Memory

    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    The ability to store and recall information. Memory-boosting supplements have mostly been tested in older people, whose memory has degraded, but this page deals with any form of memory and any study population.

    20,137 participants in 90 trials

    Summary

    Memory is the ability of the brain to store and recall information. It's so integral to the ability to learn skills, form and develop relationships, and make decisions that it garners a considerable amount of attention in science and from consumers of health products. Perhaps the most critical memory-related issue today is neurodegeneration. As the average lifespan of people has increased, it has become more common to develop neurodegenerative diseases, the most common being Alzheimer's, which negatively impacts memory, among other mental faculties. There are many hypotheses as to its causes, and it remains controversial, but it's clear that damaged and dysfunctional brain cells due to aging are at play.

    Even without a full-blown disease, a gradual decline of memory with age is typical, and a vast array of "nootropics" (substances intended to promote cognitive function) have become available to meet the demand for better memory. Even young people, with no apparent decline in memory, seek to enhance their minds through supplementation. This page deals with three instances: in diseases, normal cognitive decline due to aging, and those with normal memory.

    Memory is naturally tied to many of the other psychological and physiological phenomena. Anxiety, stress, depression, fatigue, and sleep quality all have an effect on memory. Mitochondrial and metabolic health are also at play because sluggish energy transport and metabolism will likely reduce the brain's processing speed. For that reason, it's essential to be clear about the study population, because the effects of many supplements may only be relevant to people with some health issues, and may not necessarily translate to others.

    Examine Database: Memory

    InterventionGradeEffectDetail
    Ginkgo Biloba
    B
    Bacopa Monnieri
    B
    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
    D
    Iron
    Caffeine
    Creatine
    Grape Juice
    Ashwagandha
    Phosphatidylserine
    Polygala Tenuifolia
    Pramiracetam
    Cannabis
    Piracetam
    Oxiracetam
    Fish Oil
    CDP-Choline
    Lemon Balm
    Cocoa Extract
    Binaural Beats
    L-Carnitine
    Tart Cherry Juice
    Mediterranean Diet
    Black Cohosh
    Black seed
    Ginger
    Saffron
    Peppermint
    Kanna
    L-Tyrosine
    Choline
    Vitamin E
    Red Clover Extract
    Resveratrol
    Chromium
    Nicotine
    Vinpocetine
    PRL-8-53
    Melatonin
    Blueberry
    S-adenosylmethionine

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Examine Database References

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    2. Bacopa Monnieri - Calabrese C, Gregory WL, Leo M, Kraemer D, Bone K, Oken BEffects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Altern Complement Med.(2008 Jul)
    3. Lemon Balm - Kennedy DO, Wake G, Savelev S, Tildesley NT, Perry EK, Wesnes KA, Scholey ABModulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) with human CNS nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-binding propertiesNeuropsychopharmacology.(2003 Oct)
    4. Red Clover Extract - Howes JB, Bray K, Lorenz L, Smerdely P, Howes LGThe effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on cognitive function in postmenopausal womenClimacteric.(2004 Mar)
    5. Ginkgo Biloba - Wheatley DTriple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba in sexual dysfunction due to antidepressant drugsHum Psychopharmacol.(2004 Dec)
    6. Caffeine - Smillie LD, Gökçen ECaffeine enhances working memory for extravertsBiol Psychol.(2010 Dec)
    7. Fish Oil - Antypa N, Van der Does AJ, Smelt AH, Rogers RDOmega-3 fatty acids (fish-oil) and depression-related cognition in healthy volunteersJ Psychopharmacol.(2009 Sep)
    8. Polygala Tenuifolia - Lee JY, Kim KY, Shin KY, Won BY, Jung HY, Suh YHEffects of BT-11 on memory in healthy humansNeurosci Lett.(2009 Apr 24)
    9. Cocoa Extract - Crews WD Jr, Harrison DW, Wright JWA double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variables associated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health: clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adultsAm J Clin Nutr.(2008 Apr)
    10. Peppermint - Mark Moss, Steven Hewitt, Lucy Moss, Keith WesnesModulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylangInt J Neurosci.(2008 Jan)
    11. Black seed - Bin Sayeed MS, Asaduzzaman M, Morshed H, Hossain MM, Kadir MF, Rahman MRThe effect of Nigella sativa Linn. seed on memory, attention and cognition in healthy human volunteersJ Ethnopharmacol.(2013 Jul 30)
    12. Bacopa Monnieri - Harshad C, et alEfficacy and Tolerability of BacoMind® on Memory Improvement in Elderly Participants - A Double Blind Placebo Controlled StudyJ Pharmacol Toxicol.()
    13. Caffeine - Mednick SC, Cai DJ, Kanady J, Drummond SPComparing the benefits of caffeine, naps and placebo on verbal, motor and perceptual memoryBehav Brain Res.(2008 Nov 3)
    14. Bacopa Monnieri - Sathyanarayanan V, Thomas T, Einöther SJ, Dobriyal R, Joshi MK, Krishnamachari SBrahmi for the better? New findings challenging cognition and anti-anxiety effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monniera) in healthy adultsPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2013 Jan 26)
    15. Ginkgo Biloba - Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Mauri PL, Scholey ABAcute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserineHum Psychopharmacol.(2007 Jun)
    16. Oxiracetam - Itil, T.M., G.N. Menon, M. Bozak, and A. SongarThe effects of oxiracetam (ISF 2522) in patients with organic brain syndrome (a double-blind controlled study with piracetam)Drug development research.()
    17. Phosphatidylserine - Schreiber S, Kampf-Sherf O, Gorfine M, Kelly D, Oppenheim Y, Lerer BAn open trial of plant-source derived phosphatydilserine for treatment of age-related cognitive declineIsr J Psychiatry Relat Sci.(2000)
    18. Saffron - Ehsan Moazen-Zadeh, Seyed Hesameddin Abbasi, Hamideh Safi-Aghdam, Nazila Shahmansouri, Akram Arjmandi-Beglar, Azita Hajhosseinn Talasaz, Abbas Salehiomran, Saeedeh Forghani, Shahin AkhondzadehEffects of Saffron on Cognition, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Altern Complement Med.(2018 Apr)
    19. Grape Juice - Krikorian R, Boespflug EL, Fleck DE, Stein AL, Wightman JD, Shidler MD, Sadat-Hossieny SConcord grape juice supplementation and neurocognitive function in human agingJ Agric Food Chem.(2012 Jun 13)
    20. Bacopa Monnieri - Grace M McPhee, Luke A Downey, Keith A Wesnes, Con StoughThe Neurocognitive Effects of Bacopa monnieri and Cognitive Training on Markers of Brain Microstructure in Healthy Older AdultsFront Aging Neurosci.(2021 Feb 22)
    21. Bacopa Monnieri - Annette Morgan, John StevensDoes Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trialJ Altern Complement Med.(2010 Jul)
    22. Cannabis - Divya Ramesh, Margaret Haney, Ziva D CooperMarijuana's dose-dependent effects in daily marijuana smokersExp Clin Psychopharmacol.(2013 Aug)
    23. Caffeine - Childs E, de Wit HSubjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of acute caffeine in light, nondependent caffeine usersPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2006 May)
    24. Bacopa Monnieri - Navneet Kumar, L G Abichandani, Vijay Thawani, K J Gharpure, M U R Naidu, G Venkat RamanaEfficacy of Standardized Extract of Bacopa monnieri (Bacognize®) on Cognitive Functions of Medical Students: A Six-Week, Randomized Placebo-Controlled TrialEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2016)
    25. Ginkgo Biloba - Zhang SJ, Xue ZYEffect of Western medicine therapy assisted by Ginkgo biloba tablet on vascular cognitive impairment of none dementiaAsian Pac J Trop Med.(2012 Aug)
    26. Polygala Tenuifolia - Shin KY, Lee JY, Won BY, Jung HY, Chang KA, Koppula S, Suh YHBT-11 is effective for enhancing cognitive functions in the elderly humansNeurosci Lett.(2009 Nov 13)
    27. CDP-Choline - Spiers PA, Myers D, Hochanadel GS, Lieberman HR, Wurtman RJCiticoline improves verbal memory in agingArch Neurol.(1996 May)
    28. Ginger - Saenghong N, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, Tongun T, Piyavhatkul N, Banchonglikitkul C, Kajsongkram TZingiber officinale Improves Cognitive Function of the Middle-Aged Healthy WomenEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
    29. Lemon Balm - Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, Perry EK, Wesnes KAModulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)Pharmacol Biochem Behav.(2002 Jul)
    30. Ashwagandha - Sud Khyati S, Thaker Anup BA RANDOMIZED DOUBLE BLIND PLACEBO CONTROLLED STUDY OF ASHWAGANDHA ON GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDERInternational Ayurvedic Medical Journal .()
    31. Kanna - Chiu S, Gericke N, Farina-Woodbury M, Badmaev V, Raheb H, Terpstra K, Antongiorgi J, Bureau Y, Cernovsky Z, Hou J, Sanchez V, Williams M, Copen J, Husni M, Goble LProof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Study of Cognition Effects of the Proprietary Extract Sceletium tortuosum (Zembrin) Targeting Phosphodiesterase-4 in Cognitively Healthy Subjects: Implications for Alzheimer's DementiaEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2014)
    32. Binaural Beats - Jeong-Hwan Lim, Hyeri Kim, Chuljin Jeon, Soohyun ChoThe effects on mental fatigue and the cognitive function of mechanical massage and binaural beats (brain massage) provided by massage chairsComplement Ther Clin Pract.(2018 Aug)
    33. Bacopa Monnieri - Stough C, Lloyd J, Clarke J, Downey LA, Hutchison CW, Rodgers T, Nathan PJThe chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjectsPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2001 Aug)
    34. Phosphatidylserine - Jorissen BL, Brouns F, Van Boxtel MP, Ponds RW, Verhey FR, Jolles J, Riedel WJThe influence of soy-derived phosphatidylserine on cognition in age-associated memory impairmentNutr Neurosci.(2001)
    35. Creatine - McMorris T, Harris RC, Howard AN, Langridge G, Hall B, Corbett J, Dicks M, Hodgson CCreatine supplementation, sleep deprivation, cortisol, melatonin and behaviorPhysiol Behav.(2007 Jan 30)
    36. Bacopa Monnieri - Luke A Downey, James Kean, Fiona Nemeh, Angela Lau, Alex Poll, Rebecca Gregory, Margaret Murray, Johanna Rourke, Brigit Patak, Matthew P Pase, Andrea Zangara, Justine Lomas, Andrew Scholey, Con StoughAn acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 320 mg and 640 mg doses of a special extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on sustained cognitive performancePhytother Res.(2013 Sep)
    37. Ginkgo Biloba - Jezova D, Duncko R, Lassanova M, Kriska M, Moncek FReduction of rise in blood pressure and cortisol release during stress by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in healthy volunteersJ Physiol Pharmacol.(2002 Sep)
    38. L-Carnitine - E Tempesta, R Troncon, L Janiri, L Colusso, P Riscica, G Saraceni, E Gesmundo, M Calvani, N Benedetti, P PolaRole of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of cognitive deficit in chronic alcoholismInt J Clin Pharmacol Res.(1990)
    39. Caffeine - Adan A, Serra-Grabulosa JMEffects of caffeine and glucose, alone and combined, on cognitive performanceHum Psychopharmacol.(2010 Jun)
    40. Ginkgo Biloba - Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Hörr RProof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementiaPharmacopsychiatry.(1996 Mar)
    41. Grape Juice - Krikorian R, Nash TA, Shidler MD, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JAConcord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairmentBr J Nutr.(2010 Mar)
    42. CDP-Choline - Alvarez XA, Laredo M, Corzo D, Fernández-Novoa L, Mouzo R, Perea JE, Daniele D, Cacabelos RCiticoline improves memory performance in elderly subjectsMethods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol.(1997 Apr)
    43. Nicotine - Newhouse P, Kellar K, Aisen P, White H, Wesnes K, Coderre E, Pfaff A, Wilkins H, Howard D, Levin EDNicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trialNeurology.(2012 Jan 10)
    44. Bacopa Monnieri - Raghav S, Singh H, Dalal PK, Srivastava JS, Asthana OPRandomized controlled trial of standardized Bacopa monniera extract in age-associated memory impairmentIndian J Psychiatry.(2006 Oct)
    45. Cocoa Extract - Pase MP, Scholey AB, Pipingas A, Kras M, Nolidin K, Gibbs A, Wesnes K, Stough CCocoa polyphenols enhance positive mood states but not cognitive performance: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialJ Psychopharmacol.(2013 May)
    46. Vitamin E - Kang JH, Cook N, Manson J, Buring JE, Grodstein FA randomized trial of vitamin E supplementation and cognitive function in womenArch Intern Med.(2006 Dec 11-25)
    47. Phosphatidylserine - Vakhapova V, Cohen T, Richter Y, Herzog Y, Korczyn ADPhosphatidylserine containing omega-3 fatty acids may improve memory abilities in non-demented elderly with memory complaints: a double-blind placebo-controlled trialDement Geriatr Cogn Disord.(2010)
    48. Oxiracetam - Maina G, Fiori L, Torta R, Fagiani MB, Ravizza L, Bonavita E, Ghiazza B, Teruzzi F, Zagnoni PG, Ferrario E, et alOxiracetam in the treatment of primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyNeuropsychobiology.(1989)
    49. Ginkgo Biloba - Kaschel RSpecific memory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in middle-aged healthy volunteersPhytomedicine.(2011 Nov 15)
    50. Ashwagandha - Choudhary D, Bhattacharyya S, Bose SEfficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) Root Extract in Improving Memory and Cognitive FunctionsJ Diet Suppl.(2017 Nov 2)
    51. Bacopa Monnieri - Nathan PJ, Clarke J, Lloyd J, Hutchison CW, Downey L, Stough CThe acute effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy normal subjectsHum Psychopharmacol.(2001 Jun)
    52. Fish Oil - Rajesh Narendran, William G. Frankle, Neale S. Mason, Matthew F. Muldoon, Bita MoghaddamImproved Working Memory but No Effect on Striatal Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Type 2 after Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid SupplementationPLoS.()
    53. Blueberry - Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Nash TA, Kalt W, Vinqvist-Tymchuk MR, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JABlueberry supplementation improves memory in older adultsJ Agric Food Chem.(2010 Apr 14)
    54. Creatine - McMorris T, Harris RC, Swain J, Corbett J, Collard K, Dyson RJ, Dye L, Hodgson C, Draper NEffect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisolPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2006 Mar)
    55. Binaural Beats - Miguel Garcia-Argibay, Miguel A Santed, José M RealesBinaural auditory beats affect long-term memoryPsychol Res.(2019 Sep)
    56. L-Carnitine - David Benton, Rachael T DonohoeThe influence on cognition of the interactions between lecithin, carnitine and carbohydratePsychopharmacology (Berl).(2004 Aug)
    57. Melatonin - Rimmele U, Spillmann M, Bärtschi C, Wolf OT, Weber CS, Ehlert U, Wirtz PHMelatonin improves memory acquisition under stress independent of stress hormone releasePsychopharmacology (Berl).(2009 Mar)
    58. Piracetam - Dimond SJ, Brouwers EMIncrease in the power of human memory in normal man through the use of drugsPsychopharmacology (Berl).(1976 Sep 29)
    59. Vinpocetine - Subhan Z, Hindmarch IPsychopharmacological effects of vinpocetine in normal healthy volunteersEur J Clin Pharmacol.(1985)
    60. Creatine - Christiano R R Alves, Bianca M Santiago, Fernanda R Lima, Maria C G Otaduy, Ana Luisa Calich, Aline C C Tritto, Ana Lúcia de Sá Pinto, Hamilton Roschel, Cláudia C Leite, Fabiana B Benatti, Eloisa Bonfá, Bruno GualanoCreatine supplementation in fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialArthritis Care Res (Hoboken).(2013 Sep)
    61. Chromium - Krikorian R, Eliassen JC, Boespflug EL, Nash TA, Shidler MDImproved cognitive-cerebral function in older adults with chromium supplementationNutr Neurosci.(2010 Jun)
    62. Ginkgo Biloba - Attia A, Rapp SR, Case LD, D'Agostino R, Lesser G, Naughton M, McMullen K, Rosdhal R, Shaw EGPhase II study of Ginkgo biloba in irradiated brain tumor patients: effect on cognitive function, quality of life, and moodJ Neurooncol.(2012 Sep)
    63. Black Cohosh - Maki PM, Rubin LH, Fornelli D, Drogos L, Banuvar S, Shulman LP, Geller SEEffects of botanicals and combined hormone therapy on cognition in postmenopausal womenMenopause.(2009 Nov-Dec)
    64. Ashwagandha - Chengappa KN, Bowie CR, Schlicht PJ, Fleet D, Brar JS, Jindal RRandomized placebo-controlled adjunctive study of an extract of withania somnifera for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorderJ Clin Psychiatry.(2013 Nov)
    65. Ginkgo Biloba - Bäurle P, Suter A, Wormstall HSafety and effectiveness of a traditional ginkgo fresh plant extract - results from a clinical trialForsch Komplementmed.(2009 Jun)
    66. L-Tyrosine - Deutsch SI, Rosse RB, Schwartz BL, Banay-Schwartz M, McCarthy MF, Johri SKL-tyrosine pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: preliminary dataClin Neuropharmacol.(1994 Feb)
    67. Ginkgo Biloba - Brautigam MR, Blommaert FA, Verleye G, Castermans J, Jansen Steur EN, Kleijnen JTreatment of age-related memory complaints with Ginkgo biloba extract: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled studyPhytomedicine.(1998 Dec)
    68. Bacopa Monnieri - Tatimah Peth-Nui, Jintanaporn Wattanathorn, Supaporn Muchimapura, Terdthai Tong-Un, Nawanant Piyavhatkul, Poonsri Rangseekajee, Kornkanok Ingkaninan, Sakchai Vittaya-AreekulEffects of 12-Week Bacopa monnieri Consumption on Attention, Cognitive Processing, Working Memory, and Functions of Both Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Systems in Healthy Elderly VolunteersEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
    69. PRL-8-53 - Hansl NR, Mead BTPRL-8-53: enhanced learning and subsequent retention in humans as a result of low oral doses of new psychotropic agentPsychopharmacology (Berl).(1978 Apr 11)
    70. Ginkgo Biloba - Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KAModulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adultsPhysiol Behav.(2002 Apr 15)
    71. Cannabis - Anthony N Nicholson, Claire Turner, Barbara M Stone, Philip J RobsonEffect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on nocturnal sleep and early-morning behavior in young adultsJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2004 Jun)
    72. Ginkgo Biloba - Mix JA, Crews WD JrAn examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adultsJ Altern Complement Med.(2000 Jun)
    73. S-adenosylmethionine - Levkovitz Y, Alpert JE, Brintz CE, Mischoulon D, Papakostas GIEffects of S-adenosylmethionine augmentation of serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorderJ Affect Disord.(2012 Feb)
    74. Bacopa Monnieri - Roodenrys S, Booth D, Bulzomi S, Phipps A, Micallef C, Smoker JChronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memoryNeuropsychopharmacology.(2002 Aug)
    75. Ginkgo Biloba - Mix JA, Crews WD JrA double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findingsHum Psychopharmacol.(2002 Aug)
    76. Choline - Deuster PA, Singh A, Coll R, Hyde DE, Becker WJCholine ingestion does not modify physical or cognitive performanceMil Med.(2002 Dec)
    77. Iron - Favrat B, Balck K, Breymann C, Hedenus M, Keller T, Mezzacasa A, Gasche CEvaluation of a single dose of ferric carboxymaltose in fatigued, iron-deficient women--PREFER a randomized, placebo-controlled studyPLoS One.(2014 Apr 21)
    78. Grape Juice - Haskell-Ramsay CF, Stuart RC, Okello EJ, Watson AWCognitive and mood improvements following acute supplementation with purple grape juice in healthy young adultsEur J Nutr.(2017 Dec)
    79. Pramiracetam - De Vreese LP, Neri M, Boiardi R, Ferrari P, Belloi L, Salvioli GMemory training and drug therapy act differently on memory and metamemory functioning: evidence from a pilot studyArch Gerontol Geriatr.(1996)
    80. Tart Cherry Juice - Chai SC, Jerusik J, Davis K, Wright RS, Zhang ZEffect of Montmorency tart cherry juice on cognitive performance in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.Food Funct.(2019-Jul-17)
    81. Bacopa Monnieri - Stough C, Downey LA, Lloyd J, Silber B, Redman S, Hutchison C, Wesnes K, Nathan PJExamining the nootropic effects of a special extract of Bacopa monniera on human cognitive functioning: 90 day double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trialPhytother Res.(2008 Dec)
    82. Bacopa Monnieri - James M Brimson, Sirikalaya Brimson, Mani Iyer Prasanth, Premrutai Thitilertdecha, Dicson Sheeja Malar, Tewin TencomnaoThe effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. as a nootropic, neuroprotective, or antidepressant supplement: analysis of the available clinical dataSci Rep.(2021 Jan 12)
    83. Creatine - Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Triantafyllidis KK, Kechagias KS, Forbes SC, Candow DGEffects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Rev.(2023-Mar-10)
    84. Caffeine - Ker K, Edwards PJ, Felix LM, Blackhall K, Roberts ICaffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2010-May-12)
    85. Iron - Gutema BT, Sorrie MB, Megersa ND, Yesera GE, Yeshitila YG, Pauwels NS, De Henauw S, Abbeddou SEffects of iron supplementation on cognitive development in school-age children: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One.(2023)
    86. Iron - Chen Z, Yang H, Wang D, Sudfeld CR, Zhao A, Xin Y, Chen JC, Fawzi WW, Xing Y, Li ZEffect of Oral Iron Supplementation on Cognitive Function among Children and Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2022-Dec-15)
    87. Mediterranean Diet - McBean L, O'Reilly SDiet quality interventions to prevent neurocognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2022-Aug)
    88. Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) - David S Wald, Anuradhani Kasturiratne, Mark SimmondsEffect of folic acid, with or without other B vitamins, on cognitive decline: meta-analysis of randomized trialsAm J Med.(2010 Jun)
    89. Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) - Camellia Akhgarjand, Sara Ebrahimi Mousavi, Zahra Kalantar, Amir Bagheri, Hossein Imani, Hamid Rezvani, Mahmoud Dehghani Ghorbi, Zahra VahabiDoes folic acid supplementation have a positive effect on improving memory? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsFront Aging Neurosci.(2022 Nov 28)
    90. Resveratrol - Marx W, Kelly JT, Marshall S, Cutajar J, Annois B, Pipingas A, Tierney A, Itsiopoulos CEffect of resveratrol supplementation on cognitive performance and mood in adults: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Rev.(2018-Jun-01)