healthy VolunteersAnn Dermatol.(2010 May)
    3. Atherosclerotic Signs - Coombes JS, Sharman JE, Fassett RGAstaxanthin has no effect on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress, or inflammation in renal transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial (the XANTHIN trial)Am J Clin Nutr.(2016 Jan)
    4. Atherosclerotic Signs - Qin X, Xu M, Zhang Y, Li J, Xu X, Wang X, Xu X, Huo YEffect of folic acid supplementation on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Atherosclerosis.(2012-Jun)
    5. Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease - Qin X, Huo Y, Xie D, Hou F, Xu X, Wang XHomocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid is effective in cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr.(2013-Oct)
    6. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Chen Y, Abbate M, Tang L, Cai G, Gong Z, Wei R, Zhou J, Chen XL-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysisAm J Clin Nutr.(2014 Feb)
    7. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Aneliya Parvanova, Matias Trillini, Manuel A Podestà, Ilian P Iliev, Carolina Aparicio, Annalisa Perna, Francesco Peraro, Nadia Rubis, Flavio Gaspari, Antonio Cannata, Silvia Ferrari, Antonio C Bossi, Roberto Trevisan, Sreejith Parameswaran, Jonathan S Chávez-Iñiguez, Fahrudin Masnic, Sidy Mohamed Seck, Teerayuth Jiamjariyaporn, Monica Cortinovis, Luca Perico, Kanishka Sharma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Piero Ruggenenti, David G WarnockBlood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled TrialJ Endocr Soc.(2018 Mar 22)
    8. Exercise-Induced Oxidation - Fatouros IG, Douroudos I, Panagoutsos S, Pasadakis P, Nikolaidis MG, Chatzinikolaou A, Sovatzidis A, Michailidis Y, Jamurtas AZ, Mandalidis D, Taxildaris K, Vargemezis VEffects of L-carnitine on oxidative stress responses in patients with renal diseaseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2010 Oct)
    9. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Sahar Rafiee, Hamed Mohammadi, Abed Ghavami, Erfan Sadeghi, Zahra Safari, Gholamreza AskariEfficacy of resveratrol supplementation in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trialsComplement Ther Clin Pract.(2020 Dec 4)
    10. Serum Albumin - Abdollahi S, Vajdi M, Meshkini F, Vasmehjani AA, Sangsefidi ZS, Clark CCT, Soltani SResveratrol may mildly improve renal function in the general adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Nutr Res.(2023-May)
    11. TNF-Alpha - Melodi Omraninava, Bahman Razi, Saeed Aslani, Danyal Imani, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Amirhossein SahebkarEffect of resveratrol on inflammatory cytokines: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2021 Oct 5)
    12. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) - Koushki M, Lakzaei M, Khodabandehloo H, Hosseini H, Meshkani R, Panahi GTherapeutic effect of resveratrol supplementation on oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Postgrad Med J.(2020-Apr)
    13. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Castilla P, Echarri R, Dávalos A, Cerrato F, Ortega H, Teruel JL, Lucas MF, Gómez-Coronado D, Ortuño J, Lasunción MAConcentrated red grape juice exerts antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiinflammatory effects in both hemodialysis patients and healthy subjectsAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 Jul)
    14. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Du X, Wu J, Gao C, Tan Q, Xu YEffects of Resistant Starch on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Diabetes Res.(2022)
    15. Serum Albumin - Zhang Y, Hu XY, Yang SY, Hu YC, Duan KEffects of resistant starch supplementation on renal function and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Ren Fail.(2024 Oct 24)
    16. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Guo G, Zhou J, Xu T, Sheng Z, Huang A, Sun L, Yao LEffect of Magnesium Supplementation on Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder in Hemodialysis Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.J Ren Nutr.(2022-Jan)
    17. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Bakhshayeshkaram M, Lankarani KB, Mirhosseini N, Tabrizi R, Akbari M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Asemi ZThe Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Curr Pharm Des.(2018)
    18. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Golpour-Hamedani S, Moridpour AH, Vajdi M, Askari GThe effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Inflammopharmacology.(2023-Jun)
    19. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Zhixiang Y, Yongxing X, Juan L, Qing Y, Yangyang L, Zhangrui Z, Yuehua GThe effects of soy protein and soy isoflavones intake on chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int Urol Nephrol.(2024 Nov 29)
    20. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Cheng Q, Fan D, Chen P, Yuan HEffect of selenium supplementation on hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis.Int Urol Nephrol.(2025 Feb 3)
    21. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Wathanavasin W, Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Fülöp TEffects of Dietary Fiber Supplementation on Modulating Uremic Toxins and Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Toxins (Basel).(2025 Jan 26)
    22. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Fazelian S, Moradi F, Agah S, Hoseini A, Heydari H, Morvaridzadeh M, Omidi A, Pizarro AB, Ghafouri A, Heshmati JEffect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on cardio-metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Nephrol.(2021-May-01)
    23. Inflammation - Deike E, Bowden RG, Moreillon JJ, Griggs JO, Wilson RL, Cooke M, Shelmadine BD, Beaujean AAThe Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Markers of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease PatientsJ Ren Nutr.(2012 Jan 26)
    24. Serum Bicarbonate - Wu Y, Wang Y, Huang W, Guo X, Hou B, Tang J, Wu Y, Zheng H, Pan Y, Liu WJEfficacy and safety of oral sodium bicarbonate in kidney-transplant recipients and non-transplant patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Pharmacol.(2024)
    25. Glomerular Filtration Rate - Nimrit Goraya, Jan Simoni, Chan-Hee Jo, Donald E WessonTreatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or oral bicarbonate reduces urine angiotensinogen and preserves glomerular filtration rateKidney Int.(2014 Nov)
    26. Inflammation - Knab AM, Shanely RA, Henson DA, Jin F, Heinz SA, Austin MD, Nieman DCInfluence of quercetin supplementation on disease risk factors in community-dwelling adultsJ Am Diet Assoc.(2011 Apr)
    27. Serum Albumin - Chen CH, Tsai PH, Tsai WC, Ko MJ, Hsu LY, Chien KL, Hung KY, Wu HYEfficacy and safety of ketoanalogue supplementation combined with protein-restricted diets in advanced chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nephrol.(2024 Sep 28)
    28. Glomerular Filtration Rate - Khedidja Mekki, Nassima Bouzidi-bekada, Abbou Kaddous, Malika BouchenakMediterranean diet improves dyslipidemia and biomarkers in chronic renal failure patientsFood Funct.(2010 Oct)
    29. Serum Potassium - Kwon YJ, Joo YS, Yun HR, Lim LR, Yang J, Lee HS, Kim HM, Lee H, Lee JE, Lee JWSafety and impact of the Mediterranean diet in patients with chronic kidney disease: a pilot randomized crossover trial.Front Nutr.(2024)
    30. Muscle Creatine Content - Jacques R Poortmans, Alain Kumps, Pierre Duez, Aline Fofonka, Alain Carpentier, Marc FrancauxEffect of oral creatine supplementation on urinary methylamine, formaldehyde, and formateMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2005 Oct)
    31. Kidney Function - Taes YE, Delanghe JR, De Bacquer D, Langlois M, Stevens L, Geerolf I, Lameire NH, De Vriese ASCreatine supplementation does not decrease total plasma homocysteine in chronic hemodialysis patientsKidney Int.(2004 Dec)
    32. Free Testosterone - Yeksan M, Polat M, Türk S, Kazanci H, Akhan G, Erdogan Y, Erkul IEffect of vitamin E therapy on sexual functions of uremic patients in hemodialysisInt J Artif Organs.(1992 Nov)
    33. Cerebral Blood Flow - Cook JS, Sauder CL, Ray CAMelatonin differentially affects vascular blood flow in humansAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2011 Feb)
    34. Osteocalcin - Geng C, Huang L, Pu L, Feng YEffects of vitamin K supplementation on vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Nutr.(2022)
    35. Plasma Nitrate - Vahid S, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Ahmadi F, Amini M, Salehi Surmaghi MHEffect of herbal medicine achillea millefolium on plasma nitrite and nitrate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: a preliminary study.Iran J Kidney Dis.(2012-Sep)
    36. Vascular Function - Gimblet CJ, Kruse NT, Geasland K, Michelson J, Sun M, Ten Eyck P, Linkenmeyer C, Mandukhail SR, Rossman MJ, Sambharia M, Chonchol M, Kurella Tamura M, Seals D, Hoth KF, Jalal DCurcumin Supplementation and Vascular and Cognitive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Antioxidants (Basel).(2024 Aug 14)
    Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.