Overview
Testosterone is a hormone produced primarily in the testes in men and the ovaries in women. Testosterone is connected to sexual development, muscle building, fat loss, some aspects of cognition, and hair loss.[1]
Your testosterone levels may not tell the whole story of how testosterone is functioning in your body. Total testosterone can be divided into three categories.[2]
- Tightly bound testosterone: About two-thirds of the testosterone in your blood is bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). It is not readily available for use by your body.
- Loosely bound testosterone: About one-third of the testosterone in your blood is weakly bound to albumin. Once the bond is broken, the testosterone circulates as free testosterone in your body.
- Free testosterone: A small percentage of the testosterone in your blood (1–4%, as a rule) floats around freely. Your body can readily use it, and the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase can convert it to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a very potent androgen.
Together, your loosely bound and free testosterone compose your bioavailable testosterone, which has a greater impact on your health than your total testosterone.
How are testosterone levels assessed?
A blood test is used to assess testosterone and its components (free T, bound T, etc). Abnormally low or high levels can cause health issues in males and females.
When your T levels are tested, the reference range can vary a lot from lab to lab. A recent study showed that the bottom of the range for males can be 5.55–10.4 nanomoles per liter, or nmol/L (160–300 nanograms per deciliter, or ng/dL), and the top of the range can be 25.17–39.18 nmol/L (726–1,130 ng/dL).[3] So if you get measured at 280 ng/dL, you may or may not be considered as having “low testosterone”.[3]
Because testosterone levels can fluctuate throughout the day, the test should be performed in the morning (8–11 a.m.). If the results come back low, a second test can be ordered to confirm the first result. As part of the workup, your physician may also measure your levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the T4 thyroid hormone (thyroxine) to get an accurate diagnosis.
Assessing testosterone levels
Examine Database: Testosterone
Research FeedRead all studies
In this randomized controlled trial in male distance runners who exercised daily, supplementing with the probiotic Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805 had inconsistent effects on outcomes related to exercise recovery and immune function.
References
- ^The content of this page was partially adapted from MedlinePlus of the National Library of Medicine
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- ^Corona G, Rastrelli G, Monami M, Saad F, Luconi M, Lucchese M, Facchiano E, Sforza A, Forti G, Mannucci E, Maggi MBody weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysisEur J Endocrinol.(2013 May 2)
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- ^Hackney AC, Aggon EChronic Low Testosterone Levels in Endurance Trained Men: The Exercise- Hypogonadal Male ConditionJ Biochem Physiol.(2018)
- ^Feldman HA, Longcope C, Derby CA, Johannes CB, Araujo AB, Coviello AD, Bremner WJ, McKinlay JBAge trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging studyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2002 Feb)
- ^Wu FC, Tajar A, Pye SR, Silman AJ, Finn JD, O'Neill TW, Bartfai G, Casanueva F, Forti G, Giwercman A, Huhtaniemi IT, Kula K, Punab M, Boonen S, Vanderschueren D, European Male Aging Study GroupHypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging StudyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2008 Jul)
- ^Handelsman DJ, Yeap B, Flicker L, Martin S, Wittert GA, Ly LPAge-specific population centiles for androgen status in menEur J Endocrinol.(2015 Dec)
- ^G W DeVane, N M Czekala, H L Judd, S S YenCirculating gonadotropins, estrogens, and androgens in polycystic ovarian diseaseAm J Obstet Gynecol.(1975 Feb 15)
- ^Schulster M, Bernie AM, Ramasamy RThe role of estradiol in male reproductive functionAsian J Androl.(2016 May-Jun)
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- Red Clover Extract - Katharine E Reed, Juliana Camargo, Jill Hamilton-Reeves, Mindy Kurzer, Mark MessinaNeither soy nor isoflavone intake affects male reproductive hormones: An expanded and updated meta-analysis of clinical studiesReprod Toxicol.(2021 Mar)
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- DHEA - Hu Y, Wan P, An X, Jiang GImpact of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on testosterone concentrations and BMI in elderly women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Complement Ther Med.(2021-Jan)
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- Coenzyme Q10 - Tianqing Zhang, Qi He, Hao Xiu, ZiZhu Zhang, Yao Liu, Zhenrong Chen, Hengjing HuEfficacy and Safety of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysisReprod Sci.(2022 Aug 8)
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- Resveratrol - Larik MO, Ahmed A, Khan L, Iftekhar MAEffects of resveratrol on polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Endocrine.(2024-Jan)
- Ketogenic Diet - Joseph Whittaker, Miranda HarrisLow-carbohydrate diets and men's cortisol and testosterone: Systematic review and meta-analysisNutr Health.(2022 Mar 7)
- Ketogenic Diet - Furini C, Spaggiari G, Simoni M, Greco C, Santi DKetogenic state improves testosterone serum levels-results from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Endocrine.(2022-Sep-23)
- Flaxseed - Musazadeh V, Nazari A, Natami M, Hajhashemy Z, Kazemi KS, Torabi F, Moridpour AH, Vajdi M, Askari GThe effect of flaxseed supplementation on sex hormone profile in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2023)
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