Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    Written by:
    Gregory Lopez

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Shyam Jayaraman
    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    Coronary artery disease (CAD; sometimes called coronary heart disease, or CHD) is a common kind of heart disease caused by atherosclerosis of the heart’s arteries. Diet and exercise can play a pretty big role to both prevent and treat it. Smoking, family history, high blood pressure and high cholesterol are major risk factors.

    25 references on this page
    66,993 participants in 39 trials and 19 meta-analyses

    Overview

    Examine Database: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    Resveratrol
    Fish Oil
    Coenzyme Q10
    Garlic
    L-Carnitine
    D-Ribose
    Flaxseed
    Grape Juice
    Niacin (Vitamin B3)
    Vegan Diet
    Vitamin D
    Berberine
    Betaine
    Black seed
    Cocoa Extract
    Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Creatine
    Curcumin
    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
    Ginkgo Biloba
    Ketogenic Diet
    Magnesium
    Mediterranean Diet
    Olive Oil
    Pterostilbene
    Pycnogenol
    Rose Hip
    Royal Jelly
    Saffron
    Terminalia Arjuna
    Vitamin E

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    Examine Database References

    1. Triglycerides - Nasim Abedimanesh, S Zahra Bathaie, Saeed Abedimanesh, Behrooz Motlagh, Ahmad Separham, Alireza OstadrahimiSaffron and crocin improved appetite, dietary intakes and body composition in patients with coronary artery diseaseJ Cardiovasc Thorac Res.(2017)
    2. Triglycerides - Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Stehle P, Koertke H, Koerfer RVitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markersAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 May)
    3. Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease - Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HDSystematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular eventsAnn Intern Med.(2010 Mar 2)
    4. Triglycerides - Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K, Pella D, Kumar A, Niaz MA, Thakur ASEffect of coenzyme Q10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarctionMol Cell Biochem.(2003 Apr)
    5. Triglycerides - Jorat MV, Tabrizi R, Mirhosseini N, Lankarani KB, Akbari M, Heydari ST, Mottaghi R, Asemi ZThe effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on lipid profiles among patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Lipids Health Dis.(2018-Oct-09)
    6. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Mirhashemi SM, Najafi V, Raygan F, Asemi ZThe effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on cardiometabolic markers in overweight type 2 diabetic patients with stable myocardial infarction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialARYA Atheroscler.(2016 Jul)
    7. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Lee BJ, Huang YC, Chen SJ, Lin PTCoenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces oxidative stress and increase antioxidant enzyme activity in patients with coronary artery diseaseNutrition.(2011 Oct 11)
    8. Triglycerides - Mirzabeigi P, Mohammadpour AH, Salarifar M, Gholami K, Mojtahedzadeh M, Javadi MRThe Effect of Curcumin on some of Traditional and Non-traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Pilot Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled TrialIran J Pharm Res.(2015 Spring)
    9. Triglycerides - Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, James AP, Mamo JC, Clifton PMComparison of isocaloric very low carbohydrate/high saturated fat and high carbohydrate/low saturated fat diets on body composition and cardiovascular riskNutr Metab (Lond).(2006 Jan 11)
    10. Triglycerides - Budoff MJ, Takasu J, Flores FR, Niihara Y, Lu B, Lau BH, Rosen RT, Amagase HInhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary studyPrev Med.(2004 Nov)
    11. Triglycerides - Phelps S, Harris WSGarlic supplementation and lipoprotein oxidation susceptibilityLipids.(1993 May)
    12. Triglycerides - Sobenin IA, Pryanishnikov VV, Kunnova LM, Rabinovich YA, Martirosyan DM, Orekhov ANThe effects of time-released garlic powder tablets on multifunctional cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery diseaseLipids Health Dis.(2010 Oct 19)
    13. Heart Rate - Verma SK, Rajeevan V, Jain P, Bordia AEffect of garlic (Allium sativum) oil on exercise tolerance in patients with coronary artery diseaseIndian J Physiol Pharmacol.(2005 Jan)
    14. Triglycerides - Maryam Akbari, Omid Reza Tamtaji, Kamran B Lankarani, Reza Tabrizi, Ehsan Dadgostar, Neda Haghighat, Fariba Kolahdooz, Amir Ghaderi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Zatollah AsemiThe effects of resveratrol on lipid profiles and liver enzymes in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsLipids Health Dis.(2020 Feb 17)
    15. Triglycerides - Consolato Sergi, Bonnie Chiu, Joseph Feulefack, Fan Shen, Brian ChiuUsefulness of resveratrol supplementation in decreasing cardiometabolic risk factors comparing subjects with metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects with or without obesity: meta-analysis using multinational, randomised, controlled trialsArch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis.(2020 May 30)
    16. Triglycerides - Sahebkar AEffects of resveratrol supplementation on plasma lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Rev.(2013-Dec)
    17. Total cholesterol - Magyar K, Halmosi R, Palfi A, Feher G, Czopf L, Fulop A, Battyany I, Sumegi B, Toth K, Szabados ECardioprotection by resveratrol: A human clinical trial in patients with stable coronary artery diseaseClin Hemorheol Microcirc.(2012 Jan 1)
    18. Total cholesterol - Abdelhaleem IA, Brakat AM, Adayel HM, Asla MM, Rizk MA, Aboalfetoh AYThe effects of resveratrol on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters in patients with T2DM: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Med Clin (Barc).(2022-Jun-24)
    19. TNF-Alpha - Melodi Omraninava, Bahman Razi, Saeed Aslani, Danyal Imani, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Amirhossein SahebkarEffect of resveratrol on inflammatory cytokines: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2021 Oct 5)
    20. TNF-Alpha - Haghighatdoost F, Hariri MCan resveratrol supplement change inflammatory mediators? A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized clinical trials.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2019-Mar)
    21. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Custodero C, Mankowski RT, Lee SA, Chen Z, Wu S, Manini TM, Hincapie Echeverri J, Sabbà C, Beavers DP, Cauley JA, Espeland MA, Fielding RA, Kritchevsky SB, Liu CK, McDermott MM, Miller ME, Tracy RP, Newman AB, Ambrosius WT, Pahor M, Anton SDEvidence-based nutritional and pharmacological interventions targeting chronic low-grade inflammation in middle-age and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Ageing Res Rev.(2018-Sep)
    22. Plasminogen Inhibitor-1 - Mohammadipoor N, Shafiee F, Rostami A, Kahrizi MS, Soleimanpour H, Ghodsi M, Ansari MJ, Bokov DO, Jannat B, Mosharkesh E, Pour Abbasi MSResveratrol supplementation efficiently improves endothelial health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022-Sep)
    23. Triglycerides - Bor-Jen Lee, Jun-Shuo Lin, Yi-Chin Lin, Ping-Ting LinEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery diseaseLipids Health Dis.(2016 Jun 17)
    24. Body Fat - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak, Maryam Shabanpur, Roghayeh Mostafai, Reza Heidari Moghaddam, Jalal MoludiL-Carnitine supplementation reduces biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomised controlled trialArch Physiol Biochem.(2020 Aug 20)
    25. TNF-Alpha - Bor-Jen Lee, Jun-Shuo Lin, Yi-Chin Lin, Ping-Ting LinAntiinflammatory effects of L-carnitine supplementation (1000 mg/d) in coronary artery disease patientsNutrition.(2015 Mar)
    26. Apolipoprotein B - Ali Sheikhi, Kurosh Djafarian, Moein Askarpour, Sakineh Shab-BidarThe effects of supplementation with L-carnitine on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2019 Sep 5)
    27. Triglycerides - Roberts LJ 2nd, Oates JA, Linton MF, Fazio S, Meador BP, Gross MD, Shyr Y, Morrow JDThe relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humansFree Radic Biol Med.(2007 Nov 15)
    28. Triglycerides - No authors listedClofibrate and niacin in coronary heart diseaseJAMA.(1975 Jan 27)
    29. Cardiovascular Disease Mortality - Jasleen K. Duggal, Mukesh Singh, Navneet Attri, Param P. Singh, Neyaz Ahmed, Suneet Pahwa, Janos Molnar, Sarabjeet Singh, Sandeep Khosla, Rohit AroraEffect of Niacin Therapy on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery DiseaseJournal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics.()
    30. Triglycerides - Riche DM, Riche KD, Blackshear CT, McEwen CL, Sherman JJ, Wofford MR, Griswold MEPterostilbene on metabolic parameters: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trialEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2014)
    31. Triglycerides - Andersson U, Berger K, Högberg A, Landin-Olsson M, Holm CEffects of rose hip intake on risk markers of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over investigation in obese personsEur J Clin Nutr.(2012 May)
    32. Triglycerides - Chou EJ, Keevil JG, Aeschlimann S, Wiebe DA, Folts JD, Stein JHEffect of ingestion of purple grape juice on endothelial function in patients with coronary heart diseaseAm J Cardiol.(2001 Sep 1)
    33. Triglycerides - Albers AR, Varghese S, Vitseva O, Vita JA, Freedman JEThe antiinflammatory effects of purple grape juice consumption in subjects with stable coronary artery diseaseArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.(2004 Nov)
    34. Triglycerides - L Axelrod, J Camuso, E Williams, K Kleinman, E Briones, D SchoenfeldEffects of a Small Quantity of omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in NIDDM. A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Controlled StudyDiabetes Care.(1994 Jan)
    35. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Schouten EG, Kluft C, Katan MB, Zock PLIntake of n-3 fatty acids from fish does not lower serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr.(2004 Oct)
    36. Platelet Aggregation - Serebruany VL, Miller M, Pokov AN, Lynch D, Jensen JK, Hallén J, Atar DEarly impact of prescription Omega-3 fatty acids on platelet biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertriglyceridemiaCardiology.(2011)
    37. Kidney Function - Tarec K Elajami, Abdulhamied Alfaddagh, Dharshan Lakshminarayan, Michael Soliman, Madhuri Chandnani, Francine K WeltyEicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Attenuate Progression of Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery DiseaseJ Am Heart Assoc.(2017 Jul 14)
    38. Atrial Fibrillation Incidence - Ali Vasheghani Farahani, Awat Yousefi Azar, Hamid Reza Goodarzynejad, Elnaz Khorrami, Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar, Sima Oshnouei, Alireza Alizadeh Ghavidel, Elham Golfeshan, Fateme Ghourban PourFish oil supplementation for primary prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized clinical trialInt J Surg.(2017 Jun)
    39. Triglycerides - Yang L, Zhu W, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wu W, Shen TEfficacy and safety of berberine for several cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytomedicine.(2023-Apr)
    40. Triglycerides - Sabet HR, Ahmadi M, Akrami M, Motamed M, Keshavarzian O, Abdollahi M, Rezaei M, Akbari HEffects of flaxseed supplementation on weight loss, lipid profiles, glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Cardiol.(2024-Jan)
    41. TNF-Alpha - Askarpour M, Karimi M, Hadi A, Ghaedi E, Symonds ME, Miraghajani M, Javadian PEffect of flaxseed supplementation on markers of inflammation and endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Cytokine.(2020 Feb)
    42. Total cholesterol - Schwab U, Alfthan G, Aro A, Uusitupa MLong-term effect of betaine on risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr.(2011 Jan)
    43. Total cholesterol - Vittek JEffect of royal jelly on serum lipids in experimental animals and humans with atherosclerosisExperientia.(1995 Sep 29)
    44. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Hamed MS, Gambert S, Bliden KP, Bailon O, Singla A, Antonino MJ, Hamed F, Tantry US, Gurbel PADark chocolate effect on platelet activity, C-reactive protein and lipid profile: a pilot studySouth Med J.(2008 Dec)
    45. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Anne J Wanders, Ingeborg A Brouwer, Els Siebelink, Martijn B KatanEffect of a high intake of conjugated linoleic acid on lipoprotein levels in healthy human subjectsPLoS One.(2010 Feb 3)
    46. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Fitó M, Cladellas M, de la Torre R, Martí J, Alcántara M, Pujadas-Bastardes M, Marrugat J, Bruguera J, López-Sabater MC, Vila J, Covas MI; members of the SOLOS InvestigatorsAntioxidant effect of virgin olive oil in patients with stable coronary heart disease: a randomized, crossover, controlled, clinical trialAtherosclerosis.(2005 Jul)
    47. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Enseleit F, Sudano I, Périat D, Winnik S, Wolfrum M, Flammer AJ, Fröhlich GM, Kaiser P, Hirt A, Haile SR, Krasniqi N, Matter CM, Uhlenhut K, Högger P, Neidhart M, Lüscher TF, Ruschitzka F, Noll GEffects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over studyEur Heart J.(2012 Jul)
    48. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Binita Shah, Jonathan D Newman, Kathleen Woolf, Lisa Ganguzza, Yu Guo, Nicole Allen, Judy Zhong, Edward A Fisher, James SlaterAnti-Inflammatory Effects of a Vegan Diet Versus the American Heart Association-Recommended Diet in Coronary Artery Disease TrialJ Am Heart Assoc.(2018 Dec 4)
    49. Blood Pressure - Michael Macknin, Tammie Kong, Adam Weier, Sarah Worley, Anne S Tang, Naim Alkhouri, Mladen GolubicPlant-based, no-added-fat or American Heart Association diets: impact on cardiovascular risk in obese children with hypercholesterolemia and their parentsJ Pediatr.(2015 Apr)
    50. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Ali Reza Sobhani, Hossein Farshidi, Fariba Azarkish, Mahdiya Eslami, Ebrahim Eftekhar, Mansoor Keshavarz, Nepton SoltaniMagnesium Sulfate Improves Some Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Patients Suffering from One or Two Coronary Artery Diseases: A Double-blind Clinical Trial StudyClin Pharmacol.(2020 Sep 25)
    51. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Rodríguez M, Ringstad L, Schäfer P, Just S, Hofer HW, Malmsten M, Siegel GReduction of atherosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in cardiovascular high-risk patientsAtherosclerosis.(2007 Jun)
    52. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Mayr HL, Tierney AC, Thomas CJ, Ruiz-Canela M, Radcliffe J, Itsiopoulos CMediterranean-type diets and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Res.(2018-Feb)
    53. Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction - Omran H, Illien S, MacCarter D, St Cyr J, Lüderitz BD-Ribose improves diastolic function and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients: a prospective feasibility studyEur J Heart Fail.(2003 Oct)
    54. Exercise Capacity (with Heart Conditions) - Pliml W, von Arnim T, Stäblein A, Hofmann H, Zimmer HG, Erdmann EEffects of ribose on exercise-induced ischaemia in stable coronary artery disease.Lancet.(1992-Aug-29)
    55. Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction - S Dwivedi, R JauhariBeneficial effects of Terminalia arjuna in coronary artery diseaseIndian Heart J.(Sep-Oct 1997)
    56. Heart Rate - Xin Yi, Yanli Zhou, Dingsheng Jiang, Xiaoyan Li, Yi Guo, Xuejun JiangEfficacy of folic acid supplementation on endothelial function and plasma homocysteine concentration in coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsExp Ther Med.(2014 May)
    57. Homocysteine - Korzun WJOral creatine supplements lower plasma homocysteine concentrations in humansClin Lab Sci.(2004 Spring)
    58. Endothelial Function - Ali M, Tantawi M, Kamel AH, Tameemi ZF, Rezk AA, Abdo M, Mostafa RS, Ramadan A, Elmasry M, Bahbah EIEndothelial Function Responses to Nigella sativa (Black Seed) Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Cureus.(2024 May 25)