What is N-acetylcysteine?
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an acetylated form of the amino acid L-cysteine. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is a mucolytic agent, meaning that it helps break down mucus in the respiratory tract.[3] NAC is converted to L-cysteine after ingestion, which, in turn, is converted into glutathione (GSH), a powerful antioxidant.
L-cysteine can’t be supplemented on its own because free L-cysteine is highly unstable, becoming readily oxidized in solution which can encourage the formation of insoluble precipitates.[4] Similarly, glutathione is rapidly broken down in the gastrointestinal tract and blood, limiting its availability in the body when supplemented directly.[5] In contrast, NAC is more stable and has a much lower toxicity than free L-cysteine,[6][7] making it safer and more effective for increasing cysteine and glutathione levels in the body.
What are N-acetylcysteine’s main benefits?
NAC reduces levels of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress.[1][8] Because NAC increases glutathione levels in the body, which are rapidly depleted by stress, disease, or drug toxicity, it has applications in clinical settings, in addition to general health and wellness. NAC has been used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (due to its mucolytic properties),[9] acetaminophen (paracetamol) toxicity,[10] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
In COPD, NAC may improve lung function and speed the rate of symptom improvement when used during a symptom flare up (an exacerbation).[11] Long-term use (more than 3–6 months) may improve symptoms of chronic bronchitis and reduce the risk of COPD exacerbations,[12][13][14] although the latter effect has not been found consistently.[15] Additionally, NAC does not seem to prevent declining lung function when used over a long period of time.[15]
Does N-acetylcysteine help with lead toxicity?
Does N-acetylcysteine affect fertility?
Does N-acetylcysteine affect mental disorders?
Does N-acetylcysteine affect exercise performance?
How does N-acetylcysteine work for acetaminophen toxicity?
What is oxidative stress?
Does N-acetylcysteine affect hearing loss?
Does N-acetylcysteine affect Parkinson’s disease?
How does N-acetylcysteine work?
NAC has cytoprotective (cell-protecting) effects, which work through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. On the antioxidant side, although the NAC molecule itself has the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), the antioxidant effects of NAC in the body mainly occur through increasing glutathione levels and other indirect mechanisms.[16] NAC increases glutathione levels by acting as a source of the amino acid cysteine, which is a rate-limiting building block for glutathione production.[17] The anti-inflammatory effects of NAC are indirect and work through its antioxidant activity, which in turn inhibits the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NFKB-Activity[18] and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α.[19]
As a mucolytic agent, NAC decreases the thickness of mucus (sputum) by reducing oxidized sulfur bonds between mucus proteins, breaking them up. In the respiratory tract, this effect allows for better mucociliary clearance (the self-cleaning mechanism within the airways) so mucus can be more effectively expelled from the lungs.[15]
N-acetylcysteine also appears to modulate glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission in a way that may be beneficial for certain neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and substance use disorder. However, further research is needed to support these effects.[20]
What are N-acetylcysteine’s main drawbacks?
NAC is safe and effective at reasonable doses through oral supplementation. The most common side effects from oral NAC include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.[1][40] Due to the sulfur content of NAC, supplements can have an unpleasant rotten-egg odor.[1] When inhaled, NAC may cause cough and bronchospasm (constriction of the airways).[2]
NAC toxicity mostly occurs in clinical settings, with one case of overdose occurring due to an error in the preparation of an IV solution. An excessive dose of NAC in a short time period can cause red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis), low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia), kidney failure, and possibly death.[46]
What are other names for N-Acetylcysteine
- N-Acetyl Cysteine
- NAC
- N-Ac
Dosage information
N-acetylcysteine can be given orally, intravenously, topically, or through inhalation.[1] Research suggests that in order to achieve the mucolytic effects in the respiratory tract, NAC needs to be administered through inhalation. Alternatively, oral or intravenous administration is the best way to benefit from NAC’s antioxidant effects.[2]
The suggested dosage of NAC depends on what it’s being used for and the route through which it’s being administered. Orally, NAC is most often given in the dosage range of 600–1,800 mg daily (often divided into two or three daily doses), although higher doses are sometimes used in clinical research. Further research is needed to determine the optimal therapeutic dosages for other uses and methods.
Examine Database: N-Acetylcysteine
Research FeedRead all studies
Frequently asked questions
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an acetylated form of the amino acid L-cysteine. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is a mucolytic agent, meaning that it helps break down mucus in the respiratory tract.[3] NAC is converted to L-cysteine after ingestion, which, in turn, is converted into glutathione (GSH), a powerful antioxidant.
L-cysteine can’t be supplemented on its own because free L-cysteine is highly unstable, becoming readily oxidized in solution which can encourage the formation of insoluble precipitates.[4] Similarly, glutathione is rapidly broken down in the gastrointestinal tract and blood, limiting its availability in the body when supplemented directly.[5] In contrast, NAC is more stable and has a much lower toxicity than free L-cysteine,[6][7] making it safer and more effective for increasing cysteine and glutathione levels in the body.
NAC reduces levels of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress.[1][8] Because NAC increases glutathione levels in the body, which are rapidly depleted by stress, disease, or drug toxicity, it has applications in clinical settings, in addition to general health and wellness. NAC has been used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (due to its mucolytic properties),[9] acetaminophen (paracetamol) toxicity,[10] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
In COPD, NAC may improve lung function and speed the rate of symptom improvement when used during a symptom flare up (an exacerbation).[11] Long-term use (more than 3–6 months) may improve symptoms of chronic bronchitis and reduce the risk of COPD exacerbations,[12][13][14] although the latter effect has not been found consistently.[15] Additionally, NAC does not seem to prevent declining lung function when used over a long period of time.[15]
NAC seems to have a direct mineral chelating effect, meaning it can bind tightly to certain minerals and aid in their removal from the body. In rodents, decreased tissue accumulation and increased urinary excretion of lead has been observed following NAC supplementation,[21] and in humans, a reduction in serum lead has been found.[22] Standard oral doses of NAC appear to be protective against lead toxicity in humans, possibly related to a reduction in lead accumulation in the body and reducing oxidative stress.
Lead is a heavy mineral that can be toxic to the human body. Exposure to lead causes oxidative stress in the body, which seems to deplete both cellular and enzymatic antioxidants, including glutathione.[23] NAC is thought to alleviate the toxic effects of lead by aiding in its removal from the body while also acting as a building block for the synthesis of new glutathione.[21][24]
In animal studies, NAC has shown protective effects (assessed by biomarkers in serum and histopathological examination) against lead toxicity in the kidneys,[21] the brain,[24][25] and liver tissue.[25] In workers with high levels of occupational lead exposure, oral supplementation of 200–800 mg of N-acetylcysteine daily for 12 weeks reduced blood concentrations of lead and improved markers of oxidative stress.[22]
NAC has shown positive effects on parameters of both male and female infertility.
NAC may improve sperm health and quality (e.g., motility, concentration, morphology, volume) in infertile men, likely through reductions in oxidative stress in the testicular tissue and semen. However, NAC hasn’t consistently been found to influence hormones involved in male fertility (testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin).[26]
In women with infertility due to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), NAC may reduce testosterone and increase follicle stimulating hormone levels.[27] Compared to placebo, NAC seems to increase rate of pregnancy and ovulation rates, but not when compared to metformin (a medication commonly used in PCOS).[28]
Many mental disorders are associated with dysregulation of the neurotransmitters glutamate and/or dopamine, as well as increased levels of oxidative stress in the brain.[29] Aside from its antioxidant effects, research shows that NAC crosses the blood-brain barrier and can directly alter glutamate neurotransmission, with an indirect effect on dopamine as well,[20] making it a potentially helpful supplement for a variety of conditions.
When used in addition to standard care, NAC has shown small benefits for the management of schizophrenia,[30][31][32] depression symptoms (including bipolar depression),[33][34] autism spectrum disorder (specifically hyperactivity and irritability),[35] and substance use disorder.[36]
During physical exercise, cells produce a high level of ROS. While this actually serves a biological role that positively affects skeletal muscle adaptations and force production, in vitro and animal studies suggest that excessively high levels of ROS can contribute to impaired muscle function and muscle fatiguing.[37][38][39]
NAC has been explored as a potential ergogenic due to its antioxidant effects, but research supporting its use is limited. A 2017 meta-analysis was unable to find any evidence of a performance benefit with NAC supplementation, but the analysis included studies using vastly different dosages, exercise regimens, and study populations (e.g., elite athletes, untrained individuals).[40] NAC seems to display the most consistent benefit when exercise is being performed in a fatigued state,[41][42][43] but it may negatively affect muscle adaptations to training.[44] Ultimately, further research is needed to determine if NAC supplementation is beneficial in this context, and if so, in what setting and dosage.
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a widely available medication used to treat fever and pain. It is also the leading cause of liver transplantation in the U.S. and the second leading cause worldwide due to liver toxicity that can occur with overdose. When acetaminophen is overdosed, a toxic metabolite (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI)) begins to build up in the liver. Normally, glutathione is responsible for neutralizing NAPQI, but when glutathione levels become depleted, NAPQI begins reacting with molecules within liver cells, leading to irreversible liver cell death. NAC is an effective antidote for acetaminophen (paracetamol) toxicity primarily because it replenishes glutathione levels, but it can also directly bind to and neutralize NAPQI to minimize liver cell damage and convert NAPQI back to acetaminophen temporarily.[45]
Oxidative stress describes a state of imbalance between oxidants and antioxidant defense mechanisms in the body. When oxidants (e.g., ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS)) outweigh the body’s natural antioxidant defenses (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, glutathione), cellular damage can occur, including damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. This is thought to contribute to the development or worsening of a wide range of diseases.[5]
NAC may have a role in the prevention or early treatment of hearing loss, although research is still in the early stages.
Hearing loss is complex and can occur for many reasons, but increased levels of oxidative stress within the ear is an important contributing factor. Excessive levels of reactive oxygen species|ROS within the ear canal can damage or kill auditory hair cells — the cells responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that the brain can understand — leading to hearing loss.[55]
Research suggests that NAC may reduce the risk of drug-induced hearing loss when used concurrently with potentially ototoxic drugs (i.e., drugs that are toxic to the ear, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics or cisplatin).[56][57] NAC may also have a protective effect against noise-induced shifts in hearing thresholds (i.e., exposure to noises so loud that they temporarily or permanently raise the minimum volume at which a sound can be detected), specifically for higher sound frequencies (4–6 kHz).[55] For sudden hearing loss (an unexplainable, rapid loss of hearing), combining NAC with corticosteroids may be more effective for regaining hearing than corticosteroids alone.[58]
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain and is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress and a relative depletion of glutathione in brain tissue.[59] N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reliably increases glutathione levels in the body, and preclinical and preliminary clinical research has pointed to a possible therapeutic effect of NAC in Parkinson’s disease.
In two small studies, people with Parkinson’s disease who received NAC for 3 months demonstrated increased dopamine functioning in the brain (determined by a brain scan done before and after the intervention which measured dopamine transporter binding) alongside reduced disease symptoms compared to a control group. NAC was given as a weekly intravenous infusion (50 mg per kg of body weight) in addition to daily oral NAC (1,000 to 1,200 mg). The control groups received standard care, but no placebo, which could bias these findings in favor of NAC.[60]
It’s important to note that while intravenous NAC does appear to increase glutathione levels in the brain, NAC taken orally (6,000 mg daily) has not currently been found to have this effect in humans. Currently, there’s no evidence in humans that oral NAC alone can improve Parkinson’s disease.[61][62]
NAC has cytoprotective (cell-protecting) effects, which work through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. On the antioxidant side, although the NAC molecule itself has the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), the antioxidant effects of NAC in the body mainly occur through increasing glutathione levels and other indirect mechanisms.[16] NAC increases glutathione levels by acting as a source of the amino acid cysteine, which is a rate-limiting building block for glutathione production.[17] The anti-inflammatory effects of NAC are indirect and work through its antioxidant activity, which in turn inhibits the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NFKB-Activity[18] and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α.[19]
As a mucolytic agent, NAC decreases the thickness of mucus (sputum) by reducing oxidized sulfur bonds between mucus proteins, breaking them up. In the respiratory tract, this effect allows for better mucociliary clearance (the self-cleaning mechanism within the airways) so mucus can be more effectively expelled from the lungs.[15]
N-acetylcysteine also appears to modulate glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission in a way that may be beneficial for certain neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and substance use disorder. However, further research is needed to support these effects.[20]
NAC is safe and effective at reasonable doses through oral supplementation. The most common side effects from oral NAC include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.[1][40] Due to the sulfur content of NAC, supplements can have an unpleasant rotten-egg odor.[1] When inhaled, NAC may cause cough and bronchospasm (constriction of the airways).[2]
NAC toxicity mostly occurs in clinical settings, with one case of overdose occurring due to an error in the preparation of an IV solution. An excessive dose of NAC in a short time period can cause red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis), low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia), kidney failure, and possibly death.[46]
On one hand, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can damage molecules in the body, including DNA, and induce biochemical pathways that may increase the risk of cancer. Additionally, some cancers, like triple-negative breast cancer, use increased ROS signaling for their own survival and progression.[47] In these contexts, antioxidants such as NAC may play a beneficial role.
On the other hand, the generation of ROS is a defense mechanism the body can use to induce cancer cell death and prevent cancer progression. While antioxidants might protect against ROS-induced damage and reduce cancer progression in some instances,[48] in other contexts they might promote cancer cell survival by reducing oxidative stress within the cell.[49] In fact, there’s evidence to suggest that one mechanism by which cancer cells promote their own survival is by increasing the body's antioxidant defense mechanisms within the cell.[50][51]
There is no evidence from human clinical trials that NAC causes cancer or increases cancer progression. In breast cancer, one uncontrolled pilot study suggested that NAC might actually inhibit cancer cell proliferation.[48] However, research in mice has suggested that NAC supplementation might promote the progression of certain pre-existing cancers, including skin, liver, and lung cancer, and increase the risk of metastatic disease — in both cases, by reducing oxidative stress in the cancer cells.[52][53][54][49] In mice without pre-existing cancer, the effects are less clear. NAC supplementation did not induce liver cancer in otherwise healthy mice in one study,[54] but it did increase the risk of lung cancer in healthy aged mice in another.[49]
Clearly, the question of how NAC interacts with cancer risk or progression is incredibly nuanced, and more research is needed to understand this relationship.
Update History
New FAQ added
Research written by
Edited by
Reviewed by
New FAQ added
Research written by
Edited by
Reviewed by
Safety information updated
Research written by
Edited by
Reviewed by
New studies added to the database
Research written by
Reviewed by
FAQ and database update
Research written by
Edited by
Reviewed by
References
Examine Database References
- Cocaine Addiction Symptoms - LaRowe SD, Mardikian P, Malcolm R, Myrick H, Kalivas P, McFarland K, Saladin M, McRae A, Brady KSafety and tolerability of N-acetylcysteine in cocaine-dependent individualsAm J Addict.(2006 Jan-Feb)
- Mineral Bioaccumulation - Kasperczyk S, Dobrakowski M, Kasperczyk A, Ostałowska A, Birkner EThe administration of N-acetylcysteine reduces oxidative stress and regulates glutathione metabolism in the blood cells of workers exposed to leadClin Toxicol (Phila).(2013 Jul)
- Anaerobic Capacity - Cobley JN, McGlory C, Morton JP, Close GLN-Acetylcysteine Attenuates Fatigue Following Repeated-Bouts of Intermittent Exercise: Practical Implications for Tournament SituationsInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2011 Aug 29)
- Trichotillomania Symptoms - Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Kim SWN-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, in the treatment of trichotillomania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyArch Gen Psychiatry.(2009 Jul)
- COPD Symptoms - van Overveld FJ, Demkow U, Górecka D, de Backer WA, Zielinski JNew developments in the treatment of COPD: comparing the effects of inhaled corticosteroids and N-acetylcysteineJ Physiol Pharmacol.(2005 Sep)
- Neutrophil Activity - van Overveld FJ, Vermeire PA, De Backer WAInduced sputum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contains adhesion-promoting, therapy-sensitive factorsInflamm Res.(2000 Jan)
- OCD Symptoms - Afshar H, Roohafza H, Mohammad-Beigi H, Haghighi M, Jahangard L, Shokouh P, Sadeghi M, Hafezian HN-acetylcysteine add-on treatment in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2012 Dec)
- COPD Symptoms - Jiang C, Zou J, Lv Q, Yang YSystematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Ann Palliat Med.(2021-Jun)
- COPD Symptoms - Peter N Black, Althea Morgan-Day, Tracey E McMillan, Phillippa J Poole and Robert P YoungRandomised, controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasePulmonary Medicine.()
- COPD Symptoms - Decramer M, Rutten-van Mölken M, Dekhuijzen PN, Troosters T, van Herwaarden C, Pellegrino R, van Schayck CP, Olivieri D, Del Donno M, De Backer W, Lankhorst I, Ardia AEffects of N-acetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study, BRONCUS): a randomised placebo-controlled trialLancet.(2005 Apr 30-May 6)
- COPD Symptoms - De Benedetto F, Aceto A, Dragani B, Spacone A, Formisano S, Pela R, Donner CF, Sanguinetti CMLong-term oral n-acetylcysteine reduces exhaled hydrogen peroxide in stable COPDPulm Pharmacol Ther.(2005)
- COPD Symptoms - Huang C, Kuo S, Lin L, Yang YThe efficacy of -acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a meta-analysis.Ther Adv Respir Dis.(2023)
- Bronchitis Symptoms - Wei J, Pang CS, Han J, Yan HEffect of Orally Administered N-Acetylcysteine on Chronic Bronchitis: A Meta-analysis.Adv Ther.(2019-Dec)
- Irritability - Hardan AY, Fung LK, Libove RA, Obukhanych TV, Nair S, Herzenberg LA, Frazier TW, Tirouvanziam RA randomized controlled pilot trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in children with autismBiol Psychiatry.(2012 Jun 1)
- Irritability - Ghanizadeh A, Moghimi-Sarani EA randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of N-Acetylcysteine added to risperidone for treating autistic disordersBMC Psychiatry.(2013 Jul 25)
- Autism Symptoms - Lee TM, Lee KM, Lee CY, Lee HC, Tam KW, Loh EWEffectiveness of -acetylcysteine in autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Aust N Z J Psychiatry.(2021-Feb)
- Urinary NOx - Dimitrios Tsikas, Jonas Niemann, Markus Flentje, Alexandra Schwarz, Paschalis TossiosN-Acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibits renal nitrite and nitrate reabsorption in healthy subjects and in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: risk of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability loss by NAC?Int J Cardiol.(2014 Nov 15)
- Tobacco Addiction Symptoms - Knackstedt LA, LaRowe S, Mardikian P, Malcolm R, Upadhyaya H, Hedden S, Markou A, Kalivas PWThe role of cystine-glutamate exchange in nicotine dependence in rats and humansBiol Psychiatry.(2009 May 15)
- Marijuana Addiction - Gray KM, Watson NL, Carpenter MJ, Larowe SDN-acetylcysteine (NAC) in young marijuana users: an open-label pilot studyAm J Addict.(2010 Mar-Apr)
- Acne Symptoms - Ahmed Salih Sahib, Haidar Hamid Al-Anbari, Mohammed Salih, and Fatima AbdullahEffects of Oral Antioxidants on Lesion Counts Associated with Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Patients with Papulopustular AcneJournal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Research .()
- Depression Symptoms - Fernandes BS, Dean OM, Dodd S, Malhi GS, Berk MN-Acetylcysteine in depressive symptoms and functionality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Clin Psychiatry.(2016-Apr)
- Cocaine Addiction Symptoms - Duailibi MS, Cordeiro Q, Brietzke E, Ribeiro M, LaRowe S, Berk M, Trevizol APN-acetylcysteine in the treatment of craving in substance use disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Am J Addict.(2017-Oct)
- Schizophrenia symptoms - Yolland CO, Hanratty D, Neill E, Rossell SL, Berk M, Dean OM, Castle DJ, Tan EJ, Phillipou A, Harris AW, Barreiros AR, Hansen A, Siskind DMeta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with -acetylcysteine in the treatment of schizophrenia.Aust N Z J Psychiatry.(2020-May)
- Kidney Function - Magner K, Ilin JV, Clark EG, Kong JWY, Davis A, Hiremath SMeta-analytic Techniques to Assess the Association Between N-acetylcysteine and Acute Kidney Injury After Contrast Administration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA Netw Open.(2022-Jul-01)
- Helicobacter Pylori Infection Signs - Biswas DP, Tk DSThe efficacy of adjuvant N acetyl cysteine for the eradication of H pylori infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol.(2022-Mar)
- Liver Enzymes - Jia D, Guo S, Jia Z, Gao Z, You K, Gong J, Li SN-acetylcysteine in the Donor, Recipient, or Both Donor and Recipient in Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.Transplantation.(2023-May-08)
- Length of hospitalization - Pereira JEG, El Dib R, Braz LG, Escudero J, Hayes J, Johnston BCN-acetylcysteine use among patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.PLoS One.(2019)
- Cycling Performance - Rhodes K, Braakhuis APerformance and Side Effects of Supplementation with N-Acetylcysteine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports Med.(2017-Aug)
- Depression Symptoms - Nery FG, Li W, DelBello MP, Welge JAN-acetylcysteine as an adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Bipolar Disord.(2021-11)
- Fertility - Devi N, Boya C, Chhabra M, Bansal D-acetyl-cysteine as adjuvant therapy in female infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol.(2020-Nov-19)
- Testosterone - Zahra Shahveghar Asl, Karim Parastouei, Eslam EskandariThe effects of N-acetylcysteine on ovulation and sex hormones profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysisBr J Nutr.(2023 Jan 4)
- Body Mass Index (BMI) - Liu J, Su H, Jin X, Wang L, Huang JThe effects of N-acetylcysteine supplement on metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2023)
- Pain - Mohiuddin M, Pivetta B, Gilron I, Khan JSEfficacy and Safety of N-Acetylcysteine for the Management of Chronic Pain in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pain Med.(2021-Dec-11)
- Fatigue Symptoms - Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Cavalli F, Matera MG, Cazzola MPirfenidone, nintedanib and N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Pulm Pharmacol Ther.(2016-Oct)
- Hearing Loss - Chang PH, Liu CW, Hung SH, Kang YNEffect of N-acetyl-cysteine in prevention of noise-induced hearing loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Arch Med Sci.(2022)
- Hearing Loss - Kranzer K, Elamin WF, Cox H, Seddon JA, Ford N, Drobniewski FA systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine in preventing aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity: implications for the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB.Thorax.(2015-Nov)
- Hearing Loss - Bai X, Wang M, Niu X, Yu H, Yue JX, Sun YEffect of N-acetyl-cysteine treatment on sensorineural hearing loss: a meta-analysis.World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg.(2022-Sep)
- All-Cause Mortality - Orban C, Agapie M, Bratu A, Jafal M, Duțu M, Popescu MNo Significant Beneficial Effects of Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine on Patient Outcome in Non-Paracetamol Acute Liver Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Biomedicines.(2024 Jul 1)