Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)

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    Katherine Nguyen, Giulia Guerrini

    Fact-checked

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    Gregory Lopez, Nick Milazzo
    Last Updated: March 21, 2024

    Panax ginseng is commonly referred to as “Korean ginseng”. It appears to be effective for mood, immunity, and cognition, but is subpar for erectile function, testosterone, and exercise performance.

    67 references on this page
    9,982 participants in 63 trials and 3 meta-analyses

    What is Panax ginseng?

    Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng, is an herbaceous plant from the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine for various preventative purposes and is primarily sourced from its roots. It is the species in the Panax genus that is most commonly used for medicinal supplements and is believed to enhance mood, cognition, and immune function.

    What is the history and etymology of Panax ginseng?What are the different types of Panax ginseng?What are G115 and NAGE Panax ginseng formulations?

    What are Panax ginseng’s main benefits?

    Research on Panax ginseng indicates mixed results regarding its effects on mood and cognition; some studies have suggested short-lived improvements in mental health and inconclusive cognitive benefits. Additionally, Panax ginseng may have immunomodulatory properties and could reduce flu occurrences when taken with vaccination.

    Can Panax ginseng be used to regulate appetite?Are multivitamin supplements containing Panax ginseng effective?Does Panax ginseng affect lipid profile and blood glucose?Can Panax ginseng increase testosterone levels and help with erectile dysfunction?Can Panax ginseng improve skin appearance?Does Panax ginseng work for female sexual dysfunction?Is Panax ginseng effective for menopausal symptoms?

    What are Panax ginseng’s main drawbacks?

    The main drawbacks of Panax ginseng include potential gastrointestinal side effects and the risk of "ginseng abuse syndrome" with high doses or long-term use, which can lead to symptoms like hypertension and nervousness. Additionally, it may mildly inhibit certain enzymes that are involved in drug metabolism, although this interaction is generally considered to be of minor clinical significance.

    How does Panax Ginseng work?

    Panax ginseng works primarily through its bioactive components, particularly ginsenosides, which interact with various molecular targets to provide pharmacological benefits. These ginsenosides can inhibit enzymes like 5-alpha reductase and may potentially increase testosterone levels by preventing its conversion to dihydrotestosterone.

    What are other names for Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)?

    Note that Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) is also known as:

    • Asian ginseng
    • Asiatic ginseng
    • Manchurian ginseng
    • Mountain Ginseng
    • True Ginseng
    • Wild Ginseng
    • 人蔘 or 人参 or 人參 (Rénshēn)
    • 인삼; 人蔘 (Insam)
    • 人参 (Ninjin)
    • Panax ginseng

    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) should not be confused with:

    • Siberian Ginseng
    • American Ginseng
    • Pseudoginseng
    • Desert Ginseng
    • Black Ginseng
    • Cistanche spp
    • Chinese Ginseng

    Dosage information

    Panax ginseng is typically consumed in daily doses ranging from 200 to 400 mg, with the 400 mg dosage showing the most notable cognitive benefits.[1] These doses refer to standardized ginseng extracts which contain around 4–10 % total ginsenosides (Panax ginseng’s primary bioactive compounds) and are taken once daily.

    Higher doses (200–20,000 mg) have been used to target improvements in glucose and lipid profiles.[2]

    For trials focusing on erectile health and libido enhancement, Korean red ginseng extract is commonly administered at a dosage of 3 grams daily, divided into three doses of 1 gram each.[3]

    Examine Database: Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)

    Cognitive Improvement
    Metabolic Health
    General Athletic Performance
    Alzheimer’s Disease
    Type 2 Diabetes
    Mood Improvement
    Muscle Size & Strength
    Menopause
    Male Sexual Dysfunction
    Aerobic Exercise Performance
    General Cancer Care And Prevention
    Fatigue
    Muscle Recovery
    Anaerobic Exercise Performance
    General Cardiovascular Health
    Immune Health
    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
    Common Cold
    Flu
    High Blood Pressure
    Infertility
    Multiple Sclerosis
    Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
    Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
    Obesity
    Body Composition
    Cardiovascular Disease
    Cycling Performance
    Dyslipidemia
    Erectile Dysfunction
    Focus & Attention
    Jumping Performance
    Metabolic Syndrome
    Mild Cognitive Impairment
    Overweight
    Prediabetes
    Running Performance
    Schizophrenia
    Sexual Health
    Sleep Health
    Soccer Performance

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    What is Panax ginseng?

    Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng, is an herbaceous plant from the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine for various preventative purposes and is primarily sourced from its roots. It is the species in the Panax genus that is most commonly used for medicinal supplements and is believed to enhance mood, cognition, and immune function.

    Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) is an herbaceous plant used in traditional Chinese medicine for a wide variety of preventative purposes. It belongs to the Araliaceae family and is the most widely used species within the Panax genus for medicinal purposes.[4] The roots of the plant, typically harvested in early autumn from mature specimens aged at least 4 years, are the primary source of bioactive compounds and are usually the parts used in supplements.[5]

    While there are 13 identified species of ginseng, the two most prevalent in supplements and the food industry are Panax ginseng, grown in China and Korea, and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), grown in regions of the United States and Canada. Panax ginseng supplements are often used to enhance mood, cognition, and immune function. Ginseng is also used as an ingredient in food and edible products (e.g., chewing gums, candies, and coffee).[6]

    It is essential to distinguish genuine Panax ginseng from other herbal products marketed under the name of ginseng. Notably, Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus, also known as eleuthero), Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia paniculata), and Indian ginseng (ashwagandha) are among the commercially available alternatives that do not originate from the Panax genus. Although they carry similar names, they do not contain the same bioactive compounds, and therefore they have completely different mechanisms of action and effects.[6]

    What is the history and etymology of Panax ginseng?
    Quick answer:

    The term "ginseng" comes from the Chinese "jen-shen," meaning "plant-man," due to the root's human-like shape, and "Panax" is derived from the Greek for "cure of all diseases." Ginseng has been significant in traditional Chinese medicine for over 5000 years, dating back to Emperor Shennong's classification of herbs.

    The term “ginseng” derives from the Chinese “jen-shen”, which translates to “plant-man”. This name probably stems from the resemblance of ginseng roots to the shape of a human body. The term Panax originates from the Greek “pan akheia” (panacea) meaning “cure of all diseases”.[6] In traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng holds significant importance and is also sometimes referred to as “the lord of herbs”, as it is believed that its roots contain the three main human essences: the body, the mind, and the spirit. The use of ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine dates back to Emperor Shennong (5000 years ago), who classified hundreds of medicinal and poisonous herbs, including ginseng, in what today we would call a pharmacopeia.[6]

    What are the different types of Panax ginseng?
    Quick answer:

    There are several types of Panax ginseng, including red ginseng, black ginseng, white ginseng, and sun ginseng; they are distinguished by their unique processing methods, which alter their ginsenoside composition. Red ginseng is steamed and dried, black ginseng undergoes multiple steaming cycles, white ginseng is air dried, and sun ginseng is processed at higher temperatures; fermentation can also be applied to enhance the properties of ginseng.

    There are multiple types of Panax ginseng that can be obtained by treating the plant with different mechanical processing methods. Depending on the method used, the ginsenoside composition in the plant changes. Red ginseng, also known as Korean red ginseng, is obtained by steaming Panax ginseng at 95–100°C, followed by drying it. This processing method leads to significant changes in the bioactive profile of the plant. While Panax ginseng typically contains ginsenosides Rb1, Ro, and Re as its main components, Korean red ginseng is characterized by a high content of ginsenoside Rb(3), which can be metabolized to Rb(2) by intestinal bacteria. Additionally, Korean red ginseng contains ginsenoside Rg(3), which is unique to this variety.[21] Another variety of ginseng, black ginseng, is obtained by subjecting Panax ginseng to nine cycles of steaming at a temperature of 98°C. However, black ginseng is not as commonly used in traditional medicine or supplements.[10] White Ginseng is a term used to refer to Panax ginseng that has been cultivated and then air dried, as opposed to steam dried. The air drying process involves peeling and drying the root until the moisture content is reduced to below 12% and the root acquires a yellowish-white color. Some of the bioactives may be lost during this process.[22]

    Another relatively new type, sun ginseng, is obtained by processing Panax ginseng at higher temperatures, between 100–120°C, for 2 hours.[10]

    Additionally, ginseng can undergo fermentation using fermentation organisms, such as Lactobacillus and Aspergillus, or various fungal species (e.g., Ganoderma lucidum).[10]

    What are G115 and NAGE Panax ginseng formulations?
    Quick answer:

    G115 is a patented extract of Panax ginseng produced by Pharmaton that contains 4% ginsenosides, whereas NAGE is a standardized extract from the same company with 10% ginsenosides. Both formulations are used in research to maintain quality standards and control ginsenoside content.

    G115 is a patented extraction of Panax ginseng by Pharmaton (Switzerland) that contains 4% ginsenosides by total weight,[23][24] while NAGE is a standardized extract from the same company containing 10% ginsenosides by weight.[24] These standardized extracts are commonly used in research to ensure quality standards and control for the total amount of ginsenosides.

    What are Panax ginseng’s main benefits?

    Research on Panax ginseng indicates mixed results regarding its effects on mood and cognition; some studies have suggested short-lived improvements in mental health and inconclusive cognitive benefits. Additionally, Panax ginseng may have immunomodulatory properties and could reduce flu occurrences when taken with vaccination.

    Research on the effects of Panax ginseng on mood and cognition yields mixed findings.

    One study found that Panax ginseng may have a dose-dependent calming effect on mood,[7] but subsequent research failed to replicate these results.[8] Moreover, supplementation with Panax ginseng showed initial improvements in mental health at the 4-week mark, but this effect diminished by the end of the 8-week intervention period.[9] Overall, the evidence suggests that Panax ginseng's effects on mood may be short lived, lasting between 1 and 4 weeks before diminishing.

    Similarly, the potential cognitive benefits of Panax ginseng remain inconclusive due to variations in study methodologies and inconsistent results.[10][1] While some studies reported enhancements in reaction time and accuracy with Panax ginseng supplementation, others failed to establish significant cognitive improvements.[7][11] Thus, further research is necessary to validate these effects and elucidate the mechanisms underlying Panax ginseng's impact on cognition.

    Additionally, Panax ginseng extracts appear to have some immunomodulatory properties and to reduce the occurrence of the flu in humans when taken alongside flu vaccination.[12]

    Can Panax ginseng be used to regulate appetite?
    Quick answer:

    Animal studies indicate that the ginsenoside content in Panax ginseng may help regulate abnormal feeding patterns, but it does not affect normal feeding. Although there is evidence of appetite suppression in mice with obesity, research on ginseng's appetite-stimulating effects is limited, and no human studies have been conducted.

    Animal studies suggest that the ginsenoside content in Korean red ginseng (and in Panax ginseng in general) may play a role in regulating abnormal feeding patterns, while it has no effect on normal feeding patterns. Surprisingly, little research has been done on the appetite-stimulating effects of ginseng, despite its traditional use for this purpose. There are no human studies directed to answer this topic, either, but potent acute suppression of appetite is seen in obese mice that overeat, and results are mixed in lean mice.[25][26][27]

    The mechanism behind this appetite suppression may involve the downregulation of orexigenic neuropeptides, which stimulate appetite, and the upregulation of anorexigenic neuropeptides, which inhibit appetite.[28]

    Are multivitamin supplements containing Panax ginseng effective?
    Quick answer:

    Panax ginseng may enhance mood when included in multivitamin formulations at low doses (40–100 mg), but the evidence regarding its effectiveness in such supplements is inconsistent.

    Ginseng might be a useful addition to multivitamin formulations for improving mood due to having some bioactivity at low doses (40–100mg).[29][30] However, data regarding its inclusion in multivitamin formulations is conflicting.

    Does Panax ginseng affect lipid profile and blood glucose?
    Quick answer:

    The effects of Panax ginseng on lipid profiles and blood glucose levels remain uncertain; some studies have indicated a decrease in total cholesterol and LDL levels but no significant effect on triglycerides or HDL. Additionally, although certain dosages of Panax ginseng have been associated with reduced blood glucose levels, there was no significant effect on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or HbA1c levels.

    Whether Panax ginseng can have positive effects on metabolic parameters is still uncertain, with more high-quality studies needed to reach a conclusion.

    One meta-analysis found that supplementation with 200–20,000 mg per day of Panax ginseng dry extract for 2–12 weeks decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to a placebo but didn't have a significant effect on triglycerides or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. It's worth noting that the studies in this meta-analysis included people both with and without cardiovascular risk factors, and there was high variability in the types of ginseng extracts used and their administration frequencies.[5] Another meta-analysis found inconclusive results regarding the effect of ginseng on blood pressure while noting a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL levels, and body fat percentage compared to a placebo.[2]

    Regarding blood glucose parameters, dosages of Panax ginseng between 200 mg and 8,000 mg per day were associated with a reduction in blood glucose levels compared to a placebo. However, no significant effect was observed on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, postprandial glucose (glucose levels after food), postprandial insulin, or Hb1Ac levels.[2] Similar results were reported in another meta-analysis where supplementation with 780 mg to 6 grams per day of red Korean ginseng for 12 weeks did significantly affect fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and HbA1c levels compared to a placebo.[31]

    Can Panax ginseng increase testosterone levels and help with erectile dysfunction?
    Quick answer:

    Preliminary evidence indicates that Panax ginseng may not significantly increase testosterone levels in athletes or men with erectile dysfunction, but it shows promise in improving erectile function, particularly with dosages of 1,000 mg taken multiple times daily. Further rigorous testing is needed to confirm its efficacy and safety as a treatment for erectile dysfunction.

    Preliminary evidence suggests that supplementation with Panax ginseng may not significantly increase testosterone levels in athletes, although the quality of the study providing this evidence is questionable.[32] However, Panax ginseng supplementation may be effective in cases where testosterone levels are suppressed during periods of infertility and hypogonadism (low testosterone production).[33]

    In men with erectile dysfunction, Panax ginseng does not appear to affect testosterone levels.[34][3] Nevertheless, some studies have shown promising results regarding its efficacy in improving erectile function. One study found that a dosage of 1,000 mg of red Korean ginseng three times daily improved symptoms of mild to moderate erectile dysfunction compared to a placebo over a period of 3 months.[3] Another study noted a significant improvement in erectile function with 1,000 mg of Panax ginseng supplemented twice daily over 8 weeks, although the study suffered from a large dropout rate.[35] It can be concluded that Korean red ginseng holds promise as a potential treatment for erectile dysfunction, but further rigorous testing is needed to establish its efficacy and safety.

    Can Panax ginseng improve skin appearance?
    Quick answer:

    Panax ginseng may improve skin quality and reduce wrinkles when taken orally, but evidence is limited, and the only human study that is available involved a combination of ginseng and other herbs. Further research is needed to determine its effectiveness specifically for skin appearance.

    It has been suggested that Panax ginseng may improve skin quality and reduce wrinkles when taken orally, but the evidence is currently limited. Only one human study is available on this topic, and it involved the use of a combination of ginseng with two other herbs.[36] Further studies focusing solely on Panax ginseng supplementation and its effect on skin quality are necessary to establish its effectiveness in this area.

    Does Panax ginseng work for female sexual dysfunction?
    Quick answer:

    A meta-analysis indicated that Panax ginseng did not significantly enhance overall sexual function in women, compared to a placebo, but it did show positive effects on sexual arousal and desire. No improvements were noted in other areas such as orgasm, pain, lubrication, and sexual satisfaction.

    One meta-analysis revealed that Panax ginseng did not significantly improve overall sexual function in women compared to a placebo. However, subgroup analysis found that it did have a positive effect on specific domains of sexual function, including sexual arousal and sexual desire. Interestingly, no effects were observed on other aspects of sexual function such as orgasm, pain, lubrication, and sexual satisfaction.[37]

    Is Panax ginseng effective for menopausal symptoms?
    Quick answer:

    The effectiveness of Panax ginseng for menopausal symptoms is inconclusive; some studies have shown improvements in sexual arousal and well-being, whereas others found no significant reduction in hot-flash frequency. Additionally, physiological parameters related to hormone levels were not affected by supplemental ginseng, which indicates that any benefits may not be due to hormone-like mechanisms.

    Only a limited number of clinical studies (human studies) have investigated the effect of Panax ginseng on menopausal symptoms, and the overall evidence remains inconclusive. While some studies found that supplementation with Korean red ginseng in menopausal women improved sexual arousal, overall health, and menopausal symptoms compared to a placebo, others failed to observe a significant reduction in hot flash frequency, although they found significant improvements in well-being and depression.[38]

    It’s worth highlighting that one of these studies noted that physiological parameters such as follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels, endometrial thickness, maturation index, and vaginal pH were not affected by supplementation with ginseng. This suggests that any potential beneficial effects of Panax ginseng on menopause are unlikely to be mediated by hormone-replacement-like mechanisms.[39] However, in vitro studies have reported that several ginsenosides are agonists (activators) of estrogen receptors.[40] Further research is required to clarify this mechanism of action.

    What are Panax ginseng’s main drawbacks?

    The main drawbacks of Panax ginseng include potential gastrointestinal side effects and the risk of "ginseng abuse syndrome" with high doses or long-term use, which can lead to symptoms like hypertension and nervousness. Additionally, it may mildly inhibit certain enzymes that are involved in drug metabolism, although this interaction is generally considered to be of minor clinical significance.

    Panax ginseng supplements are generally considered safe. A systematic review assessing the safety of ginseng use in humans reported a low incidence of harm, with side effects primarily related to gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and cramps.[13][14]

    However, high doses and long-term usage may lead to the development of the so-called “ginseng abuse syndrome”, characterized by symptoms such as hypertension, nervousness, sleeplessness, diarrhea, and skin eruptions when taking 3 grams of Panax ginseng per day. Higher dosages (15 grams per day or more) have also been associated with depersonalization, confusion, and depression.[15][16][17]

    Furthermore, Panax ginseng exhibits mild inhibitory effects on some enzymes from the CYP450 family, such as CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4, which are involved in the metabolism of certain medications. This interaction appears to be of small significance and is unlikely to be clinically meaningful.[18]

    How does Panax Ginseng work?

    Panax ginseng works primarily through its bioactive components, particularly ginsenosides, which interact with various molecular targets to provide pharmacological benefits. These ginsenosides can inhibit enzymes like 5-alpha reductase and may potentially increase testosterone levels by preventing its conversion to dihydrotestosterone.

    Panax ginseng contains various bioactive components, with ginsenosides being the main active compounds responsible for its pharmacological benefits. The types of ginsenosides in the plant extract and their concentration can vary depending on the extraction and preparation method used.[19] Other active ingredients found in Panax ginseng include polysaccharides, peptides, phytosterols, polyacetylenes, polyacetylenic alcohols, and fatty acids, which contribute to its overall therapeutic properties.[19]

    The pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng are largely attributed to its ginsenoside content, which interacts with various molecular targets in the body to exert its beneficial effects. For example, certain ginsenosides found in red Panax ginseng, such as Ro and R(3), have been shown to inhibit the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. This enzyme is responsible for converting testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and by inhibiting this enzyme, Panax ginseng may help increase testosterone levels.[20]

    Update History

    Examine Database References

    1. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Herman-J. Engels, Joesphine M. Said, John C. Wirth,Failure of chronic ginseng supplementation to affect work performance and energy metabolism in healthy adult femalesNutrition Research.()
    2. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - A C Morris, I Jacobs, T M McLellan, A Klugerman, L C Wang, J ZamecnikNo ergogenic effect of ginseng ingestionInt J Sport Nutr.(1996 Sep)
    3. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - H J Engels, J C WirthNo ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exerciseJ Am Diet Assoc.(1997 Oct)
    4. Oxygen Uptake - J D Allen, J McLung, A G Nelson, M WelschGinseng supplementation does not enhance healthy young adults' peak aerobic exercise performanceJ Am Coll Nutr.(1998 Oct)
    5. Oxygen Uptake - Pipat, Cherdungsi., Kanyarat, RungroengEffects of Standardized Ginseng Extract and Exercise Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Capacities in HumansJournal of Ginseng Research.()
    6. Waist-Hip Ratio - E. Azizi, F. MoradiThe effect of ginseng supplementation on anabolic index, muscle strength, body composition, and testosterone and cortisol response to acute resistance exercise in male bodybuildersDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences.()
    7. Weight - Angelheart J.M. RattuThe effect of ginseng supplementation on strength development in response to resistance exercise trainingMedical Journal of Indonesia.()
    8. Exercise Recovery - H J Engels, I Kolokouri, T J Cieslak 2nd, J C WirthEffects of ginseng supplementation on supramaximal exercise performance and short-term recoveryJ Strength Cond Res.(2001 Aug)
    9. Lactate Dehydrogenase - Gislaine Cristina-Souza, Ana C Santos-Mariano, Adriano E Lima-Silva, Poliana L Costa, Pablo R Domingos, Sandro F Silva, Wilson C Abreu, Fernando R De-Oliveira, Raul OsieckiPanax ginseng Supplementation Increases Muscle Recruitment, Attenuates Perceived Effort, and Accelerates Muscle Force Recovery After an Eccentric-Based Exercise in AthletesJ Strength Cond Res.(2020 Apr 29)
    10. Immunoglobulin A - Hermann-J Engels, Mariane M Fahlman, John C WirthEffects of ginseng on secretory IgA, performance, and recovery from interval exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2003 Apr)
    11. Cognition - Reay JL, Kennedy DO, Scholey ABEffects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasksJ Psychopharmacol.(2006 Nov)
    12. Cognition - Andrew B Scholey, David O KennedyAcute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demandHum Psychopharmacol.(2002 Jan)
    13. Cognition - Jae-Hyeok Heo, Soon-Tae Lee, Min Jung Oh, Hyun-Jung Park, Ji-Young Shim, Kon Chu, Manho KimImprovement of cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease patients by long term treatment with korean red ginsengJ Ginseng Res.(2011 Nov)
    14. Cognition - Hye-Bin Yeo, Ho-Kyoung Yoon, Heon-Jeong Lee, Seung-Gul Kang, Ki-Young Jung, Leen KimEffects of Korean Red Ginseng on Cognitive and Motor Function: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled TrialJ Ginseng Res.(2012 Apr)
    15. Cognition - Reay JL, Scholey AB, Kennedy DOPanax ginseng (G115) improves aspects of working memory performance and subjective ratings of calmness in healthy young adultsHum Psychopharmacol.(2010 Aug)
    16. Cognition - Reay JL, Kennedy DO, Scholey ABSingle doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activityJ Psychopharmacol.(2005 Jul)
    17. Cognition - Soon-Tae Lee, Kon Chu, Ji-Young Sim, Jae-Hyeok Heo, Manho KimPanax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer diseaseAlzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.(Jul-Sep 2008)
    18. Cognition - Eun Namgung, Jungyoon Kim, Hyeonseok Jeong, Gahae Hong, Myeongju Kim, Rye Young Kim, Shinhye Kim, In Kyoon LyooEffects of Korean red ginseng on human gray matter volume and cognitive function: A voxel-based morphometry studyHum Psychopharmacol.(2021 Mar)
    19. Cognition - Derek Ong Lai Teik, Xiao Shiang Lee, Chu Jian Lim, Chia Mei Low, Mariyam Muslima, Luca AquiliGinseng and Ginkgo Biloba Effects on Cognition as Modulated by Cardiovascular Reactivity: A Randomised TrialPLoS One.(2016 Mar 3)
    20. Processing Speed - L D'Angelo, R Grimaldi, M Caravaggi, M Marcoli, E Perucca, S Lecchini, G M Frigo, A CremaA double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on the effect of a standardized ginseng extract on psychomotor performance in healthy volunteersJ Ethnopharmacol.(Apr-May 1986)
    21. Cognitive Decline - Heo JH, Lee ST, Chu K, Oh MJ, Park HJ, Shim JY, Kim MAn open-label trial of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's diseaseEur J Neurol.(2008 Aug)
    22. Motor Control - Henrik Sorensen, Jesper SonnneA double-masked study of the effects of ginseng on cognitive functionsCurrent Therapeutic Research.()
    23. Reaction Time - D O Kennedy, C F Haskell, K A Wesnes, A B ScholeyImproved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginsengPharmacol Biochem Behav.(2004 Nov)
    24. Reaction Time - Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KAModulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adultsPhysiol Behav.(2002 Apr 15)
    25. Attention - Pierre-Antoine Mariage, Areg Hovhannisyan, Alexander G PanossianEfficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer Herbal Preparation HRG80 in Preventing and Mitigating Stress-Induced Failure of Cognitive Functions in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover TrialPharmaceuticals (Basel).(2020 Mar 29)
    26. Fatigue Symptoms - Meegun Hong, Yoon Hyeong Lee, Seungwoo Kim, Ki Tae Suk, Chang Seok Bang, Jai Hoon Yoon, Gwang Ho Baik, Dong Joon Kim, Myong Jo KimAnti-inflammatory and antifatigue effect of Korean Red Ginseng in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseJ Ginseng Res.(2016 Jul)
    27. Insulin - Park SH, Chung S, Chung MY, Choi HK, Hwang JT, Park JHEffects of Panax ginseng on hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Ginseng Res.(2022 Mar)
    28. Insulin - Reay JL, Scholey AB, Milne A, Fenwick J, Kennedy DOPanax ginseng has no effect on indices of glucose regulation following acute or chronic ingestion in healthy volunteersBr J Nutr.(2009 Jun)
    29. Insulin - Kim S, Shin BC, Lee MS, Lee H, Ernst ERed ginseng for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Chin J Integr Med.(2011 Dec)
    30. Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile - Kim HG, Yoo SR, Park HJ, Lee NH, Shin JW, Sathyanath R, Cho JH, Son CGAntioxidant effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in healthy subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trialFood Chem Toxicol.(2011 Sep)
    31. Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile - Kim JY, Park JY, Kang HJ, Kim OY, Lee JHBeneficial effects of Korean red ginseng on lymphocyte DNA damage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and LDL oxidation in healthy participants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialNutr J.(2012 Jul 17)
    32. Inflammation - Jung HL, Kwak HE, Kim SS, Kim YC, Lee CD, Byurn HK, Kang HYEffects of Panax ginseng supplementation on muscle damage and inflammation after uphill treadmill running in humansAm J Chin Med.(2011)
    33. Blood glucose - De Souza LR, Jenkins AL, Sievenpiper JL, Jovanovski E, Rahelić D, Vuksan VKorean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) root fractions: differential effects on postprandial glycemia in healthy individualsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2011 Sep 1)
    34. Insulin - Park BJ, Lee YJ, Lee HR, Jung DH, Na HY, Kim HB, Shim JYEffects of Korean Red Ginseng on Cardiovascular Risks in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled StudyKorean J Fam Med.(2012 Jul)
    35. Erections - Hong B, Ji YH, Hong JH, Nam KY, Ahn TYA double-blind crossover study evaluating the efficacy of korean red ginseng in patients with erectile dysfunction: a preliminary reportJ Urol.(2002 Nov)
    36. Erections - Choi HK, Seong DH, Rha KHClinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunctionInt J Impot Res.(1995 Sep)
    37. Erections - de Andrade E, de Mesquita AA, Claro Jde A, de Andrade PM, Ortiz V, Paranhos M, Srougi MStudy of the efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl.(2007 Mar)
    38. Glycemic Control - Reeds DN, Patterson BW, Okunade A, Holloszy JO, Polonsky KS, Klein SGinseng and ginsenoside Re do not improve β-cell function or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetesDiabetes Care.(2011 May)
    39. HbA1c - Sotaniemi EA, Haapakoski E, Rautio AGinseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patientsDiabetes Care.(1995 Oct)
    40. Menopausal Symptoms - Kim SY, Seo SK, Choi YM, Jeon YE, Lim KJ, Cho S, Choi YS, Lee BSEffects of red ginseng supplementation on menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomized controlled trialMenopause.(2012 Apr)
    41. Depression Symptoms - Wiklund IK, Mattsson LA, Lindgren R, Limoni CEffects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of life and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Swedish Alternative Medicine GroupInt J Clin Pharmacol Res.(1999)
    42. Libido - Oh KJ, Chae MJ, Lee HS, Hong HD, Park KEffects of Korean red ginseng on sexual arousal in menopausal women: placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover clinical studyJ Sex Med.(2010 Apr)
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    46. Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms - Jae-Hyeok Heo, Soon-Tae Lee, Kon Chu, Min Jung Oh, Hyun-Jung Park, Ji-Young Shim, Manho KimHeat-processed ginseng enhances the cognitive function in patients with moderately severe Alzheimer's diseaseNutr Neurosci.(2012 Nov)
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    56. Blood Flow - Ahn CM, Hong SJ, Choi SC, Park JH, Kim JS, Lim DSRed ginseng extract improves coronary flow reserve and increases absolute numbers of various circulating angiogenic cells in patients with first ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarctionPhytother Res.(2011 Feb)
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    64. Intermediate-Term Memory - Key-Chung Park, Hui Jin, Renhua Zheng, Sehyun Kim, Seung-Eun Lee, Bo-Hyung Kim, Sung-Vin YimCognition enhancing effect of panax ginseng in Korean volunteers with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialTransl Clin Pharmacol.(2019 Sep)
    65. Fatigue Symptoms - Namhun Lee, Suk-Hoon Lee, Ho-Ryong Yoo, Hwa Seung YooAnti-Fatigue Effects of Enzyme-Modified Ginseng Extract: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Altern Complement Med.(2016 Nov)
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