Overview

What is fish oil?

What are fish oil’s main benefits?

What are fish oil’s main drawbacks?

How does fish oil work?

Dosage information

Fish oil doses vary depending on the goal of supplementation. For general health, 250 mg of combined EPA and DHA is the minimum dose and can be obtained via fish intake. The American Heart Association recommends 1 g daily.

Since fish oil is a combination of two different fatty acids, these numbers reflect a combined total. Total eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) consumption should come from a mix of real food and supplements. The more EPA and DHA is provided by the diet, the less supplementation is required.

Fish oil can be taken throughout the day. To minimize the "fish burp" taste, take fish oil with meals.

Pregnant women should increase their intake of DHA by at least 200mg a day, as long as there is no risk of elevated mercury levels.

Examine Database: Fish Oil

Show Conditions

Health Condition/Goal	Health Outcome	Evidence
Metabolic Health	40 Outcomes	21 Studies
High Cholesterol	30 Outcomes	17 Studies
Type 2 Diabetes	30 Outcomes	16 Studies
General Cardiovascular Health	21 Outcomes	11 Studies
Dyslipidemia	19 Outcomes	11 Studies
Immune Health	22 Outcomes	11 Studies
Cognitive Improvement	16 Outcomes	10 Studies
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	3 Outcomes	9 Studies
Peripartum Depression	2 Outcomes	7 Studies
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	7 Outcomes	7 Studies
Coronary Artery Disease	11 Outcomes	5 Studies
Depression	2 Outcomes	5 Studies
Bipolar Disorder	2 Outcomes	5 Studies
Mood Improvement	12 Outcomes	4 Studies
Muscle Recovery	9 Outcomes	4 Studies
Weight Loss & Maintenance	16 Outcomes	4 Studies
General Athletic Performance	11 Outcomes	4 Studies
High Blood Pressure	13 Outcomes	3 Studies
Menopause	6 Outcomes	3 Studies
Obesity	4 Outcomes	3 Studies
Cardiovascular Disease	15 Outcomes	3 Studies
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	16 Outcomes	2 Studies
Premenstrual Syndrome	5 Outcomes	2 Studies
Aerobic Exercise Performance	4 Outcomes	2 Studies
Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Cognitive Decline (AAMCD)	2 Outcomes	2 Studies
Body Composition	8 Outcomes	2 Studies
Gestational Diabetes	5 Outcomes	2 Studies
Muscle Size & Strength	4 Outcomes	2 Studies
Overweight	8 Outcomes	2 Studies
Perinatal Depression	2 Outcomes	2 Studies
Alzheimer’s Disease	1 Outcome	1 Study
Asthma	1 Outcome	1 Study
Autism Spectrum Disorder	1 Outcome	1 Study
Chronic Kidney Disease	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Endometriosis	1 Outcome	1 Study
Gout	1 Outcome	1 Study
Migraine Headache	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome	11 Outcomes	1 Study
Rheumatoid Arthritis	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Stroke	8 Outcomes	1 Study
Type 1 Diabetes	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Anaerobic Exercise Performance	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Cardiomyopathy	15 Outcomes	1 Study
Cystic Fibrosis	1 Outcome	1 Study
Digestive Health	1 Outcome	1 Study
Human Immunodeficiency Virus	6 Outcomes	1 Study
Hyperpnoea-Induced Bronchoconstriction	1 Outcome	1 Study
Intrauterine Growth Restriction	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Low Birth Weight	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Lung Cancer	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Macular Degeneration	1 Outcome	1 Study
Mental Resilience	3 Outcomes	1 Study
Metabolic Syndrome	1 Outcome	1 Study
Offspring Health	6 Outcomes	1 Study
Peripheral Arterial Disease	3 Outcomes	1 Study
Preeclampsia	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Premature Birth	2 Outcomes	1 Study
Raynaud's Phenomenon	1 Outcome	1 Study
Schizophrenia	1 Outcome	1 Study
Skin Health	3 Outcomes	1 Study

Metabolic Health

40 Outcomes

21 Studies

High Cholesterol

30 Outcomes

17 Studies

Type 2 Diabetes

30 Outcomes

16 Studies

General Cardiovascular Health

21 Outcomes

11 Studies

Dyslipidemia

19 Outcomes

11 Studies

Immune Health

22 Outcomes

11 Studies

Cognitive Improvement

16 Outcomes

10 Studies

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

3 Outcomes

9 Studies

Peripartum Depression

2 Outcomes

7 Studies

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

7 Outcomes

7 Studies

Coronary Artery Disease

11 Outcomes

5 Studies

Depression

2 Outcomes

5 Studies

Bipolar Disorder

2 Outcomes

5 Studies

Mood Improvement

12 Outcomes

4 Studies

Muscle Recovery

9 Outcomes

4 Studies

Weight Loss & Maintenance

16 Outcomes

4 Studies

General Athletic Performance

11 Outcomes

4 Studies

High Blood Pressure

13 Outcomes

3 Studies

Menopause

6 Outcomes

3 Studies

Obesity

4 Outcomes

3 Studies

Cardiovascular Disease

15 Outcomes

3 Studies

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

16 Outcomes

2 Studies

Premenstrual Syndrome

5 Outcomes

2 Studies

Aerobic Exercise Performance

4 Outcomes

2 Studies

Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Cognitive Decline (AAMCD)

2 Outcomes

2 Studies

Body Composition

8 Outcomes

2 Studies

Gestational Diabetes

5 Outcomes

2 Studies

Muscle Size & Strength

4 Outcomes

2 Studies

Overweight

8 Outcomes

2 Studies

Perinatal Depression

2 Outcomes

2 Studies

Alzheimer’s Disease

1 Outcome

1 Study

Asthma

1 Outcome

1 Study

Autism Spectrum Disorder

1 Outcome

1 Study

Chronic Kidney Disease

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Endometriosis

1 Outcome

1 Study

Gout

1 Outcome

1 Study

Migraine Headache

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

11 Outcomes

1 Study

Rheumatoid Arthritis

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Stroke

8 Outcomes

1 Study

Type 1 Diabetes

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Anaerobic Exercise Performance

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Cardiomyopathy

15 Outcomes

1 Study

Cystic Fibrosis

1 Outcome

1 Study

Digestive Health

1 Outcome

1 Study

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

6 Outcomes

1 Study

Hyperpnoea-Induced Bronchoconstriction

1 Outcome

1 Study

Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Low Birth Weight

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Lung Cancer

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Macular Degeneration

1 Outcome

1 Study

Mental Resilience

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Metabolic Syndrome

1 Outcome

1 Study

Offspring Health

6 Outcomes

1 Study

Peripheral Arterial Disease

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Preeclampsia

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Premature Birth

2 Outcomes

1 Study

Raynaud's Phenomenon

1 Outcome

1 Study

Schizophrenia

1 Outcome

1 Study

Skin Health

3 Outcomes

1 Study

Metabolic Health

High Cholesterol

Type 2 Diabetes

General Cardiovascular Health

Dyslipidemia

Immune Health

Cognitive Improvement

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Peripartum Depression

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Coronary Artery Disease

Weight Loss & Maintenance

General Athletic Performance

High Blood Pressure

Menopause

Obesity

Cardiovascular Disease

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Premenstrual Syndrome

Aerobic Exercise Performance

Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Cognitive Decline (AAMCD)

Body Composition

Gestational Diabetes

Muscle Size & Strength

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Chronic Kidney Disease

Endometriosis

Gout

Migraine Headache

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Stroke

Type 1 Diabetes

Anaerobic Exercise Performance

Cardiomyopathy

Cystic Fibrosis

Digestive Health

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Hyperpnoea-Induced Bronchoconstriction

Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Research FeedRead all studies

Can fish oil reduce exercise-related inflammation?

In this systematic review of 3 studies, supplementation with fish oil reduced the levels of an inflammatory marker after exercise in only 1 of the included studies.

Fish oil supplements versus oily fish for blood clotting activity

Fish oil and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Does supplementation improve liver enzymes or blood lipids?

Prevalence of supplement use during chemotherapy treatment for ovarian cancer

Could increasing the intake of omega-3 fatty acids improve sleep?

Frequently asked questions

Does fish oil really help depression?

Can I eat flax seeds instead of fish or fish oil for omega-3s?

Does fish oil increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (irregular heart beat)?

Can fish oil increase the risk of bleeding?

What are other names for Fish Oil?

Update History

Updated one FAQ
minor

Full page update
major

Research written by

Marina Shkayeva

Edited by

Natalka Roshak

Reviewed by

Nick Milazzo

Major FAQ and database update
major

Research written by

Marina Shkayeva

Edited by

Natalka Roshak

Reviewed by

Nick Milazzo

Research Breakdown

References

Examine Database References

Triglycerides - L Axelrod, J Camuso, E Williams, K Kleinman, E Briones, D SchoenfeldEffects of a Small Quantity of omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in NIDDM. A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Controlled StudyDiabetes Care.(1994 Jan)
Kidney Function - Tarec K Elajami, Abdulhamied Alfaddagh, Dharshan Lakshminarayan, Michael Soliman, Madhuri Chandnani, Francine K WeltyEicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Attenuate Progression of Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery DiseaseJ Am Heart Assoc.(2017 Jul 14)
Platelet Aggregation - Serebruany VL, Miller M, Pokov AN, Lynch D, Jensen JK, Hallén J, Atar DEarly impact of prescription Omega-3 fatty acids on platelet biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertriglyceridemiaCardiology.(2011)
Atrial Fibrillation Incidence - Ali Vasheghani Farahani, Awat Yousefi Azar, Hamid Reza Goodarzynejad, Elnaz Khorrami, Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar, Sima Oshnouei, Alireza Alizadeh Ghavidel, Elham Golfeshan, Fateme Ghourban PourFish oil supplementation for primary prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized clinical trialInt J Surg.(2017 Jun)
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Schouten EG, Kluft C, Katan MB, Zock PLIntake of n-3 fatty acids from fish does not lower serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr.(2004 Oct)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Alison M Hill, Jonathan D Buckley, Karen J Murphy, and Peter RC HoweCombining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factorsThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.()
Blood Pressure - Campbell F, Dickinson HO, Critchley JA, Ford GA, Bradburn MA systematic review of fish-oil supplements for the prevention and treatment of hypertensionEur J Prev Cardiolog.(2012 Feb 1)
Triglycerides - Eslick GD, Howe PR, Smith C, Priest R, Bensoussan ABenefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysisInt J Cardiol.(2008 Sep 9)
Triglycerides - Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, Maki KC, Doyle RT, Shalwitz RA, Ballantyne CM, Ginsberg HN, COMBination of prescription Omega-3 with Simvastatin (COMBOS) InvestigatorsEfficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyClin Ther.(2007 Jul)
Triglycerides - Annuzzi G, Rivellese A, Capaldo B, Di Marino L, Iovine C, Marotta G, Riccardi GA controlled study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patientsAtherosclerosis.(1991 Mar)
Triglycerides - Maki KC, McKenney JM, Reeves MS, Lubin BC, Dicklin MREffects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemiaAm J Cardiol.(2008 Aug 15)
Triglycerides - M Gorety Jacobo-Cejudo, Roxana Valdés-Ramos, Ana L Guadarrama-López, Rosa-Virgen Pardo-Morales, Beatriz E Martínez-Carrillo, Laurence S HarbigeEffect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus PatientsNutrients.(2017 Jun 3)
Triglycerides - Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, Dicklin MR, Schild AL, Rains TMPrescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters reduce fasting and postprandial triglycerides and modestly reduce pancreatic β-cell response in subjects with primary hypertriglyceridemiaProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2011 Sep-Oct)
Triglycerides - Krebs JD, Browning LM, McLean NK, Rothwell JL, Mishra GD, Moore CS, Jebb SAAdditive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic womenInt J Obes (Lond).(2006 Oct)
Triglycerides - Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, Dicklin MR, Kaden VN, Schild AL, Rains TM, Marshall JWEffects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters on fasting lipid profile in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemiaJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol.(2011 Apr)
Triglycerides - Morgan WA, Raskin P, Rosenstock JA comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDMDiabetes Care.(1995 Jan)
Triglycerides - Connor WE, Prince MJ, Ullmann D, Riddle M, Hatcher L, Smith FE, Wilson DThe hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose controlAnn N Y Acad Sci.(1993 Jun 14)
Triglycerides - Oelrich B, Dewell A, Gardner CDEffect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adultsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2011 Sep 15)
Triglycerides - Hanwell HE, Kay CD, Lampe JW, Holub BJ, Duncan AMAcute fish oil and soy isoflavone supplementation increase postprandial serum (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and isoflavones but do not affect triacylglycerols or biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese hypertriglyceridemic menJ Nutr.(2009 Jun)
Triglycerides - Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Vanden Heuvel JP, Wagner PR, West SGDose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemiaAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Feb)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Warner JG Jr, Ullrich IH, Albrink MJ, Yeater RACombined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic personsMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1989 Oct)
Muscle Mass - C Couet, J Delarue, P Ritz, J M Antoine, F LamisseEffect of dietary fish oil on body fat mass and basal fat oxidation in healthy adultsInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1997 Aug)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Ciubotaru I, Lee YS, Wander RCDietary fish oil decreases C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and triacylglycerol to HDL-cholesterol ratio in postmenopausal women on HRTJ Nutr Biochem.(2003 Sep)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Vega-López S, Kaul N, Devaraj S, Cai RY, German B, Jialal ISupplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-rac alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteersMetabolism.(2004 Feb)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Zulyniak MA, Perreault M, Gerling C, Spriet LL, Mutch DMFish oil supplementation alters circulating eicosanoid concentrations in young healthy menMetabolism.(2013 Mar 20)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Fakhrzadeh H, Ghaderpanahi M, Sharifi F, Mirarefin M, Badamchizade Z, Kamrani AA, Larijani BThe effects of low dose n-3 fatty acids on serum lipid profiles and insulin resistance of the elderly: a randomized controlled clinical trialInt J Vitam Nutr Res.(2010 Apr)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Dangardt F, Osika W, Chen Y, Nilsson U, Gan LM, Gronowitz E, Strandvik B, Friberg POmega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves vascular function and reduces inflammation in obese adolescentsAtherosclerosis.(2010 Oct)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Thusgaard M, Christensen JH, Mørn B, Andersen TS, Vige R, Arildsen H, Schmidt EB, Nielsen HEffect of fish oil (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyScand J Infect Dis.(2009)
TNF-Alpha - Pot GK, Brouwer IA, Enneman A, Rijkers GT, Kampman E, Geelen ANo effect of fish oil supplementation on serum inflammatory markers and their interrelationships: a randomized controlled trial in healthy, middle-aged individualsEur J Clin Nutr.(2009 Nov)
Triglycerides - Shidfar F, Keshavarz A, Hosseyni S, Ameri A, Yarahmadi SEffects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes patientsEast Mediterr Health J.(2008 Mar-Apr)
Triglycerides - Luo J, Rizkalla SW, Vidal H, Oppert JM, Colas C, Boussairi A, Guerre-Millo M, Chapuis AS, Chevalier A, Durand G, Slama GModerate intake of n-3 fatty acids for 2 months has no detrimental effect on glucose metabolism and could ameliorate the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic men. Results of a controlled studyDiabetes Care.(1998 May)
Leukotriene B5 - Stanke-Labesque F, Molière P, Bessard J, Laville M, Véricel E, Lagarde MEffect of dietary supplementation with increasing doses of docosahexaenoic acid on neutrophil lipid composition and leukotriene production in human healthy volunteersBr J Nutr.(2008 Oct)
Inflammation - Kooshki A, Taleban FA, Tabibi H, Hedayati MEffects of marine omega-3 fatty acids on serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patientsAnn Nutr Metab.(2011)
Inflammation - Yusof HM, Miles EA, Calder PInfluence of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids on plasma markers of inflammation in middle-aged menProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2008 Mar)
Cell Adhesion Factors - Maria C Paulo, Ana M Andrade, Maria L Andrade, Maria G Morais, Mairead Kiely, Dolores Parra, J Alfredo Martinéz, Inga Thorsdottir, Narcisa M BandarraInfluence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on soluble cellular adhesion molecules as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in young healthy subjectsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2008 Dec)
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Madsen T, Christensen JH, Blom M, Schmidt EBThe effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein: a dose-response studyBr J Nutr.(2003 Apr)
Cortisol - Michaeli B, Berger MM, Revelly JP, Tappy L, Chioléro REffects of fish oil on the neuro-endocrine responses to an endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteersClin Nutr.(2007 Feb)
Cortisol - Yann K Pittet, Mette M Berger, Thomas-Thi Pluess, Pierre Voirol, Jean-Pierre Revelly, Luc Tappy, René L ChioléroBlunting the response to endotoxin in healthy subjects: effects of various doses of intravenous fish oilIntensive Care Med.(2010 Feb)
Insulin Resistance - Hou M, Zhou W, Sun L, Wang B, Shen J, Cao L, Lv HEffect of Fish Oil on Insulin Sensitivity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials.Can J Diabetes.(2020 Nov 21)
5-HETE - Nielsen MS, Gammelmark A, Madsen T, Obel T, Aardestrup I, Schmidt EBThe effect of low-dose marine n-3 fatty acids on the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase pathway metabolites in overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trialProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2012 Jul)
Weight - Kunesová M, Braunerová R, Hlavatý P, Tvrzická E, Stanková B, Skrha J, Hilgertová J, Hill M, Kopecký J, Wagenknecht M, Hainer V, Matoulek M, Parízková J, Zák A, Svacina SThe influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and very low calorie diet during a short-term weight reducing regimen on weight loss and serum fatty acid composition in severely obese womenPhysiol Res.(2006)
Weight - Munro IA, Garg MLDietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA does not promote weight loss when combined with a very-low-energy dietBr J Nutr.(2012 Jan 3)
Insulin - Borkman M, Chisholm DJ, Furler SM, Storlien LH, Kraegen EW, Simons LA, Chesterman CNEffects of fish oil supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDMDiabetes.(1989 Oct)
Insulin - Goh YK, Jumpsen JA, Ryan EA, Clandinin MTEffect of omega 3 fatty acid on plasma lipids, cholesterol and lipoprotein fatty acid content in NIDDM patientsDiabetologia.(1997 Jan)
Insulin - Pelikánová T, Kohout M, Válek J, Kazdová L, Base JMetabolic effects of omega-3 fatty acids in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patientsAnn N Y Acad Sci.(1993 Jun 14)
Triglycerides - Montori VM, Farmer A, Wollan PC, Dinneen SFFish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systematic reviewDiabetes Care.(2000 Sep 1)
Triglycerides - Schectman G, Kaul S, Kissebah AHEffect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDMDiabetes.(1988 Nov)
Triglycerides - Rizza S, Tesauro M, Cardillo C, Galli A, Iantorno M, Gigli F, Sbraccia P, Federici M, Quon MJ, Lauro DFish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetesAtherosclerosis.(2009 Oct)
Triglycerides - Boberg M, Pollare T, Siegbahn A, Vessby BSupplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusEur J Clin Invest.(1992 Oct)
Triglycerides - Hendra TJ, Britton ME, Roper DR, Wagaine-Twabwe D, Jeremy JY, Dandona P, Haines AP, Yudkin JSEffects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled studyDiabetes Care.(1990 Aug)
Triglycerides - McManus RM, Jumpson J, Finegood DT, Clandinin MT, Ryan EAA comparison of the effects of n-3 fatty acids from linseed oil and fish oil in well-controlled type II diabetesDiabetes Care.(1996 May)
HbA1c - Pooya Sh, Jalali MD, Jazayery AD, Saedisomeolia A, Eshraghian MR, Toorang FThe efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels of type 2 diabetic patientsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2010 Jun)
HbA1c - Kabir M, Skurnik G, Naour N, Pechtner V, Meugnier E, Rome S, Quignard-Boulangé A, Vidal H, Slama G, Clément K, Guerre-Millo M, Rizkalla SWTreatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled studyAm J Clin Nutr.(2007 Dec)
Offspring BMI - Byron A Foster, Elia Escaname, Theresa L Powell, Benjamin Larsen, Sartaj K Siddiqui, John Menchaca, Christian Aquino, Rajam Ramamurthy, Daniel E HaleRandomized Controlled Trial of DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy: Child Adiposity OutcomesNutrients.(2017 Jun 2)
Weight - Ramel A, Martinez JA, Kiely M, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir IModerate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restrictionNutrition.(2010 Feb)
Hematocrit - Leila Vahedi, Alireza Ostadrahimi, Fatemeh Edalati-Fard, Hossein Aslani, Azizeh Farshbaf-KhaliliIs fish oil supplementation effective on maternal serum FBS, oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin and hematocrit in low risk pregnant women? A triple-blind randomized controlled trialJ Complement Integr Med.(2018 Feb 28)
Exercise-Induced Oxidation - Filaire E, Massart A, Portier H, Rouveix M, Rosado F, Bage AS, Gobert M, Durand DEffect of 6 Weeks of n-3 fatty-acid supplementation on oxidative stress in Judo athletesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2010 Dec)
Muscle Soreness - Tartibian B, Maleki BH, Abbasi AThe effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained menClin J Sport Med.(2009 Mar)
Muscle Soreness - Lenn J, Uhl T, Mattacola C, Boissonneault G, Yates J, Ibrahim W, Bruckner GThe effects of fish oil and isoflavones on delayed onset muscle sorenessMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2002 Oct)
Muscle Soreness - Bloomer RJ, Larson DE, Fisher-Wellman KH, Galpin AJ, Schilling BKEffect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over studyLipids Health Dis.(2009 Aug 19)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Paula Simplício da Silva, Mauro Felippe Felix Mediano, Gilberto Marcelo Sperandio da Silva, Patricia Dias de Brito, Claudia Santos de Aguiar Cardoso, Cristiane Fonseca de Almeida, Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis, Roberta Olmo Pinheiro, Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno, Pedro Emmanuel Alvarenga Americano do Brasil, Andrea Silvestre de SousaOmega-3 supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a randomized clinical studyNutr J.(2017 Jun 9)
Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression - Gray P, Gabriel B, Thies F, Gray SRFish oil supplementation augments post-exercise immune function in young malesBrain Behav Immun.(2012 Nov)
Inflammation - Schirmer SH, Werner CM, Binder SB, Faas ME, Custodis F, Böhm M, Laufs UEffects of omega-3 fatty acids on postprandial triglycerides and monocyte activationAtherosclerosis.(2012 Nov)
Inflammation - Fujioka S, Hamazaki K, Itomura M, Huan M, Nishizawa H, Sawazaki S, Kitajima I, Hamazaki TThe effects of eicosapentaenoic acid-fortified food on inflammatory markers in healthy subjects--A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studyJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2006 Aug)
Natural Killer Cell Content - Miles EA, Banerjee T, Wells SJ, Calder PCLimited effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell numbers and functions in healthy young malesNutrition.(2006 May)
Natural Killer Cell Content - Thies F, Nebe-von-Caron G, Powell JR, Yaqoob P, Newsholme EA, Calder PCDietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, but not with other long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreases natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects aged >55 yAm J Clin Nutr.(2001 Mar)
TNF-Alpha - Mina Abdolahi, Abbas Tafakhori, Mansoureh Togha, Ali Asghar Okhovat, Feridoun Siassi, Mohammad Reza Eshraghian, Mohsen Sedighiyan, Mona Djalali, Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, Mahmoud DjalaliThe synergistic effects of ω-3 fatty acids and nano-curcumin supplementation on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene expression and serum level in migraine patientsImmunogenetics.(2017 Jun)
T Cell Count - Thies F, Nebe-von-Caron G, Powell JR, Yaqoob P, Newsholme EA, Calder PCDietary supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid or fish oil decreases T lymphocyte proliferation in healthy older humansJ Nutr.(2001 Jul)
Weight - Nobili V, Bedogni G, Alisi A, Pietrobattista A, Risé P, Galli C, Agostoni CDocosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases liver fat content in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: double-blind randomised controlled clinical trialArch Dis Child.(2011 Apr)
Triglycerides - Zhou L, Sun D, Bai HEfficacy of fish oil supplementation on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2025)
Oxygen Cost of Exercise - Lachlan Hingley, Michael J Macartney, Marc A Brown, Peter L McLennan, Gregory E PeoplesDHA-rich Fish Oil Increases the Omega-3 Index and Lowers the Oxygen Cost of Physiologically Stressful Cycling in Trained IndividualsInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2017 Aug)
Anaerobic Capacity - Leyre Gravina, Frankie F Brown, Lee Alexander, James Dick, Gordon Bell, Oliver C Witard, Stuart D R Gallowayn-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During 4 Weeks of Training Leads to Improved Anaerobic Endurance Capacity, but not Maximal Strength, Speed, or Power in Soccer PlayersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2017 Aug)
Endometriosis-associated pelvic pain - James L Nodler, Amy D DiVasta, Allison F Vitonis, Sarah Karevicius, Maggie Malsch, Vishnudas Sarda, Ayotunde Fadayomi, Holly R Harris, Stacey A MissmerSupplementation with vitamin D or ω-3 fatty acids in adolescent girls and young women with endometriosis (SAGE): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2020 Jul 1)
Triglycerides - Cazzola R, Russo-Volpe S, Miles EA, Rees D, Banerjee T, Roynette CE, Wells SJ, Goua M, Wahle KW, Calder PC, Cestaro BAge- and dose-dependent effects of an eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjectsAtherosclerosis.(2007 Jul)
Triglycerides - Schuchardt JP, Neubronner J, Kressel G, Merkel M, von Schacky C, Hahn AModerate doses of EPA and DHA from re-esterified triacylglycerols but not from ethyl-esters lower fasting serum triacylglycerols in statin-treated dyslipidemic subjects: Results from a six month randomized controlled trialProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2011 Dec)
Triglycerides - Dawczynski C, Martin L, Wagner A, Jahreis Gn-3 LC-PUFA-enriched dairy products are able to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: a double-blind, cross-over studyClin Nutr.(2010 Oct)
Weight - Bays HE, Maki KC, Doyle RT, Stein EThe effect of prescription omega-3 fatty acids on body weight after 8 to 16 weeks of treatment for very high triglyceride levelsPostgrad Med.(2009 Sep)
Depression Symptoms - Behboudi-Gandevani S, Hariri FZ, Moghaddam-Banaem LThe effect of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation on premenstrual syndrome and health-related quality of life: a randomized clinical trialJ Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol.(2018 Dec)
PMS Symptoms - Mandana Z, Azar AComparison of the Effect of Vit E, VitB6, Calcium and Omega-3 on the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Clinical Randomized TrialAnnu Res Rev Biol.()
Aggression - Fontani G, Corradeschi F, Felici A, Alfatti F, Migliorini S, Lodi LCognitive and physiological effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Invest.(2005 Nov)
Memory - Antypa N, Van der Does AJ, Smelt AH, Rogers RDOmega-3 fatty acids (fish-oil) and depression-related cognition in healthy volunteersJ Psychopharmacol.(2009 Sep)
Memory - Rajesh Narendran, William G. Frankle, Neale S. Mason, Matthew F. Muldoon, Bita MoghaddamImproved Working Memory but No Effect on Striatal Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Type 2 after Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid SupplementationPLoS.()
Depression Symptoms - Llorente AM, Jensen CL, Voigt RG, Fraley JK, Berretta MC, Heird WCEffect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on postpartum depression and information processingAm J Obstet Gynecol.(2003 May)
Attention - Jane Pei-Chen Chang, Kuan-Pin Su, Valeria Mondelli, Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan, Hui-Ting Yang, Yi-Ju Chiang, Hui-Ting Chen, Carmine M ParianteHigh-dose eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) improves attention and vigilance in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and low endogenous EPA levelsTransl Psychiatry.(2019 Nov 20)
Attention - Widenhorn-Müller K, Schwanda S, Scholz E, Spitzer M, Bode HEffect of supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on behavior and cognition in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized placebo-controlled intervention trialProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2014 Jul-Aug)
Cognitive Decline - Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, Launer LJ, Grodstein F, Bernstein PS, Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research GroupEffect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical TrialJAMA.(2015 Aug 25)
Cognitive Decline - Yurko-Mauro K, McCarthy D, Rom D, Nelson EB, Ryan AS, Blackwell A, Salem N Jr, Stedman M; MIDAS InvestigatorsBeneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive declineAlzheimers Dement.(2010 Nov)
Cerebral Oxygenation - Jackson PA, Reay JL, Scholey AB, Kennedy DODHA-rich oil modulates the cerebral haemodynamic response to cognitive tasks in healthy young adults: a near IR spectroscopy pilot studyBr J Nutr.(2012 Apr)
Cognition - Sandrine Andrieu, Sophie Guyonnet, Nicola Coley, Christelle Cantet, Marc Bonnefoy, Serge Bordes, Lawrence Bories, Marie-Noëlle Cufi, Thierry Dantoine, Jean-François Dartigues, Françoise Desclaux, Audrey Gabelle, Yannick Gasnier, Alain Pesce, Kristel Sudres, Jacques Touchon, Philippe Robert, Olivier Rouaud, Philippe Legrand, Pierre Payoux, Jean-Paul Caubere, Michael Weiner, Isabelle Carrié, Pierre-Jean Ousset, Bruno Vellas, MAPT Study GroupEffect of long-term omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation with or without multidomain intervention on cognitive function in elderly adults with memory complaints (MAPT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trialLancet Neurol.(2017 May)
Aggression - Annie T Ginty, Matthew F Muldoon, Dora C H Kuan, Brittney Schirda, Thomas W Kamarck, J Richard Jennings, Stephen B Manuck, Peter J GianarosOmega-3 Supplementation and the Neural Correlates of Negative Affect and Impulsivity: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Midlife AdultsPsychosom Med.(2017 Jun)
Depression Symptoms - Watanabe N, Matsuoka Y, Kumachi M, Hamazaki K, Horikoshi M, Furukawa TAOmega-3 fatty acids for a better mental state in working populations - Happy Nurse Project: A 52-week randomized controlled trialJ Psychiatr Res.(2018 Jul)
Subjective Well-Being - G Fontani, F Corradeschi, A Felici, F Alfatti, R Bugarini, A I Fiaschi, D Cerretani, G Montorfano, A M Rizzo, B BerraBlood profiles, body fat and mood state in healthy subjects on different diets supplemented with Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsEur J Clin Invest.(2005 Aug)
Endothelial Function - Pase MP, Grima NA, Sarris JDo long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduce arterial stiffness? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsBr J Nutr.(2011 Jul 6)
Endothelial Function - Sanders TA, Hall WL, Maniou Z, Lewis F, Seed PT, Chowienczyk PJEffect of low doses of long-chain n-3 PUFAs on endothelial function and arterial stiffness: a randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Oct)
Triglycerides - Bernstein AM, Ding EL, Willett WC, Rimm EBA meta-analysis shows that docosahexaenoic acid from algal oil reduces serum triglycerides and increases HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in persons without coronary heart diseaseJ Nutr.(2012 Jan)
Cell Adhesion Factors - Miles EA, Thies F, Wallace FA, Powell JR, Hurst TL, Newsholme EA, Calder PCInfluence of age and dietary fish oil on plasma soluble adhesion molecule concentrationsClin Sci (Lond).(2001 Jan)
C-Peptide - M Horvaticek, J Djelmis, M Ivanisevic, S Oreskovic, M HermanEffect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on C-peptide preservation in pregnant women with type-1 diabetes: randomized placebo controlled clinical trialEur J Clin Nutr.(2017 Aug)
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Ilowite NT, Copperman N, Leicht T, Kwong T, Jacobson MSEffects of dietary modification and fish oil supplementation on dyslipoproteinemia in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosusJ Rheumatol.(1995 Jul)
Blood Flow - Wright SA, O'Prey FM, McHenry MT, Leahey WJ, Devine AB, Duffy EM, Johnston DG, Finch MB, Bell AL, McVeigh GEA randomised interventional trial of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosusAnn Rheum Dis.(2008 Jun)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Symptoms - U N DasBeneficial effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus and its relationship to the cytokine networkProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(1994 Sep)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Symptoms - Westberg G, Tarkowski AEffect of MaxEPA in patients with SLE. A double-blind, crossover studyScand J Rheumatol.(1990)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Symptoms - Duffy EM, Meenagh GK, McMillan SA, Strain JJ, Hannigan BM, Bell ALThe clinical effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fish oils and/or copper in systemic lupus erythematosusJ Rheumatol.(2004 Aug)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Symptoms - Clark WF, Parbtani A, Naylor CD, Levinton CM, Muirhead N, Spanner E, Huff MW, Philbrick DJ, Holub BJFish oil in lupus nephritis: clinical findings and methodological implicationsKidney Int.(1993 Jul)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Symptoms - Walton AJ, Snaith ML, Locniskar M, Cumberland AG, Morrow WJ, Isenberg DADietary fish oil and the severity of symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosusAnn Rheum Dis.(1991 Jul)
Depression Symptoms - Rees AM, Austin MP, Parker GBOmega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for perinatal depression: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialAust N Z J Psychiatry.(2008 Mar)
Depression Symptoms - Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu TH, Huang KC, Huang CL, Chang HC, Pariante CMOmega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder during pregnancy: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Clin Psychiatry.(2008 Apr)
Depression Symptoms - Doornbos B, van Goor SA, Dijck-Brouwer DA, Schaafsma A, Korf J, Muskiet FASupplementation of a low dose of DHA or DHA+AA does not prevent peripartum depressive symptoms in a small population based sampleProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2009 Feb 1)
Depression Symptoms - Mozurkewich EL, Clinton CM, Chilimigras JL, Hamilton SE, Allbaugh LJ, Berman DR, Marcus SM, Romero VC, Treadwell MC, Keeton KL, Vahratian AM, Schrader RM, Ren J, Djuric ZThe Mothers, Omega-3, and Mental Health Study: a double-blind, randomized controlled trialAm J Obstet Gynecol.(2013 Apr)
Depression Symptoms - Freeman MP, Davis M, Sinha P, Wisner KL, Hibbeln JR, Gelenberg AJOmega-3 fatty acids and supportive psychotherapy for perinatal depression: a randomized placebo-controlled studyJ Affect Disord.(2008 Sep)
Postpartum Depression Symptoms - Juliana Dos Santos Vaz, Dayana Rodrigues Farias, Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye, Antonio Egidio Nardi, Gilberto KacOmega-3 supplementation from pregnancy to postpartum to prevent depressive symptoms: a randomized placebo-controlled trialBMC Pregnancy Childbirth.(2017 Jun 9)
Depression Symptoms - Cohen LS, Joffe H, Guthrie KA, Ensrud KE, Freeman M, Carpenter JS, Learman LA, Newton KM, Reed SD, Manson JE, Sternfeld B, Caan B, Freeman EW, LaCroix AZ, Tinker LF, Booth-Laforce C, Larson JC, Anderson GLEfficacy of omega-3 for vasomotor symptoms treatment: a randomized controlled trialMenopause.(2014 Apr)
Depression Symptoms - Lucas M, Asselin G, Mérette C, Poulin MJ, Dodin SEthyl-eicosapentaenoic acid for the treatment of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 Feb)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - Al-Safi ZA, Liu H, Carlson NE, Chosich J, Harris M, Bradford AP, Robledo C, Eckel RH, Polotsky AJOmega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Lowers Serum FSH in Normal Weight But Not Obese WomenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2016 Jan)
Glycemic Control - Vargas ML, Almario RU, Buchan W, Kim K, Karakas SEMetabolic and endocrine effects of long-chain versus essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in polycystic ovary syndromeMetabolism.(2011 Dec)
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Mackay I, Ford I, Thies F, Fielding S, Bachoo P, Brittenden JEffect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on markers of platelet and endothelial function in patients with peripheral arterial diseaseAtherosclerosis.(2012 Jan 13)
Weight - Barbara C Olendzki, Katherine Leung, Susan Van Buskirk, George Reed, Robert B ZurierTreatment of rheumatoid arthritis with marine and botanical oils: influence on serum lipidsEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2011)
Airway Inflammation Markers - Neil C Williams, Kirsty A Hunter, Dominick E Shaw, Kim G Jackson, Graham R Sharpe, Michael A JohnsonComparable reductions in hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and markers of airway inflammation after supplementation with 6·2 and 3·1 g/d of long-chain n-3 PUFA in adults with asthmaBr J Nutr.(2017 May)
Depression Symptoms - Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WWOmega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trialEur Neuropsychopharmacol.(2003 Aug)
Depression Symptoms - Peet M, Horrobin DFA dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugsArch Gen Psychiatry.(2002 Oct)
Depression Symptoms - Grenyer BF, Crowe T, Meyer B, Owen AJ, Grigonis-Deane EM, Caputi P, Howe PRFish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trialProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2007 Oct 1)
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms - Hirashima F, Parow AM, Stoll AL, Demopulos CM, Damico KE, Rohan ML, Eskesen JG, Zuo CS, Cohen BM, Renshaw PFOmega-3 fatty acid treatment and T(2) whole brain relaxation times in bipolar disorderAm J Psychiatry.(2004 Oct)
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms - Keck PE Jr, Mintz J, McElroy SL, Freeman MP, Suppes T, Frye MA, Altshuler LL, Kupka R, Nolen WA, Leverich GS, Denicoff KD, Grunze H, Duan N, Post RMDouble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of ethyl-eicosapentanoate in the treatment of bipolar depression and rapid cycling bipolar disorderBiol Psychiatry.(2006 Nov 1)
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms - Murphy BL, Stoll AL, Harris PQ, Ravichandran C, Babb SM, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BMOmega-3 fatty acid treatment, with or without cytidine, fails to show therapeutic properties in bipolar disorder: a double-blind, randomized add-on clinical trialJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2012 Oct)
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms - Frangou S, Lewis M, McCrone PEfficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled studyBr J Psychiatry.(2006 Jan)
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms - Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LBOmega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trialArch Gen Psychiatry.(1999 May)
LDL Oxidation - Poppitt SD, Howe CA, Lithander FE, Silvers KM, Lin RB, Croft J, Ratnasabapathy Y, Gibson RA, Anderson CSEffects of moderate-dose omega-3 fish oil on cardiovascular risk factors and mood after ischemic stroke: a randomized, controlled trialStroke.(2009 Nov)
Coronary Artery Disease Risk - Safi U Khan, Ahmad N Lone, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Salim S Virani, Roger S Blumenthal, Khurram Nasir, Michael Miller, Erin D Michos, Christie M Ballantyne, William E Boden, Deepak L BhattEffect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysisEClinicalMedicine.(2021 Jul 8)
Coronary Artery Disease Risk - Wu G, Ji Q, Huang H, Zhu XThe efficacy of fish oil in preventing coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore).(2021-Sep-17)
Pre-Eclampsia Risk - Makrides M, Duley L, Olsen SFMarine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restrictionCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2006 Jul 19)
ADHD Symptoms - Richardson AJ, Puri BKA randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids on ADHD-related symptoms in children with specific learning difficultiesProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2002 Feb)
ADHD Symptoms - Bos DJ, Oranje B, Veerhoek ES, Van Diepen RM, Weusten JM, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, de Sain-van der Velden MG, Eilander A, Hoeksma M, Durston SReduced Symptoms of Inattention after Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Boys with and without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderNeuropsychopharmacology.(2015 Sep)
ADHD Symptoms - Voigt RG, Llorente AM, Jensen CL, Fraley JK, Berretta MC, Heird WCA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderJ Pediatr.(2001 Aug)
ADHD Symptoms - Gustafsson PA, Birberg-Thornberg U, Duchén K, Landgren M, Malmberg K, Pelling H, Strandvik B, Karlsson TEPA supplementation improves teacher-rated behaviour and oppositional symptoms in children with ADHDActa Paediatr.(2010 Oct)
ADHD Symptoms - Bélanger SA, Vanasse M, Spahis S, Sylvestre MP, Lippé S, L'heureux F, Ghadirian P, Vanasse CM, Levy EOmega-3 fatty acid treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyPaediatr Child Health.(2009 Feb)
ADHD Symptoms - Sinn N, Bryan JEffect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHDJ Dev Behav Pediatr.(2007 Apr)
ADHD Symptoms - Stevens L, Zhang W, Peck L, Kuczek T, Grevstad N, Mahon A, Zentall SS, Arnold LE, Burgess JREFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviorsLipids.(2003 Oct)
Blood Pressure - Simão AN, Lozovoy MA, Bahls LD, Morimoto HK, Simão TN, Matsuo T, Dichi IBlood pressure decrease with ingestion of a soya product (kinako) or fish oil in women with the metabolic syndrome: role of adiponectin and nitric oxideBr J Nutr.(2012 Feb 8)
Depression Symptoms - Warren G, McKendrick M, Peet MThe role of essential fatty acids in chronic fatigue syndrome. A case-controlled study of red-cell membrane essential fatty acids (EFA) and a placebo-controlled treatment study with high dose of EFAActa Neurol Scand.(1999 Feb)
Anxiety Symptoms - Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Belury MA, Andridge R, Malarkey WB, Glaser ROmega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation and anxiety in medical students: a randomized controlled trialBrain Behav Immun.(2011 Nov)
Weight - Deike E, Bowden RG, Moreillon JJ, Griggs JO, Wilson RL, Cooke M, Shelmadine BD, Beaujean AAThe Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Markers of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease PatientsJ Ren Nutr.(2012 Jan 26)
Erythema - Rhodes LE, O'Farrell S, Jackson MJ, Friedmann PSDietary fish-oil supplementation in humans reduces UVB-erythemal sensitivity but increases epidermal lipid peroxidationJ Invest Dermatol.(1994 Aug)
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Finocchiaro C, Segre O, Fadda M, Monge T, Scigliano M, Schena M, Tinivella M, Tiozzo E, Catalano MG, Pugliese M, Fortunati N, Aragno M, Muzio G, Maggiora M, Oraldi M, Canuto RAEffect of n-3 fatty acids on patients with advanced lung cancer: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyBr J Nutr.(2011 Nov 25)
Muscle Mass - Santo André HC, Esteves GP, Barreto GHC, Longhini F, Dolan E, Benatti FBThe Influence of n-3PUFA Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Mass, and Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Adv Nutr.(2023 Dec 24)
Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms - Quinn JF, Raman R, Thomas RG, Yurko-Mauro K, Nelson EB, Van Dyck C, Galvin JE, Emond J, Jack CR Jr, Weiner M, Shinto L, Aisen PSDocosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trialJAMA.(2010 Nov 3)
Postpartum Depression Symptoms - Suradom C, Suttajit S, Oon-Arom A, Maneeton B, Srisurapanont MOmega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation for prevention and treatment of perinatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.Nord J Psychiatry.(2020 Nov 15)
Autism Symptoms - Saeid Doaei, Fatemeh Bourbour, Zohreh Teymoori, Faranak Jafari, Naser Kalantari, Saheb Abbas Torki, Narges Ashoori, Shiva Nemat Gorgani, Maryam GholamalizadehThe effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on social and behavioral disorders of children with autism: a randomized clinical trialPediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab.(2021)
Intestinal Permeability - K Mokkala, P Pussinen, N Houttu, E Koivuniemi, T Vahlberg, K LaitinenThe impact of probiotics and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on intestinal permeability in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trialBenef Microbes.(2018 Feb 27)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - T Pawełczyk, M Grancow-Grabka, E Trafalska, J Szemraj, A PawełczykOxidative stress reduction related to the efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia: Secondary outcome analysis of the OFFER randomized trialProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2017 Jun)
Gout Symptoms - Stamp LK, Grainger R, Frampton C, Drake J, Hill CLEffect of omega-three supplementation on serum urate and gout flares in people with gout; a pilot randomized trial.BMC Rheumatol.(2022-06-08)
Raynaud's Phenomenon Symptoms - DiGiacomo RA, Kremer JM, Shah DMFish-oil dietary supplementation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a double-blind, controlled, prospective study.Am J Med.(1989 Feb)
Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms - Hanssens L, Thiébaut I, Lefèvre N, Malfroot A, Knoop C, Duchateau J, Casimir GThe clinical benefits of long-term supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in cystic fibrosis patients - A pilot study.Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2016 May)

Fish Oil

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