Vitamin D

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    Last Updated: September 4, 2025

    Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that our skin synthesizes when exposed to the sun. It benefits us in many ways, from bone health to mood.

    Overview

    Dosage information

    Formulation

    Vitamin D supplements are available in two main forms: vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Vitamin D3 supplementation (cholecalciferol) is generally recommended over D2 supplementation (ergocalciferol), because D3 tends to raise blood levels more effectively.[1][2]

    Vitamin D comes in a wide range of formulations, including tablets, capsules, soft gels, drops, and powder.

    Range of dosages studied

    Studies have varied greatly in the dosages of vitamin D used, ranging anywhere from 400 IU (10 μg) daily to 300,000 IU (7,500 μg) daily — far beyond what is recommended! Sometimes vitamin D has been given at longer intervals, such as weekly, monthly, or even yearly.[4]

    Most people should consume at least the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin D, which includes vitamin D from all sources (i.e., food, drinks, supplements, and medications) combined. It is common for supplemental doses of vitamin D to exceed the RDA; however, it’s important not to exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) unless advised and monitored by a healthcare professional.

    Recommended Dietary Allowance

    AGEMALEFEMALEPREGNANTLACTATING
    0–12 months10 μg (400 IU)*10 μg (400 IU)*
    1–13 years15 μg (600 IU)15 μg (600 IU)
    14–18 years15 μg (600 IU)15 μg (600 IU)15 μg (600 IU)15 μg (600 IU)
    19–50 years15 μg (600 IU)15 μg (600 IU)15 μg (600 IU)15 μg (600 IU)
    51–70 years15 μg (600 IU)15 μg (600 IU)
    >70 years20 μg (800 IU)20 μg (800 IU)

    * Adequate Intake (AI))
    Reference: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D (chapter 5 in Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. The National Academies Press. 2011. DOI: 10.17226/13050)

    Tolerable Upper Intake Level

    AGE / SITUATIONDOSE
    0–6 months25 μg (1,000 IU)
    7–12 months38 μg (1,500 IU)
    1–3 years63 μg (2,500 IU)
    4–8 years75 μg (3,000 IU)
    9–13 years100 μg (4,000 IU)
    14–18 years100 μg (4,000 IU)
    >18 years100 μg (4,000 IU)
    Pregnant or breastfeeding100 μg (4,000 IU)

    Reference: [5]

    Other considerations

    Vitamin D is absorbed better when taken with food or a source of fat.[6] However, taking it with or without food is unlikely to have a large effect on its ability to increase vitamin D levels in the long run.[7][8][6]

    Frequently asked questions

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