Depression

    Written by:
    Louie Neri, Giulia Guerrini

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Morgan Pfiffner, Nick Milazzo
    Last Updated: August 10, 2023

    Depression is a chronic state of low mood often associated with hopelessness, apathy, and fatigue. Unlike sadness, depression is a disorder that persists for weeks or months and interferes with daily life.

    56 references on this page
    65,647 participants in 70 trials and 42 meta-analyses

    Overview

    Examine Database: Depression

    Saffron
    Fish Oil
    S-adenosylmethionine
    St. John's Wort
    Inositol
    Curcumin
    Zinc
    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
    Magnesium
    Rhodiola Rosea
    Coenzyme Q10
    Creatine
    Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    Psychedelic Therapy
    5-HTP
    Chromium
    Docosahexaenoic Acid
    Ginkgo Biloba
    L-Carnitine
    Vitamin B12
    Aerobic Exercise
    Antioxidants
    Baikal skullcap
    Carotenoids
    L-Tyrosine
    Lavender
    Light Therapy
    Maca
    Mediterranean Diet
    Melatonin
    N-Acetylcysteine
    Nefiracetam
    Probiotics
    Qi Gong
    Red Clover Extract
    Resistance Training
    Resveratrol
    Sauna
    Selenium
    Tai Chi
    Tea (Camellia sinensis)
    Theanine
    Vinegar
    Violet Light Therapy
    Walking
    Yoga

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    Update History

    Examine Database References

    1. Postpartum Depression Symptoms - Juliana Dos Santos Vaz, Dayana Rodrigues Farias, Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye, Antonio Egidio Nardi, Gilberto KacOmega-3 supplementation from pregnancy to postpartum to prevent depressive symptoms: a randomized placebo-controlled trialBMC Pregnancy Childbirth.(2017 Jun 9)
    2. Postpartum Depression Symptoms - Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu TH, Huang KC, Huang CL, Chang HC, Pariante CMOmega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder during pregnancy: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Clin Psychiatry.(2008 Apr)
    3. Depression Symptoms - Peet M, Horrobin DFA dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugsArch Gen Psychiatry.(2002 Oct)
    4. Depression Symptoms - Sarris J, Mischoulon D, Schweitzer IOmega-3 for bipolar disorder: meta-analyses of use in mania and bipolar depressionJ Clin Psychiatry.(2011 Aug 9)
    5. Depression Symptoms - Nahas R, Sheikh OComplementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of major depressive disorderCan Fam Physician.(2011 Jun)
    6. Depression Symptoms - Appleton KM, Sallis HM, Perry R, Ness AR, Churchill ROmega-3 fatty acids for depression in adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2015 Nov 5)
    7. Depression Symptoms - Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WWOmega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trialEur Neuropsychopharmacol.(2003 Aug)
    8. Depression Symptoms - Katherine M Appleton, Philip D Voyias, Hannah M Sallis, Sarah Dawson, Andrew R Ness, Rachel Churchill, Rachel PerryOmega-3 fatty acids for depression in adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2021 Nov 24)
    9. Depression Symptoms - Maike Wolters, Annkathrin von der Haar, Ann-Kristin Baalmann, Maike Wellbrock, Thomas L Heise, Stefan RachEffects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in the Prevention and Treatment of Depressive Disorders-A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2021 Mar 25)
    10. Depression Symptoms - Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RHAddition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorderAm J Psychiatry.(2002 Mar)
    11. Depression Symptoms - Grenyer BF, Crowe T, Meyer B, Owen AJ, Grigonis-Deane EM, Caputi P, Howe PRFish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trialProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2007 Oct 1)
    12. Depression Symptoms - Sublette ME, Ellis SP, Geant AL, Mann JJMeta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depressionJ Clin Psychiatry.(2011 Dec)
    13. Depression Symptoms - Martins JGEPA but not DHA appears to be responsible for the efficacy of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Am Coll Nutr.(2009 Jun 9)
    14. Postpartum Depression Symptoms - Makrides M, Gibson RA, McPhee AJ, Yelland L, Quinlivan J, Ryan P; DOMInO Investigative TeamEffect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(2010 Oct 20)
    15. Depression Symptoms - Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Zboyan HA, Kertz B, Kim HF, Puryear LJA double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depressionAm J Psychiatry.(2003 May)
    16. Depression Symptoms - Lopresti AL, Maes M, Maker GL, Hood SD, Drummond PDCurcumin for the treatment of major depression: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled studyJ Affect Disord.(2014)
    17. Depression Symptoms - Lopresti AL, Drummond PDEfficacy of curcumin, and a saffron/curcumin combination for the treatment of major depression: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Affect Disord.(2017 Jan 1)
    18. Depression Symptoms - Kanchanatawan B, Tangwongchai S, Sughondhabhirom A, Suppapitiporn S, Hemrunrojn S, Carvalho AF, Maes MAdd-on Treatment with Curcumin Has Antidepressive Effects in Thai Patients with Major Depression: Results of a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled StudyNeurotox Res.(2018 Apr)
    19. Depression Symptoms - Yu JJ, Pei LB, Zhang Y, Wen ZY, Yang JLChronic Supplementation of Curcumin Enhances the Efficacy of Antidepressants in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot StudyJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2015 Aug)
    20. Depression Symptoms - Bergman J, Miodownik C, Bersudsky Y, Sokolik S, Lerner PP, Kreinin A, Polakiewicz J, Lerner VCurcumin as an add-on to antidepressive treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical studyClin Neuropharmacol.(2013 May-Jun)
    21. Depression Symptoms - Nemets B, Mishory A, Levine J, Belmaker RHInositol addition does not improve depression in SSRI treatment failuresJ Neural Transm.(1999)
    22. Depression Symptoms - Nierenberg AA, Ostacher MJ, Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Marangell LB, Miklowitz DJ, Miyahara S, Bauer MS, Thase ME, Wisniewski SR, Sachs GSTreatment-resistant bipolar depression: a STEP-BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of antidepressant augmentation with lamotrigine, inositol, or risperidoneAm J Psychiatry.(2006 Feb)
    23. Depression Symptoms - Levine J, Barak Y, Gonzalves M, Szor H, Elizur A, Kofman O, Belmaker RHDouble-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depressionAm J Psychiatry.(1995 May)
    24. Depression Symptoms - Joseph Levine, Mirtha Gonsalves, Izak Babur, Shaul Stier, Avner Elizur, Ora Kofman, R. H. BelmakerInositol 6 g daily may be effective in depression but not in schizophreniaHuman Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental.()
    25. Depression Symptoms - Tomohiko Mukai, Taro Kishi, Yuki Matsuda, Nakao IwataA meta-analysis of inositol for depression and anxiety disordersHum Psychopharmacol.(2014 Jan)
    26. Depression Symptoms - Taylor MJ, Wilder H, Bhagwagar Z, Geddes JInositol for depressive disorders.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2004)
    27. Depression Symptoms - Alireza Milajerdi, Shima Jazayeri, Elham Shirzadi, Najmeh Hashemzadeh, Atieh Azizgol, Abolghassem Djazayery, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, Shahin AkhondzadehThe effects of alcoholic extract of saffron (Crocus satious L.) on mild to moderate comorbid depression-anxiety, sleep quality, and life satisfaction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trialComplement Ther Med.(2018 Dec)
    28. Depression Symptoms - Gholamali Jelodar, Zahra Javid, Ali Sahraian, Sina JelodarSaffron improved depression and reduced homocysteine level in patients with major depression: A Randomized, double-blind studyAvicenna J Phytomed.(Jan-Feb 2018)
    29. Depression Symptoms - Shahin Akhondzadeh, Seyed-Ali Mostafavi, Seyed Ali Keshavarz, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Saeed Hosseini, Mohammad Reza EshraghianA placebo controlled randomized clinical trial of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on depression and food craving among overweight women with mild to moderate depressionJ Clin Pharm Ther.(2020 Feb)
    30. Depression Symptoms - Nazila Shahmansouri, Mehdi Farokhnia, Seyed-Hesammeddin Abbasi, Seyed Ebrahim Kassaian, Ahmad-Ali Noorbala Tafti, Amirhossein Gougol, Habibeh Yekehtaz, Saeedeh Forghani, Mehran Mahmoodian, Sepideh Saroukhani, Akram Arjmandi-Beglar, Shahin AkhondzadehA randomized, double-blind, clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with fluoxetine for improving mild to moderate depression in post percutaneous coronary intervention patientsJ Affect Disord.(2014 Feb)
    31. Depression Symptoms - A A Noorbala, S Akhondzadeh, N Tahmacebi-Pour, A H JamshidiHydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trialJ Ethnopharmacol.(2005 Feb 28)
    32. Depression Symptoms - Ehsan Moazen-Zadeh, Seyed Hesameddin Abbasi, Hamideh Safi-Aghdam, Nazila Shahmansouri, Akram Arjmandi-Beglar, Azita Hajhosseinn Talasaz, Abbas Salehiomran, Saeedeh Forghani, Shahin AkhondzadehEffects of Saffron on Cognition, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Altern Complement Med.(2018 Apr)
    33. Depression Symptoms - Adrian L Lopresti, Stephen J Smith, Sean D Hood, Peter D DrummondEfficacy of a standardised saffron extract (affron®) as an add-on to antidepressant medication for the treatment of persistent depressive symptoms in adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Psychopharmacol.(2019 Nov)
    34. Depression Symptoms - Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi-Pour N, Noorbala AA, Amini H, Fallah-Pour H, Jamshidi AH, Khani MCrocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trialPhytother Res.(2005 Feb)
    35. Depression Symptoms - Akhondzadeh Basti A, Moshiri E, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Abbasi SH, Akhondzadeh SComparison of petal of Crocus sativus L. and fluoxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients: a pilot double-blind randomized trialProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2007 Mar 30)
    36. Depression Symptoms - Kashani L, Raisi F, Saroukhani S, Sohrabi H, Modabbernia A, Nasehi AA, Jamshidi A, Ashrafi M, Mansouri P, Ghaeli P, Akhondzadeh SSaffron for treatment of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studyHum Psychopharmacol.(2013 Jan)
    37. Depression Symptoms - A Ghajar, S M Neishabouri, N Velayati, L Jahangard, N Matinnia, M Haghighi, A Ghaleiha, M Afarideh, S Salimi, A Meysamie, S AkhondzadehCrocus sativus L. versus Citalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder with Anxious Distress: A Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical TrialPharmacopsychiatry.(2017 Jul)
    38. Depression Symptoms - Mohsen Mazidi, Maryam Shemshian, Seyed Hadi Mousavi, Abdolreza Norouzy, Tayebe Kermani, Toktam Moghiman, Akram Sadeghi, Naghme Mokhber, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan, Gordon A A FernsA double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the treatment of anxiety and depressionJ Complement Integr Med.(2016 Jun 1)
    39. Depression Symptoms - Akhondzadeh S, Fallah-Pour H, Afkham K, Jamshidi AH, Khalighi-Cigaroudi FComparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a pilot double-blind randomized trial ISRCTN45683816BMC Complement Altern Med.(2004 Sep 2)
    40. Depression Symptoms - Ali Sahraian, Sina Jelodar, Zahra Javid, Arash Mowla, Laaya AhmadzadehStudy the effects of saffron on depression and lipid profiles: A double blind comparative studyAsian J Psychiatr.(2016 Aug)
    41. Depression Symptoms - Moshiri E, Basti AA, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Hesameddin Abbasi S, Akhondzadeh SCrocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trialPhytomedicine.(2006 Nov)
    42. Depression Symptoms - Ladan Kashani, Sophia Esalatmanesh, Farzaneh Eftekhari, Samrand Salimi, Tahereh Foroughifar, Farnaz Etesam, Hamideh Safiaghdam, Ehsan Moazen-Zadeh, Shahin AkhondzadehEfficacy of Crocus sativus (saffron) in treatment of major depressive disorder associated with post-menopausal hot flashes: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trialArch Gynecol Obstet.(2018 Mar)
    43. Depression Symptoms - Wolfgang Marx, Melissa Lane, Tetyana Rocks, Anu Ruusunen, Amy Loughman, Adrian Lopresti, Skye Marshall, Michael Berk, Felice Jacka, Olivia M DeanEffect of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysisNutr Rev.(2019 May 28)
    44. Depression Symptoms - Mohammad Ahmadpanah, Fatemeh Ramezanshams, Ali Ghaleiha, Shahin Akhondzadeh, Dena Sadeghi Bahmani, Serge BrandCrocus Sativus L. (saffron) versus sertraline on symptoms of depression among older people with major depressive disorders-a double-blind, randomized intervention studyPsychiatry Res.(2019 Dec)
    45. Depression Symptoms - Akhondzadeh B, Ghoreishi S, Noorbala A, Akhondzadeh S, Rezazadeh SPetal and Stigma of Crocus sativus L. in the Treatment of Depression: A Pilot Double - blind Randomized Trial J Med Plants.()
    46. Depression Symptoms - Shafiee A, Jafarabady K, Seighali N, Mohammadi I, Rajai Firouz Abadi S, Abhari FS, Bakhtiyari MEffect of Saffron Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutr Rev.(2024 Jun 24)
    47. Depression Symptoms - Dormal V, Suchareau M, Copine S, Simar L, Deldicque LThe Effects of Combined Scutellaria and Saffron Supplementation on Mood Regulation in Participants with Mild-to-Moderate Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.Nutrients.(2025 Feb 26)
    48. Depression Symptoms - Simon B Goldberg, Brian T Pace, Christopher R Nicholas, Charles L Raison, Paul R HutsonThe experimental effects of psilocybin on symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysisPsychiatry Res.(2020 Feb)
    49. Depression Symptoms - Ko K, Kopra EI, Cleare AJ, Rucker JJPsychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Affect Disord.(2023-Feb-01)
    50. Suicidal Thoughts - Zeifman RJ, Yu D, Singhal N, Wang G, Nayak SM, Weissman CRDecreases in Suicidality Following Psychedelic Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data Across Clinical Trials.J Clin Psychiatry.(2022-Jan-18)
    51. Depression Symptoms - Kondo DG, Sung YH, Hellem TL, Fiedler KK, Shi X, Jeong EK, Renshaw PFOpen-label adjunctive creatine for female adolescents with SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder: a 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy studyJ Affect Disord.(2011 Dec)
    52. Depression Symptoms - Roitman S, Green T, Osher Y, Karni N, Levine JCreatine monohydrate in resistant depression: a preliminary studyBipolar Disord.(2007 Nov)
    53. Depression Symptoms - Lyoo IK, Yoon S, Kim TS, Hwang J, Kim JE, Won W, Bae S, Renshaw PFA randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral creatine monohydrate augmentation for enhanced response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in women with major depressive disorderAm J Psychiatry.(2012 Sep)
    54. Depression Symptoms - Godfrey PS, Toone BK, Carney MW, Flynn TG, Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, Chanarin I, Reynolds EHEnhancement of recovery from psychiatric illness by methylfolateLancet.(1990 Aug 18)
    55. Depression Symptoms - Taylor MJ, Carney S, Geddes J, Goodwin GFolate for depressive disordersCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2003)
    56. Depression Symptoms - Maruf AA, Poweleit EA, Brown LC, Strawn JR, Bousman CASystematic Review and Meta-Analysis of L-Methylfolate Augmentation in Depressive Disorders.Pharmacopsychiatry.(2022-May)
    57. Depression Symptoms - Khalili, P et al.The effects of folic acid supplementation on depression in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsNutrition & Food Science.(2022-07-29)
    58. Depression Symptoms - Malaguarnera M, Bella R, Vacante M, Giordano M, Malaguarnera G, Gargante MP, Motta M, Mistretta A, Rampello L, Pennisi GAcetyl-L-carnitine reduces depression and improves quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathyScand J Gastroenterol.(2011 Jun)
    59. Depression Symptoms - Nicola Veronese, Brendon Stubbs, Marco Solmi, Olesya Ajnakina, Andre F Carvalho, Stefania MaggiAcetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPsychosom Med.(Feb/Mar 2018)
    60. Depression Symptoms - Sarris J, Papakostas GI, Vitolo O, Fava M, Mischoulon DS-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) versus escitalopram and placebo in major depression RCT: efficacy and effects of histamine and carnitine as moderators of responseJ Affect Disord.(2014 Aug)
    61. Depression Symptoms - Papakostas GI, Mischoulon D, Shyu I, Alpert JE, Fava MS-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trialAm J Psychiatry.(2010 Aug)
    62. Depression Symptoms - Ilaria Galizia, Lucio Oldani, Karine Macritchie, Erica Amari, Dominic Dougall, Tessa N Jones, Raymond W Lam, Guido Jacopo Massei, Lakshmi N Yatham, Allan H YoungS-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2016 Oct 10)
    63. Depression Symptoms - Peng TR, Cheng HY, Wu TWS-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as an adjuvant therapy for patients with depression: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Gen Hosp Psychiatry.(2024 Jan-Feb)
    64. Depression Symptoms - Limveeraprajak N, Nakhawatchana S, Visukamol A, Siripakkaphant C, Suttajit S, Srisurapanont MEfficacy and acceptability of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) for depressed patients: A systematic review and meta- analysis.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2024 Jun 8)
    65. Depression Symptoms - Hardy ML, Coulter I, Morton SC, Favreau J, Venuturupalli S, Chiappelli F, Rossi F, Orshansky G, Jungvig LK, Roth EA, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PS-adenosyl-L-methionine for treatment of depression, osteoarthritis, and liver disease.Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ).(2003 Aug)
    66. Attention - Levkovitz Y, Alpert JE, Brintz CE, Mischoulon D, Papakostas GIEffects of S-adenosylmethionine augmentation of serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorderJ Affect Disord.(2012 Feb)
    67. Depression Symptoms - Ranjbar E, Shams J, Sabetkasaei M, M-Shirazi M, Rashidkhani B, Mostafavi A, Bornak E, Nasrollahzadeh JEffects of zinc supplementation on efficacy of antidepressant therapy, inflammatory cytokines, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depressionNutr Neurosci.(2014 Feb)
    68. Depression Symptoms - Siwek M, Dudek D, Paul IA, Sowa-Kućma M, Zieba A, Popik P, Pilc A, Nowak GZinc supplementation augments efficacy of imipramine in treatment resistant patients: a double blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Affect Disord.(2009 Nov)
    69. Depression Symptoms - Solati Z, Jazayeri S, Tehrani-Doost M, Mahmoodianfard S, Gohari MRZinc monotherapy increases serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and decreases depressive symptoms in overweight or obese subjects: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trialNutr Neurosci.(2014 Jan 7)
    70. Depression Symptoms - Sawada T, Yokoi KEffect of zinc supplementation on mood states in young women: a pilot studyEur J Clin Nutr.(2010 Mar)
    71. Depression Symptoms - Wang H, Jin M, Xie M, Yang Y, Xue F, Li W, Zhang M, Li Z, Li X, Jia N, Liu Y, Cui X, Hu G, Dong L, Wang G, Yu QProtective role of antioxidant supplementation for depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.J Affect Disord.(2023-Feb-15)
    72. Depression Symptoms - Ross SMRhodiola rosea (SHR-5), Part 2: A standardized extract of Rhodiola rosea is shown to be effective in the treatment of mild to moderate depressionHolist Nurs Pract.(2014 May-Jun)
    73. Depression Symptoms - Darbinyan V, Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, Malmström C, Panossian AClinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depressionNord J Psychiatry.(2007)
    74. Depression Symptoms - Mao JJ, Xie SX, Zee J, Soeller I, Li QS, Rockwell K, Amsterdam JDRhodiola rosea versus sertraline for major depressive disorder: A randomized placebo-controlled trialPhytomedicine.(2015 Mar 15)
    75. Depression Symptoms - Shinsuke Hidese, Miho Ota, Chisato Wakabayashi, Takamasa Noda, Hayato Ozawa, Tsutomu Okubo, Hiroshi KunugiEffects of chronic l-theanine administration in patients with major depressive disorder: an open-label studyActa Neuropsychiatr.(2017 Apr)
    76. Depression Symptoms - Behnaz Abiri, Parvin Sarbakhsh, Mohammadreza VafaRandomized study of the effects of vitamin D and/or magnesium supplementation on mood, serum levels of BDNF, inflammation, and SIRT1 in obese women with mild to moderate depressive symptomsNutr Neurosci.(2021 Jul 2)
    77. Depression Symptoms - Barragán-Rodríguez L, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero FEfficacy and safety of oral magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, equivalent trialMagnes Res.(2008 Dec)
    78. Depression Symptoms - Afsharfar M, Shahraki M, Shakiba M, Asbaghi O, Dashipour AThe effects of magnesium supplementation on serum level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and depression status in patients with depression.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2021-Apr)
    79. Depression Symptoms - Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Clarence-Smith K, Starkstein SDouble-blind treatment of apathy in patients with poststroke depression using nefiracetamJ Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.(2009 Spring)
    80. Depression Symptoms - Davidson JR, Abraham K, Connor KM, McLeod MNEffectiveness of chromium in atypical depression: a placebo-controlled trialBiol Psychiatry.(2003 Feb 1)
    81. Depression Symptoms - Docherty JP, Sack DA, Roffman M, Finch M, Komorowski JRA double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: effect on carbohydrate cravingJ Psychiatr Pract.(2005 Sep)
    82. Depression Symptoms - A J Gelenberg, J D Wojcik, W E Falk, R J Baldessarini, S H Zeisel, D Schoenfeld, G S MokTyrosine for depression: a double-blind trialJ Affect Disord.(1990 Jun)
    83. Depression Symptoms - Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Stammler M, Imhof MImprovement of postmenopausal depressive and anxiety symptoms after treatment with isoflavones derived from red clover extractsMaturitas.(2010 Mar)
    84. Depression Symptoms - Sanoobar M, Dehghan P, Khalili M, Azimi A, Seifar FCoenzyme Q10 as a treatment for fatigue and depression in multiple sclerosis patients: A double blind randomized clinical trialNutr Neurosci.(2016)
    85. Depression Symptoms - Mehrpooya M, Yasrebifar F, Haghighi M, Mohammadi Y, Jahangard LEvaluating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Augmentation on Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Double-Blind Controlled Clinical TrialJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2018 Oct)
    86. Depression Symptoms - Jangid P, Malik P, Singh P, Sharma M, Gulia AKComparative study of efficacy of l-5-hydroxytryptophan and fluoxetine in patients presenting with first depressive episode.Asian J Psychiatr.(2013-Feb)
    87. Depression Symptoms - Pöldinger W, Calanchini B, Schwarz WA functional-dimensional approach to depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine.Psychopathology.(1991)
    88. Depression Symptoms - Zhao X, Zhang H, Wu Y, Yu CThe efficacy and safety of St. John's wort extract in depression therapy compared to SSRIs in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Adv Clin Exp Med.(2022-Oct-11)
    89. Depression Symptoms - Linde K, Berner MM, Kriston LSt John's wort for major depression.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2008-Oct-08)
    90. Depression Symptoms - Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, Ho CYClinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in depression: A meta-analysis.J Affect Disord.(2017-Mar-01)
    91. Depression Symptoms - Whiskey E, Werneke U, Taylor DA systematic review and meta-analysis of Hypericum perforatum in depression: a comprehensive clinical review.Int Clin Psychopharmacol.(2001-Sep)
    92. Depression Symptoms - Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Abdollahi MEfficacy and tolerability of Hypericum perforatum in major depressive disorder in comparison with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2009-Feb-01)
    93. Depression Symptoms - Linde K, Berner M, Egger M, Mulrow CSt John's wort for depression: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Br J Psychiatry.(2005-Feb)
    94. Depression Symptoms - Cui YH, Zheng YA meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of St John's wort extract in depression therapy in comparison with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in adults.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat.(2016)
    95. Depression Symptoms - Masuda A, Nakazato M, Kihara T, Minagoe S, Tei CRepeated thermal therapy diminishes appetite loss and subjective complaints in mildly depressed patients.Psychosom Med.(2005)
    96. Depression Symptoms - Christos F Kelaiditis, E Leigh Gibson, Simon C DyallEffects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on reducing anxiety and/or depression in adults; A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2023 Apr 2)
    97. Depression Symptoms - Kong L, Zhang Q, Wang H, Xu Y, Xu C, Chen Y, Lu J, Hu SExploration of the optimized portrait of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in treating depression: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.J Affect Disord.(2025 Jun 15)
    98. Anxiety Symptoms - Bafkar N, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar SEfficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation for anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC Psychiatry.(2024 Jun 18)
    99. Depression Symptoms - Fernandes BS, Dean OM, Dodd S, Malhi GS, Berk MN-Acetylcysteine in depressive symptoms and functionality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Clin Psychiatry.(2016 Apr 27)
    100. Depression Symptoms - Shokri-Mashhadi N, Darand M, Rouhani MH, Yahay M, Feltham BA, Saraf-Bank SEffects of melatonin supplementation on BDNF concentrations and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Behav Brain Res.(2023-Jan-05)
    101. Depression Symptoms - Firoozeei TS, Feizi A, Rezaeizadeh H, Zargaran A, Roohafza HR, Karimi MThe antidepressant effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Complement Ther Med.(2021-Jun)
    102. Depression Symptoms - Almeida OP, Ford AH, Flicker LSystematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of folate and vitamin B12 for depression.Int Psychogeriatr.(2015-May)
    103. Depression Symptoms - Markun S, Gravestock I, Jäger L, Rosemann T, Pichierri G, Burgstaller JMEffects of Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Depressive Symptoms, and Fatigue: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression.Nutrients.(2021-Mar-12)
    104. Depression Symptoms - Tang L, Zhang L, Liu Y, Li Y, Yang L, Zou M, Yang H, Zhu L, Du R, Shen Y, Li H, Yang Y, Li ZOptimal dose and type of exercise to improve depressive symptoms in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC Geriatr.(2024 Jun 7)
    105. Depression Symptoms - Barrong H, Coven H, Lish A, Fessler SN, Jasbi P, Johnston CSDaily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression and Enhances Niacin Metabolism in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients.(2024 Jul 18)
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    107. Depression Symptoms - Seok JW, Kim JDLight Therapy for Older People with Depressive Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Clin Med.(2024 Nov 20)
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    Depression: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.