Oxygen Uptake

    Researchedby:
    Brady Holmer

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Nick Milazzo, Molly Gregas
    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    Oxygen uptake is the amount of oxygen used by the body at rest or during exercise and is directly related to the body’s energy expenditure.

    1 reference on this page
    4,547 participants in 94 trials

    Summary

    Oxygen uptake is commonly referred to as VO2, which stands for the volume (V) of oxygen (O2) being consumed by the body. VO2 is measured in liters of oxygen per minute (L/min) and therefore represents the rate at which oxygen is being consumed by metabolically active tissues (e.g., muscle).

    Oxygen uptake can be used to calculate total body energy expenditure using a method known as indirect calorimetry. Though VO2 can be measured at rest, it’s more commonly measured during exercise.

    When oxygen uptake is measured during an exercise test performed to exhaustion, we can determine someone’s VO2max — the maximal rate at which the body can consume oxygen during exercise.

    VO2max is seen as the single best indicator of cardiorespiratory or aerobic fitness because as you become fitter, your body becomes better at using oxygen to produce energy and your VO2max increases. However, a higher VO2max doesn’t always translate to improved exercise or sports performance because some activities involve moments when energy requirements are so great (the intensity is so high) that oxygen isn’t used to generate the required energy. This is known as anaerobic (“without oxygen”) exercise.

    Elite endurance athletes often have a very high VO2max, but this is just one aspect that determines aerobic exercise performance. Furthermore, oxygen uptake is also recognized as an important factor in healthspan and longevity, and having a higher VO2 max is associated with reduced all-cause mortality.[1]

    Examine Database: Oxygen Uptake

    InterventionGradeEffectDetail
    Ketogenic Diet
    D
    Sodium Bicarbonate
    D
    Creatine
    D
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    L-Carnitine
    Colostrum
    Beta-Alanine
    Ashwagandha
    Nitrate
    Caffeine
    Fish Oil
    Coenzyme Q10
    Sauna
    Tart Cherry Juice
    Eleuthero
    L-Tyrosine
    Vitamin D
    Spirulina
    Cordyceps
    Rhodiola Rosea
    Curcumin
    Ginkgo Biloba
    Saffron
    Echinacea
    Kefir
    Whey Protein
    Branched-Chain Amino Acids
    HMB
    Vitamin C
    Green Tea Extract
    Capsaicin
    Resveratrol
    Astaxanthin
    Iron
    Cannabis
    Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Garlic
    Yerba Mate
    Ornithine
    Citrulline
    Betaine

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Examine Database References

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    30. Ginkgo Biloba - Moraga FA, Flores A, Serra J, Esnaola C, Barriento CGinkgo biloba decreases acute mountain sickness in people ascending to high altitude at Ollagüe (3696 m) in northern ChileWilderness Environ Med.(2007 Winter)
    31. Coenzyme Q10 - Tiano L, Belardinelli R, Carnevali P, Principi F, Seddaiu G, Littarru GPEffect of coenzyme Q10 administration on endothelial function and extracellular superoxide dismutase in patients with ischaemic heart disease: a double-blind, randomized controlled studyEur Heart J.(2007 Sep)
    32. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Yi-Ming Chen, I-Lin Wang, Shu Zhou, Tsung-Yu Tsai, Yen-Shuo Chiu, Wan-Chun ChiuSix weeks of Jilin ginseng root supplementation attenuates drop jump-related muscle injury markers in healthy female college studentsFood Funct.(2021 Mar 1)
    33. Ashwagandha - Shenoy S, Chaskar U, Sandhu JS, Paadhi MMEffects of eight-week supplementation of Ashwagandha on cardiorespiratory endurance in elite Indian cyclistsJ Ayurveda Integr Med.(2012 Oct)
    34. Sodium Bicarbonate - Hunter AM, De Vito G, Bolger C, Mullany H, Galloway SDThe effect of induced alkalosis and submaximal cycling on neuromuscular response during sustained isometric contractionJ Sports Sci.(2009 Oct)
    35. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Pipat, Cherdungsi., Kanyarat, RungroengEffects of Standardized Ginseng Extract and Exercise Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Capacities in HumansJournal of Ginseng Research.()
    36. Caffeine - Karapetian GK, Engels HJ, Gretebeck KA, Gretebeck RJEffect of Caffeine on LT, VT and HRVTInt J Sports Med.(2012 Apr 12)
    37. Conjugated Linoleic Acid - Ribeiro AS, Pina FL, Dodero SR, Silva DR, Schoenfeld BJ, Sugihara Júnior P, Fernandes RR, Barbosa DS, Cyrino ES, Tirapegui JEffect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Associated With Aerobic Exercise on Body Fat and Lipid Profile in Obese Women: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled TrialInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2016 Apr)
    38. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Herman-J. Engels, Joesphine M. Said, John C. Wirth,Failure of chronic ginseng supplementation to affect work performance and energy metabolism in healthy adult femalesNutrition Research.()
    39. Green Tea Extract - Richards JC, Lonac MC, Johnson TK, Schweder MM, Bell CEpigallocatechin-3-gallate increases maximal oxygen uptake in adult humansMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2010 Apr)
    40. Colostrum - Buckley JD, Butler RN, Southcott E, Brinkworth GDBovine colostrum supplementation during running training increases intestinal permeabilityNutrients.(2009 Feb)
    41. Curcumin - Akazawa N, Choi Y, Miyaki A, Tanabe Y, Sugawara J, Ajisaka R, Maeda SCurcumin ingestion and exercise training improve vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal womenNutr Res.(2012 Oct)
    42. Colostrum - Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD, Bourdon PC, Gulbin JP, David AOral bovine colostrum supplementation enhances buffer capacity but not rowing performance in elite female rowersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2002 Sep)
    43. Cannabis - A M Renaud, Y CormierAcute effects of marihuana smoking on maximal exercise performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1986 Dec)
    44. Sodium Bicarbonate - Edge J, Bishop D, Goodman CEffects of chronic NaHCO3 ingestion during interval training on changes to muscle buffer capacity, metabolism, and short-term endurance performanceJ Appl Physiol.(2006 Sep)
    45. L-Tyrosine - Joanne DiFrancisco-Donoghue, Ely Rabin, Eric M Lamberg, William G WernerEffects of Tyrosine on Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialMov Disord Clin Pract.(2014 Oct 23)
    46. L-Carnitine - A C Gimenes, D M Bravo, L M Nápolis, M T Mello, A S B Oliveira, J A Neder, L E NeryEffect of L-carnitine on exercise performance in patients with mitochondrial myopathyBraz J Med Biol Res.(2015 Apr)
    47. Sodium Bicarbonate - Gaitanos GC, Nevill ME, Brooks S, Williams CRepeated bouts of sprint running after induced alkalosisJ Sports Sci.(1991 Winter)
    48. Creatine - Smith AE, Fukuda DH, Ryan ED, Kendall KL, Cramer JT, Stout JErgolytic/ergogenic effects of creatine on aerobic powerInt J Sports Med.(2011 Dec)
    49. Colostrum - Shing CM, Jenkins DG, Stevenson L, Coombes JSThe influence of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in highly trained cyclistsBr J Sports Med.(2006 Sep)
    50. Yerba Mate - Alkhatib AYerba Maté (Illex Paraguariensis) ingestion augments fat oxidation and energy expenditure during exercise at various submaximal intensitiesNutr Metab (Lond).(2014 Sep 2)
    51. Sodium Bicarbonate - Taylor DV, Boyajian JG, James N, Woods D, Chicz-Demet A, Wilson AF, Sandman CAAcidosis stimulates beta-endorphin release during exerciseJ Appl Physiol.(1994 Oct)
    52. Colostrum - Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, Marshall PADose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclistsMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2002 Jul)
    53. Capsaicin - Shin KO, Moritani TAlterations of autonomic nervous activity and energy metabolism by capsaicin ingestion during aerobic exercise in healthy menJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2007 Apr)
    54. Sodium Bicarbonate - Douroudos II, Fatouros IG, Gourgoulis V, Jamurtas AZ, Tsitsios T, Hatzinikolaou A, Margonis K, Mavromatidis K, Taxildaris KDose-related effects of prolonged NaHCO3 ingestion during high-intensity exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2006 Oct)
    55. Beta-Alanine - Jordan T, Lukaszuk J, Misic M, Umoren JEffect of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) during treadmill running: Pre/post 2 treatment experimental designJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2010 May 19)
    56. Beta-Alanine - Walter AA, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Stout JR, Cramer JTSix weeks of high-intensity interval training with and without beta-alanine supplementation for improving cardiovascular fitness in womenJ Strength Cond Res.(2010 May)
    57. Echinacea - Whitehead MT, Martin TD, Scheett TP, Webster MJRunning economy and maximal oxygen consumption after 4 weeks of oral Echinacea supplementationJ Strength Cond Res.(2012 Jul)
    58. Iron - Brownlie T 4th, Utermohlen V, Hinton PS, Giordano C, Haas JDMarginal iron deficiency without anemia impairs aerobic adaptation among previously untrained womenAm J Clin Nutr.(2002 Apr)
    59. Spirulina - Marco Antonio Hernández-Lepe, José Alberto López-Díaz, Marco Antonio Juárez-Oropeza, Rosa Patricia Hernández-Torres, Abraham Wall-Medrano, Arnulfo Ramos-JiménezEffect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima Supplementation and a Systematic Physical Exercise Program on the Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Overweight or Obese Subjects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, and Crossover Controlled TrialMar Drugs.(2018 Oct 1)
    60. Eleuthero - Asano K, Takahashi T, Miyashita M, Matsuzaka A, Muramatsu S, Kuboyama M, Kugo H, Imai JEffect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract on human physical working capacityPlanta Med.(1986 Jun)
    61. Ashwagandha - Choudhary B, Shetty A, Langade DGEfficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal) in improving cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy athletic adultsAyu.(2015 Jan-Mar)
    62. Fish Oil - Bloomer RJ, Larson DE, Fisher-Wellman KH, Galpin AJ, Schilling BKEffect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over studyLipids Health Dis.(2009 Aug 19)
    63. Spirulina - Tom Gurney, Owen SpendiffSpirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exerciseEur J Appl Physiol.(2020 Dec)
    64. Astaxanthin - Petyaev IM, Klochkov VA, Chalyk NE, Pristensky DV, Chernyshova MP, Kyle NH, Bashmakov YKMarkers of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress in Aging Volunteers Ingesting Lycosomal Formulation of Dark Chocolate Containing AstaxanthinJ Nutr Health Aging.(2018)
    65. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - H J Engels, J C WirthNo ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exerciseJ Am Diet Assoc.(1997 Oct)
    66. Vitamin C - Roberts LA, Beattie K, Close GL, Morton JPVitamin C consumption does not impair training-induced improvements in exercise performanceInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2011 Mar)
    67. Ketogenic Diet - Urbain P, Strom L, Morawski L, Wehrle A, Deibert P, Bertz HImpact of a 6-week non-energy-restricted ketogenic diet on physical fitness, body composition and biochemical parameters in healthy adultsNutr Metab (Lond).(2017 Feb 20)
    68. Saffron - Milajerdi A, et alThe effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydro-alcoholic extract on liver and renal functions in type 2 diabetic patients: A double-blinded randomized and placebo control trialJournal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism.()
    69. Sodium Bicarbonate - Stephens TJ, McKenna MJ, Canny BJ, Snow RJ, McConell GKEffect of sodium bicarbonate on muscle metabolism during intense endurance cyclingMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2002 Apr)
    70. Ornithine - Demura S, Yamada T, Yamaji S, Komatsu M, Morishita KThe effect of L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on performance during incremental exhaustive ergometer bicycle exercise and ammonia metabolism during and after exerciseEur J Clin Nutr.(2010 Oct)
    71. Creatine - Tarnopolsky MA, Roy BD, MacDonald JRA randomized, controlled trial of creatine monohydrate in patients with mitochondrial cytopathiesMuscle Nerve.(1997 Dec)
    72. Vitamin D - Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi, Majid Mohammadshahi, Aliakbar Alizadeh, Kambiz Ahmadi Angali, Alireza JahanshahiEffects of vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks on serum levels of anabolic hormones, anaerobic power, and aerobic performance in active male subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialEur J Sport Sci.(2020 Nov)
    73. Citrulline - John Ashley, Youngdeok Kim, Joaquin U GonzalesImpact of l-citrulline supplementation on oxygen uptake kinetics during walkingAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2018 Jun)
    74. L-Carnitine - Weronika N Abramowicz, Stuart D R GallowayEffects of acute versus chronic L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on metabolic responses to steady state exercise in males and femalesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2005 Aug)
    75. Resveratrol - Scribbans TD, Ma JK, Edgett BA, Vorobej KA, Mitchell AS, Zelt JG, Simpson CA, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJResveratrol supplementation does not augment performance adaptations or fibre-type-specific responses to high-intensity interval training in humansAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2014 Nov)
    76. Garlic - Morris DM, Beloni RK, Wheeler HEEffects of garlic consumption on physiological variables and performance during exercise in hypoxiaAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2013 Apr)
    77. Creatine - van Loon LJ, Oosterlaar AM, Hartgens F, Hesselink MK, Snow RJ, Wagenmakers AJEffects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humansClin Sci (Lond).(2003 Feb)
    78. Coenzyme Q10 - Belardinelli R, Muçaj A, Lacalaprice F, Solenghi M, Seddaiu G, Principi F, Tiano L, Littarru GPCoenzyme Q10 and exercise training in chronic heart failureEur Heart J.(2006 Nov)
    79. L-Tyrosine - Troy D Chinevere, Robert D Sawyer, Andrew R Creer, Robert K Conlee, Allen C ParcellEffects of L-tyrosine and carbohydrate ingestion on endurance exercise performanceJ Appl Physiol (1985).(2002 Nov)
    80. Fish Oil - Gray P, Gabriel B, Thies F, Gray SRFish oil supplementation augments post-exercise immune function in young malesBrain Behav Immun.(2012 Nov)
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    82. Tart Cherry Juice - Keane KM, Bailey SJ, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM, Howatson GEffects of montmorency tart cherry (L. Prunus Cerasus) consumption on nitric oxide biomarkers and exercise performance.Scand J Med Sci Sports.(2018-Jul)
    83. Tart Cherry Juice - Desai T, Bottoms L, Roberts MThe effects of Montmorency tart cherry juice supplementation and FATMAX exercise on fat oxidation rates and cardio-metabolic markers in healthy humans.Eur J Appl Physiol.(2018-Dec)
    84. Sauna - Dariusz Sitkowski, Tomasz Cisoń, Zbigniew Szygula, Olga Surała, Michał Starczewski, Dorota Sadowska, Jadwiga Malczewska-LenczowskaHematological Adaptations to Post-Exercise Sauna Bathing with No Fluid Intake: A Randomized Cross-Over StudyRes Q Exerc Sport.(2021 Nov 2)
    85. Sauna - Lee E, Kolunsarka I, Kostensalo J, Ahtiainen JP, Haapala EA, Willeit P, Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JAEffects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2022-Sep-01)
    86. Sauna - Bartolomé I, Siquier-Coll J, Pérez-Quintero M, Robles-Gil MC, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M3-Week passive acclimation to extreme environmental heat (100± 3 °C) in dry sauna increases physical and physiological performance among young semi-professional football players.J Therm Biol.(2021-Aug)
    87. Creatine - Damien Gras, Charlotte Lanhers, Reza Bagheri, Ukadike Chris Ugbolue, Emmanuel Coudeyre, Bruno Pereira, Marek Zak, Jean-Baptiste Bouillon-Minois, Frédéric DutheilCreatine supplementation and VO 2 max: a systematic review and meta-analysisCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Dec 3)
    88. Whey Protein - Lam FC, Bukhsh A, Rehman H, Waqas MK, Shahid N, Khaliel AM, Elhanish A, Karoud M, Telb A, Khan TMEfficacy and Safety of Whey Protein Supplements on Vital Sign and Physical Performance Among Athletes: A Network Meta-Analysis.Front Pharmacol.(2019)
    89. Caffeine - Glaister M, Gissane CCaffeine and Physiological Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Meta-AnalysisInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2017 Sep 5)
    90. Ketogenic Diet - Jingguo Cao, Siman Lei, Xiuqiang Wang, Sulin ChengThe Effect of a Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet on Aerobic Capacity and Exercise Performance in Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2021 Aug 23)
    91. Sodium Bicarbonate - Calvo JL, Xu H, Mon-López D, Pareja-Galeano H, Jiménez SLEffect of sodium bicarbonate contribution on energy metabolism during exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2021-Feb-05)
    92. Nitrate - Gilsanz, L et al.Effect of Caffeine and Nitrates Combination on Exercise Performance, Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2024-10-02)
    93. Nitrate - The effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on endurance exercise performance and cardiorespiratory measures in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis..()
    94. Nitrate - Efficacy of dietary nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A systematic review and meta-analysis..()