Inflammation

    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    Inflammation is an alarm signal of sorts that is triggered by invading pathogens or injury. It mobilizes the immune system to neutralize and kill the infection or promote tissue repair and healing. Although controlled inflammation is critical for surviving in a stressful world, when it is excessive or prolonged it can lead to health problems, and is a common driver of many chronic diseases.

    examine-databaseExamine Database
    6,070 participants in 79 trials

    Summary

    What is inflammation?

    Inflammation is a danger or alarm signal triggered by infection or injury that mobilizes the immune system to help fight off invading pathogens or initiate the repair of damaged or injured tissue. It was originally defined by observations of what occurs during the process, as described by the following Latin words:

     Calor (heat) 
 Dolor (pain) 
 Rubor (redness) 
 Tumor (swelling)

    The pain, redness and swelling that occur with inflammation isn’t caused by the actual infection or injury, but the immune system’s reaction to them. When an inflammatory response is triggered, chemical messengers are released into the blood. This triggers an increase in the size of small blood vessels called capillaries, moving more blood into the damaged or infected region. Gaps also form in between the endothelial cells lining blood vessels, allowing blood plasma to leak into the surrounding tissues.

    The local increase in blood flow and leakage of plasma into the damaged area in-turn causes skin in the area to feel warm to the touch and take on a darker, more reddish color. Increased volume of fluid in the damaged area causes swelling, which in turn causes pain by increasing the pressure on local nerve endings. Release of chemical messengers called cytokines also makes the surface of the endothelial cells lining blood vessels more “sticky”, allowing white blood cells to attach to the blood vessel wall.

    After attaching to the blood vessel wall, white blood cells such as macrophages and neutrophils undergo a process called extravasation, where they squeeze in between the gaps in endothelial cells to move from the blood into the injured or damaged tissue. Macrophages and neutrophils in particular function as sort of first-responders, trafficking from the blood into the damaged or infected tissue to promote tissue repair or attack invading pathogens.

    As the macrophages and neutrophils are waging war with the invading pathogen or helping to clear out damaged tissue, more chemical substances are released that can further enhance inflammation leading to collateral tissue damage and more pain and swelling.

    What is chronic inflammation?

    The inflammatory response is designed to be acute and self-limiting. As microbes are eliminated and tissue integrity is restored, local immune cells secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines that promote tissue regeneration and resolution of the inflammation.

    Unlike acute inflammation, which may last days to weeks but eventually resolves, chronic inflammation is more of a slow, long-term type of inflammation that can last for months to years. While typically not as intense as acute inflammatory processes, chronic, low-grade inflammation does not tend to resolve and also is a contributing factor to the pathology of many diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, arthritis and joint diseases, and metabolic disorders.

    Chronic inflammation can have many causes, including failure of the immune system to clear a pathogen or toxic substance from the body, or metabolic dysfunction that leads to an increase in toxic byproducts such as reactive oxygen species.

    Unlike acute inflammation, which is more intense but self-limiting and short-lived, chronic inflammation can last for months or years, and is a contributing factor to many chronic diseases.

    Examine Database: Inflammation

    Fish Oil
    C
    Small Decrease
    Curcumin
    A
    Moderate Decrease
    Vitamin C
    D
    No effect
    Ginger
    Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Serrapeptase
    Coenzyme Q10
    Low-FODMAP Diet
    Stinging Nettle
    Vitamin D
    Pycnogenol
    Astaxanthin
    Alpha-Lipoic Acid
    Creatine
    Yarrow
    Vitamins E And C
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Japanese Knotweed
    Olive Leaf Extract
    Whey Protein
    Phosphatidylserine
    Glutamine
    Benfotiamine
    Resveratrol
    Quercetin
    Theaflavins
    Boron
    Melatonin
    Sea Buckthorn
    Chia seeds
    Roselle
    Coffee
    Bromelain

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Examine Database References

    1. Quercetin - Boots AW, Drent M, de Boer VC, Bast A, Haenen GRQuercetin reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in sarcoidosisClin Nutr.(2011 Aug)
    2. Fish Oil - Schirmer SH, Werner CM, Binder SB, Faas ME, Custodis F, Böhm M, Laufs UEffects of omega-3 fatty acids on postprandial triglycerides and monocyte activationAtherosclerosis.(2012 Nov)
    3. Coenzyme Q10 - Yubero-Serrano EM, Gonzalez-Guardia L, Rangel-Zuñiga O, Delgado-Lista J, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Casado N, Cruz-Teno C, Tinahones FJ, Villalba JM, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda JMediterranean Diet Supplemented With Coenzyme Q10 Modifies the Expression of Proinflammatory and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Genes in Elderly Men and WomenJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.(2011 Oct 20)
    4. Vitamin C - Colby JA, Chen WT, Baker WL, Coleman CI, Reinhart K, Kluger J, White CMEffect of ascorbic acid on inflammatory markers after cardiothoracic surgeryAm J Health Syst Pharm.(2011 Sep 1)
    5. Serrapeptase - Chopra D, Rehan HS, Mehra P, Kakkar AKA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of paracetamol, serratiopeptidase, ibuprofen and betamethasone using the dental impaction pain modelInt J Oral Maxillofac Surg.(2009 Apr)
    6. Serrapeptase - Murugesan K, Sreekumar K, Sabapathy BComparison of the roles of serratiopeptidase and dexamethasone in the control of inflammation and trismus following impacted third molar surgeryIndian J Dent Res.(2012 Nov-Dec)
    7. Alpha-Lipoic Acid - Bae SC, Jung WJ, Lee EJ, Yu R, Sung MKEffects of antioxidant supplements intervention on the level of plasma inflammatory molecules and disease severity of rheumatoid arthritis patientsJ Am Coll Nutr.(2009 Feb)
    8. Curcumin - Khajehdehi P, Pakfetrat M, Javidnia K, Azad F, Malekmakan L, Nasab MH, Dehghanzadeh GOral supplementation of turmeric attenuates proteinuria, transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-8 levels in patients with overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled studyScand J Urol Nephrol.(2011 Nov)
    9. Curcumin - Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Grossi MG, Togni S, Appendino GEfficacy and safety of Meriva®, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, during extended administration in osteoarthritis patientsAltern Med Rev.(2010 Dec)
    10. Fish Oil - Ciubotaru I, Lee YS, Wander RCDietary fish oil decreases C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and triacylglycerol to HDL-cholesterol ratio in postmenopausal women on HRTJ Nutr Biochem.(2003 Sep)
    11. Stinging Nettle - Teucher T, Obertreis B, Ruttkowski T, Schmitz HCytokine secretion in whole blood of healthy subjects following oral administration of Urtica dioica L. plant extractArzneimittelforschung.(1996 Sep)
    12. Whey Protein - Pal S, Ellis VAcute effects of whey protein isolate on blood pressure, vascular function and inflammatory markers in overweight postmenopausal womenBr J Nutr.(2011 May)
    13. Japanese Knotweed - Ghanim H, Sia CL, Abuaysheh S, Korzeniewski K, Patnaik P, Marumganti A, Chaudhuri A, Dandona PAn antiinflammatory and reactive oxygen species suppressive effects of an extract of Polygonum cuspidatum containing resveratrolJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2010 Sep)
    14. Theaflavins - Arent SM, Senso M, Golem DL, McKeever KHThe effects of theaflavin-enriched black tea extract on muscle soreness, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine responses to acute anaerobic interval training: a randomized, double-blind, crossover studyJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2010 Feb 23)
    15. Fish Oil - Vega-López S, Kaul N, Devaraj S, Cai RY, German B, Jialal ISupplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-rac alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteersMetabolism.(2004 Feb)
    16. Fish Oil - Kooshki A, Taleban FA, Tabibi H, Hedayati MEffects of marine omega-3 fatty acids on serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patientsAnn Nutr Metab.(2011)
    17. Serrapeptase - Tachibana M, Mizukoshi O, Harada Y, Kawamoto K, Nakai YA multi-centre, double-blind study of serrapeptase versus placebo in post-antrotomy buccal swellingPharmatherapeutica.(1984)
    18. Stinging Nettle - Namazi N, Esfanjani AT, Heshmati J, Bahrami AThe effect of hydro alcoholic Nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts on insulin sensitivity and some inflammatory indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind control trialPak J Biol Sci.(2011 Aug 1)
    19. Fish Oil - Mackay I, Ford I, Thies F, Fielding S, Bachoo P, Brittenden JEffect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on markers of platelet and endothelial function in patients with peripheral arterial diseaseAtherosclerosis.(2012 Jan 13)
    20. Curcumin - Khajehdehi P, Zanjaninejad B, Aflaki E, Nazarinia M, Azad F, Malekmakan L, Dehghanzadeh GROral supplementation of turmeric decreases proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis: a randomized and placebo-controlled studyJ Ren Nutr.(2012 Jan)
    21. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Jung HL, Kwak HE, Kim SS, Kim YC, Lee CD, Byurn HK, Kang HYEffects of Panax ginseng supplementation on muscle damage and inflammation after uphill treadmill running in humansAm J Chin Med.(2011)
    22. Alpha-Lipoic Acid - Sola S, Mir MQ, Cheema FA, Khan-Merchant N, Menon RG, Parthasarathy S, Khan BVIrbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) studyCirculation.(2005 Jan 25)
    23. Vitamin C - Nakhostin-Roohi B, Babaei P, Rahmani-Nia F, Bohlooli SEffect of vitamin C supplementation on lipid peroxidation, muscle damage and inflammation after 30-min exercise at 75% VO2maxJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2008 Jun)
    24. Vitamin C - Gutierrez AD, Duran-Valdez E, Robinson I, de Serna DG, Schade DSDoes short-term vitamin C reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes?Endocr Pract.(2013 Sep-Oct)
    25. Fish Oil - Kelley DS, Taylor PC, Nelson GJ, Schmidt PC, Ferretti A, Erickson KL, Yu R, Chandra RK, Mackey BEDocosahexaenoic acid ingestion inhibits natural killer cell activity and production of inflammatory mediators in young healthy menLipids.(1999 Apr)
    26. Fish Oil - Dangardt F, Osika W, Chen Y, Nilsson U, Gan LM, Gronowitz E, Strandvik B, Friberg POmega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves vascular function and reduces inflammation in obese adolescentsAtherosclerosis.(2010 Oct)
    27. Low-FODMAP Diet - Giorgia Bodini, Claudia Zanella, Mattia Crespi, Sara Lo Pumo, Maria Giulia Demarzo, Edoardo Savarino, Vincenzo Savarino, Edoardo G GianniniA randomized, 6-wk trial of a low FODMAP diet in patients with inflammatory bowel diseaseNutrition.(Nov-Dec 2019)
    28. Olive Leaf Extract - de Bock M, Derraik JG, Brennan CM, Biggs JB, Morgan PE, Hodgkinson SC, Hofman PL, Cutfield WSOlive (Olea europaea L.) Leaf Polyphenols Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Middle-Aged Overweight Men: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover TrialPLoS One.(2013)
    29. Ginger - Zahmatkash M, Vafaeenasab MRComparing analgesic effects of a topical herbal mixed medicine with salicylate in patients with knee osteoarthritisPak J Biol Sci.(2011 Jul 1)
    30. Serrapeptase - P M Esch, H Gerngross, A Fabian[Reduction of postoperative swelling. Objective measurement of swelling of the upper ankle joint in treatment with serrapeptase-- a prospective study]Fortschr Med.(1989 Feb 10)
    31. Vitamin C - Knab AM, Shanely RA, Henson DA, Jin F, Heinz SA, Austin MD, Nieman DCInfluence of quercetin supplementation on disease risk factors in community-dwelling adultsJ Am Diet Assoc.(2011 Apr)
    32. Fish Oil - Pot GK, Brouwer IA, Enneman A, Rijkers GT, Kampman E, Geelen ANo effect of fish oil supplementation on serum inflammatory markers and their interrelationships: a randomized controlled trial in healthy, middle-aged individualsEur J Clin Nutr.(2009 Nov)
    33. Curcumin - Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K, Watanabe F, Maruyama Y, Andoh A, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y, Mitsuyama K, Sata M, Yamada M, Iwaoka Y, Kanke K, Hiraishi H, Hirayama K, Arai H, Yoshii S, Uchijima M, Nagata T, Koide YCurcumin maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialClin Gastroenterol Hepatol.(2006 Dec)
    34. Vitamin D - Gepner AD, Ramamurthy R, Krueger DC, Korcarz CE, Binkley N, Stein JHA prospective randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease riskPLoS One.(2012)
    35. Melatonin - Ochoa JJ, Díaz-Castro J, Kajarabille N, García C, Guisado IM, De Teresa C, Guisado RMelatonin supplementation ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling induced by strenuous exercise in adult human malesJ Pineal Res.(2011 Nov)
    36. Coffee - Kempf K, Herder C, Erlund I, Kolb H, Martin S, Carstensen M, Koenig W, Sundvall J, Bidel S, Kuha S, Tuomilehto JEffects of coffee consumption on subclinical inflammation and other risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a clinical trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 Apr)
    37. Benfotiamine - Fraser DA, Diep LM, Hovden IA, Nilsen KB, Sveen KA, Seljeflot I, Hanssen KFThe effects of long-term oral benfotiamine supplementation on peripheral nerve function and inflammatory markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: a 24-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2012 May)
    38. Phosphatidylserine - Kingsley MI, Kilduff LP, McEneny J, Dietzig RE, Benton DPhosphatidylserine supplementation and recovery following downhill runningMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2006 Sep)
    39. Chia seeds - Nieman DC, Cayea EJ, Austin MD, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, Jin FChia seed does not promote weight loss or alter disease risk factors in overweight adultsNutr Res.(2009 Jun)
    40. Low-FODMAP Diet - Stephanie K Gaskell, Bonnie Taylor, Jane Muir, Ricardo J S CostaImpact of 24-h high and low fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharide, and polyol diets on markers of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome in response to exertional heat stressAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2020 Jun)
    41. Coenzyme Q10 - Gökbel H, Gergerlioğlu HS, Okudan N, Gül I, Büyükbaş S, Belviranli MEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on plasma adiponectin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in menJ Med Food.(2010 Feb)
    42. Ginger - Black CD, Herring MP, Hurley DJ, O'Connor PJGinger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exerciseJ Pain.(2010 Sep)
    43. Ginger - Muhammad S Mansour, Yu-Ming Ni, Amy L Roberts, Michael Kelleman, Arindam Roychoudhury, Marie-Pierre St-OngeGinger consumption enhances the thermic effect of food and promotes feelings of satiety without affecting metabolic and hormonal parameters in overweight men: a pilot studyMetabolism.(2012 Oct)
    44. Fish Oil - Kabir M, Skurnik G, Naour N, Pechtner V, Meugnier E, Rome S, Quignard-Boulangé A, Vidal H, Slama G, Clément K, Guerre-Millo M, Rizkalla SWTreatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled studyAm J Clin Nutr.(2007 Dec)
    45. Low-FODMAP Diet - Selina R Cox, James O Lindsay, Sébastien Fromentin, Andrew J Stagg, Neil E McCarthy, Nathalie Galleron, Samar B Ibraim, Hugo Roume, Florence Levenez, Nicolas Pons, Nicolas Maziers, Miranda C Lomer, S Dusko Ehrlich, Peter M Irving, Kevin WhelanEffects of Low FODMAP Diet on Symptoms, Fecal Microbiome, and Markers of Inflammation in Patients With Quiescent Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Randomized TrialGastroenterology.(2020 Jan)
    46. Bromelain - A F Walker, R Bundy, S M Hicks, R W MiddletonBromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adultsPhytomedicine.(2002 Dec)
    47. Boron - Naghii MR, Mofid M, Asgari AR, Hedayati M, Daneshpour MSComparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokinesJ Trace Elem Med Biol.(2011 Jan)
    48. Pycnogenol - Enseleit F, Sudano I, Périat D, Winnik S, Wolfrum M, Flammer AJ, Fröhlich GM, Kaiser P, Hirt A, Haile SR, Krasniqi N, Matter CM, Uhlenhut K, Högger P, Neidhart M, Lüscher TF, Ruschitzka F, Noll GEffects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over studyEur Heart J.(2012 Jul)
    49. Conjugated Linoleic Acid - Moloney F, Yeow TP, Mullen A, Nolan JJ, Roche HMConjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm J Clin Nutr.(2004 Oct)
    50. Fish Oil - Rizza S, Tesauro M, Cardillo C, Galli A, Iantorno M, Gigli F, Sbraccia P, Federici M, Quon MJ, Lauro DFish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetesAtherosclerosis.(2009 Oct)
    51. Astaxanthin - Coombes JS, Sharman JE, Fassett RGAstaxanthin has no effect on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress, or inflammation in renal transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial (the XANTHIN trial)Am J Clin Nutr.(2016 Jan)
    52. Vitamin C - Thompson D, Bailey DM, Hill J, Hurst T, Powell JR, Williams CProlonged vitamin C supplementation and recovery from eccentric exerciseEur J Appl Physiol.(2004 Jun)
    53. Fish Oil - Yusof HM, Miles EA, Calder PInfluence of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids on plasma markers of inflammation in middle-aged menProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2008 Mar)
    54. Fish Oil - Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Vanden Heuvel JP, Wagner PR, West SGDose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemiaAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Feb)
    55. Curcumin - Amalraj A, Varma K, Jacob J, Divya C, Kunnumakkara AB, Stohs SJ, Gopi SA Novel Highly Bioavailable Curcumin Formulation Improves Symptoms and Diagnostic Indicators in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Dose, Three-Arm, and Parallel-Group StudyJ Med Food.(2017 Oct)
    56. Fish Oil - Fujioka S, Hamazaki K, Itomura M, Huan M, Nishizawa H, Sawazaki S, Kitajima I, Hamazaki TThe effects of eicosapentaenoic acid-fortified food on inflammatory markers in healthy subjects--A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studyJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2006 Aug)
    57. Fish Oil - Finocchiaro C, Segre O, Fadda M, Monge T, Scigliano M, Schena M, Tinivella M, Tiozzo E, Catalano MG, Pugliese M, Fortunati N, Aragno M, Muzio G, Maggiora M, Oraldi M, Canuto RAEffect of n-3 fatty acids on patients with advanced lung cancer: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyBr J Nutr.(2011 Nov 25)
    58. Ginger - Zick SM, Turgeon DK, Vareed SK, Ruffin MT, Litzinger AJ, Wright BD, Alrawi S, Normolle DP, Djuric Z, Brenner DEPhase II study of the effects of ginger root extract on eicosanoids in colon mucosa in people at normal risk for colorectal cancerCancer Prev Res (Phila).(2011 Nov)
    59. Pycnogenol - Tanja Grimm, Zuzana Chovanová, Jana Muchová, Katarína Sumegová, Anna Liptáková, Zdeňka Ďuračková and Petra HöggerInhibition of NF-κB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol)Journal of Inflammation.()
    60. Coenzyme Q10 - Sawaddiruk P, Apaijai N, Paiboonworachat S, Kaewchur T, Kasitanon N, Jaiwongkam T, Kerdphoo S, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SCCoenzyme Q10 supplementation alleviates pain in pregabalin-treated fibromyalgia patients via reducing brain activity and mitochondrial dysfunctionFree Radic Res.(2019 Aug)
    61. Conjugated Linoleic Acid - Tricon S, Burdge GC, Jones EL, Russell JJ, El-Khazen S, Moretti E, Hall WL, Gerry AB, Leake DS, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Calder PC, Yaqoob PEffects of dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on the blood lipid profile in healthy middle-aged menAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 Apr)
    62. Conjugated Linoleic Acid - Smit LA, Katan MB, Wanders AJ, Basu S, Brouwer IAA high intake of trans fatty acids has little effect on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in humansJ Nutr.(2011 Sep)
    63. Astaxanthin - Andersen LP, Holck S, Kupcinskas L, Kiudelis G, Jonaitis L, Janciauskas D, Permin H, Wadström TGastric inflammatory markers and interleukins in patients with functional dyspepsia treated with astaxanthinFEMS Immunol Med Microbiol.(2007 Jul)
    64. Glutamine - Rotovnik Kozjek N, Kompan L, Soeters P, Oblak I, Mlakar Mastnak D, Možina B, Zadnik V, Anderluh F, Velenik VOral glutamine supplementation during preoperative radiochemotherapy in patients with rectal cancer: a randomised double blinded, placebo controlled pilot studyClin Nutr.(2011 Oct)
    65. Sea Buckthorn - Rodhe Y, Woodhill T, Thorman R, Möller L, Hylander BThe effect of sea buckthorn supplement on oral health, inflammation, and DNA damage in hemodialysis patients: a double-blinded, randomized crossover studyJ Ren Nutr.(2013 May)
    66. Vitamins E And C - Nalini Santanam, Nino Kavtaradze, Ana Murphy, Celia Dominguez, Sampath ParthasarathyAntioxidant supplementation reduces endometriosis-related pelvic pain in humansTransl Res.(2013 Mar)
    67. Fish Oil - Deike E, Bowden RG, Moreillon JJ, Griggs JO, Wilson RL, Cooke M, Shelmadine BD, Beaujean AAThe Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Markers of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease PatientsJ Ren Nutr.(2012 Jan 26)
    68. Roselle - R Beltrán-Debón, C Alonso-Villaverde, G Aragonès, I Rodríguez-Medina, A Rull, V Micol, A Segura-Carretero, A Fernández-Gutiérrez, J Camps, J JovenThe aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calices modulates the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in humansPhytomedicine.(2010 Mar)
    69. Curcumin - Chainani-Wu N, Madden E, Lozada-Nur F, Silverman S JrHigh-dose curcuminoids are efficacious in the reduction in symptoms and signs of oral lichen planusJ Am Acad Dermatol.(2012 May)
    70. Fish Oil - Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Belury MA, Andridge R, Malarkey WB, Glaser ROmega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation and anxiety in medical students: a randomized controlled trialBrain Behav Immun.(2011 Nov)
    71. Conjugated Linoleic Acid - Joseph SV, Jacques H, Plourde M, Mitchell PL, McLeod RS, Jones PJConjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic menJ Nutr.(2011 Jul)
    72. Coenzyme Q10 - Lee YJ, Cho WJ, Kim JK, Lee DCEffects of coenzyme Q10 on arterial stiffness, metabolic parameters, and fatigue in obese subjects: a double-blind randomized controlled studyJ Med Food.(2011 Apr)
    73. Fish Oil - Poppitt SD, Howe CA, Lithander FE, Silvers KM, Lin RB, Croft J, Ratnasabapathy Y, Gibson RA, Anderson CSEffects of moderate-dose omega-3 fish oil on cardiovascular risk factors and mood after ischemic stroke: a randomized, controlled trialStroke.(2009 Nov)
    74. Creatine - Kenji Doma, Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran, Daniel Boullosa, Jonathan ConnorThe Paradoxical Effect of Creatine Monohydrate on Muscle Damage Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisSports Med.(2022 Feb 26)
    75. Creatine - Bethany Northeast, Tom CliffordThe Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Intervention TrialsInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2021 Feb 24)
    76. Vitamin D - Rajakumar K, Moore CG, Khalid AT, Vallejo AN, Virji MA, Holick MF, Greenspan SL, Arslanian S, Reis SEEffect of vitamin D3 supplementation on vascular and metabolic health of vitamin D-deficient overweight and obese children: a randomized clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr.(2020-Apr-01)
    77. Yarrow - Zakeri S, Esmaeilzadeh S, Gorji N, Memariani Z, Moeini R, Bijani AThe effect of Achillea Millefolium L. on vulvovaginal candidiasis compared with clotrimazole: A randomized controlled trial.Complement Ther Med.(2020-Aug)
    78. Yarrow - Hajhashemi M, Ghanbari Z, Movahedi M, Rafieian M, Keivani A, Haghollahi FThe effect of Achillea millefolium and Hypericum perforatum ointments on episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.(2018-Jan)
    79. Resveratrol - Huang H, Chen G, Liao D, Zhu Y, Pu R, Xue XThe effects of resveratrol intervention on risk markers of cardiovascular health in overweight and obese subjects: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2016-Dec)