Testosterone

Last Updated: February 23, 2023

Testosterone is the best-known androgen (male hormone), but females produce it too. In both sexes, low testosterone can reduce libido and cause fat gain, muscle loss, and bone loss.

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Overview

Testosterone is a hormone produced primarily in the testes in men and the ovaries in women. Testosterone is connected to sexual development, muscle building, fat loss, some aspects of cognition, and hair loss.[1]

A history of testosterone

Your testosterone levels may not tell the whole story of how testosterone is functioning in your body. Total testosterone can be divided into three categories.[2]

  • Tightly bound testosterone: About two-thirds of the testosterone in your blood is bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). It is not readily available for use by your body.
  • Loosely bound testosterone: About one-third of the testosterone in your blood is weakly bound to albumin. Once the bond is broken, the testosterone circulates as free testosterone in your body.
  • Free testosterone: A small percentage of the testosterone in your blood (1–4%, as a rule) floats around freely. Your body can readily use it, and the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase can convert it to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a very potent androgen.

Together, your loosely bound and free testosterone compose your bioavailable testosterone, which has a greater impact on your health than your total testosterone.

How are testosterone levels assessed?

A blood test is used to assess testosterone and its components (free T, bound T, etc). Abnormally low or high levels can cause health issues in males and females.

When your T levels are tested, the reference range can vary a lot from lab to lab. A recent study showed that the bottom of the range for males can be 5.55–10.4 nanomoles per liter, or nmol/L (160–300 nanograms per deciliter, or ng/dL), and the top of the range can be 25.17–39.18 nmol/L (726–1,130 ng/dL).[3] So if you get measured at 280 ng/dL, you may or may not be considered as having “low testosterone”.[3]

Because testosterone levels can fluctuate throughout the day, the test should be performed in the morning (8–11 a.m.). If the results come back low, a second test can be ordered to confirm the first result. As part of the workup, your physician may also measure your levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the T4 thyroid hormone (thyroxine) to get an accurate diagnosis.

Assessing testosterone levels

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Examine Database: Testosterone
DHEA
Alcohol
Vitamin D
Tribulus Terrestris
Tongkat Ali
Ashwagandha
Licorice
Creatine
D-Aspartic Acid
Zinc
Caffeine
Maca
Panax Ginseng
HMB
Red Clover Extract
Magnesium
Boron
Velvet Antler
Fenugreek
Saffron
Chromium
Saw Palmetto
Mucuna Pruriens
Colostrum
Coenzyme Q10
L-Carnitine
16:8 Intermittent Fasting
Rhodiola Rosea
Garcinia
Coleus Forskohlii
Curcumin
Stinging Nettle
Ginger
Yohimbine
Alanylglutamine
Beta-Alanine
Phosphatidylserine
Glutamine
Arginine
Green Tea Extract
Punicalagins
Grape Seed Extract
Chrysin
Gamma Oryzanol
Astaxanthin
Berberine
Calcium
Shilajit
Nicotine
Cannabis
Ecdysteroids
7-Keto DHEA
Arachidonic Acid
Fish Oil
Korean black raspberry
Royal Jelly
Reishi
N-Acetylcysteine
Inositol
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References
  1. ^The content of this page was partially adapted from MedlinePlus of the National Library of Medicine
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  20. ^Wu FC, Tajar A, Pye SR, Silman AJ, Finn JD, O'Neill TW, Bartfai G, Casanueva F, Forti G, Giwercman A, Huhtaniemi IT, Kula K, Punab M, Boonen S, Vanderschueren D, European Male Aging Study GroupHypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging StudyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2008 Jul)
  21. ^Handelsman DJ, Yeap B, Flicker L, Martin S, Wittert GA, Ly LPAge-specific population centiles for androgen status in menEur J Endocrinol.(2015 Dec)
  22. ^G W DeVane, N M Czekala, H L Judd, S S YenCirculating gonadotropins, estrogens, and androgens in polycystic ovarian diseaseAm J Obstet Gynecol.(1975 Feb 15)
  23. ^Schulster M, Bernie AM, Ramasamy RThe role of estradiol in male reproductive functionAsian J Androl.(2016 May-Jun)
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