High Blood Pressure

    Researchedby:
    Mike Murray

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Nick Milazzo, Shyam Jayaraman
    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    High blood pressure is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. High blood pressure is often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, although it can result from other medical conditions as well.

    High Blood Pressure falls under the Cardiovascular Health category.

    24 references on this page
    146,705 participants in 118 trials and 58 meta-analyses

    What is high blood pressure?

    Blood pressure consists of two components: systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the pressure when the ventricles of the heart contract and pump blood through the body. Diastolic pressure is the pressure between heartbeats, when the heart is filling with blood.[1] High blood pressure (commonly referred to as “hypertension”) is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high.

    What are the main signs and symptoms of high blood pressure?

    There are generally no signs or symptoms of high blood pressure until it has caused serious health problems (e.g., stroke, heart attack, kidney failure), which is why it is colloquially known as the “silent killer”.

    How is high blood pressure diagnosed?

    High blood pressure is diagnosed by measuring a person’s blood pressure. There are multiple methods for measuring blood pressure, including using hand-powered cuffs and a stethoscope, semiautomatic monitors (either at the doctor’s office or at home), or ambulatory blood pressure monitors (which collect blood pressure readings several times per hour across a 24-hour period).

    Broadly speaking, a systolic and diastolic blood pressure of <120 and <80 mmHg is considered optimal.[2] Hypertension is diagnosed at the doctor’s office if they measure a systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 130 and ≥ 80 mmHg over multiple measurements.

    What are some of the main medical treatments for high blood pressure?

    There are five major classes of blood pressure-lowering drugs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCB), and thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics. Broadly, these drugs have their effects by reducing blood volume and/or relaxing the smooth muscles that control the diameter of blood vessels.

    A combination of an ACEi or ARB with a CCB or diuretic is the preferred initial therapy for most people with high blood pressure.[2] If blood pressure remains uncontrolled, a combination of an ACEi or ARB with a CCB and a diuretic is recommended.[2]

    Have any supplements been studied for high blood pressure?

    A variety of supplements may reduce blood pressure to a moderate extent including taurine,[3] garlic,[4] nitrate,[5] cocoa extract,[6] potassium,[7] and magnesium.[8]

    What specific nutrients lower blood pressure?

    How could diet affect high blood pressure?

    Diet directly affects blood pressure. In most people, sodium reduction reduces blood pressure,[9] and so does increasing potassium intake,[10] whereas alcohol seems to increase blood pressure.[11] A sodium intake of <1,500 mg/day is ideal for people with high blood pressure, but reducing sodium intake by 1,000 mg/day is a good starting point.

    The most effective diet for reducing blood pressure is the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes, and low-fat dairy products and is greatly reduced in added sugar and saturated fat.[12]

    How does baseline blood pressure modify the effects of salt reduction?

    How does salt increase blood pressure?

    How does potassium lower blood pressure?

    Are there any other treatments for high blood pressure?

    Exercise has a powerful effect on blood pressure, and evidence suggests that it’s as effective as some medications.[13] Exercise seems to reduce blood pressure independent of changes in body weight,[14] but the magnitude of blood pressure reduction will increase if weight loss also occurs.[15]

    People with high blood pressure should perform at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week and two resistance exercise sessions.

    A growing body of evidence suggests that stress-reduction interventions, such as yoga, meditation, and guided breathing can also decrease blood pressure.[16]

    Is there a best type of exercise to reduce blood pressure?

    What causes high blood pressure?

    In the vast majority of cases (>80%), high blood pressure is caused by lifestyle habits such as unhealthy eating patterns, insufficient physical activity, and excessive intake of alcohol.[12] Consequently, there is a direct relationship between increases in body mass index or waist-to-hip ratio and increases in blood pressure.[11] Genetic variants also influence blood pressure, but they only contribute to about 3.5% of the variability in blood pressure between people.[12]

    In about 10-20% of cases, high blood pressure is caused by a separate medical condition (e.g., primary aldosteronism, renal artery stenosis, obstructive sleep apnea). Primary aldosteronism is increasingly recognized as an underdiagnosed cause of high blood pressure and may be responsible in up to 10% of cases.[17]

    Examine Database: High Blood Pressure

    Cocoa Extract
    Magnesium
    Resveratrol
    Spirulina
    Nitrate
    Garlic
    Mediterranean Diet
    Vegan Diet
    Citrulline
    Fish Oil
    Roselle
    Vitamin C
    Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
    Grape Juice
    Melatonin
    Stevia
    Chlorella
    Cinnamon
    Ginkgo Biloba
    Hesperidin
    Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
    Taurine
    Black seed
    Chia seeds
    Coenzyme Q10
    Ephedrine
    Flaxseed
    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
    L-Carnitine
    Licorice
    Olive Leaf Extract
    Policosanol
    Potassium
    Pycnogenol
    Quercetin
    Sauna
    Alpha-Lipoic Acid
    Astaxanthin
    Beetroot
    Bhringaraj
    Blueberry
    Caffeine
    Calcium
    Casein
    Cat's whiskers
    Chlorogenic Acid
    Chromium
    Curcumin
    Dandelion
    Echinacea
    Eleuthero
    Eucommia Bark
    Gotu Kola
    Grapefruit
    Green Coffee Extract
    Gymnema Sylvestre
    L-Tyrosine
    Microlactin
    Milk Protein
    Nattokinase
    Niacin (Vitamin B3)
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Potatoes
    Psyllium
    Pterostilbene
    Reishi
    Saffron
    Sesamin
    Soy Protein
    Theanine
    Tribulus Terrestris
    Vitamin D
    Whey Protein

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    Frequently asked questions

    What is high blood pressure?

    Blood pressure consists of two components: systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the pressure when the ventricles of the heart contract and pump blood through the body. Diastolic pressure is the pressure between heartbeats, when the heart is filling with blood.[1] High blood pressure (commonly referred to as “hypertension”) is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high.

    What are the main signs and symptoms of high blood pressure?

    There are generally no signs or symptoms of high blood pressure until it has caused serious health problems (e.g., stroke, heart attack, kidney failure), which is why it is colloquially known as the “silent killer”.

    How is high blood pressure diagnosed?

    High blood pressure is diagnosed by measuring a person’s blood pressure. There are multiple methods for measuring blood pressure, including using hand-powered cuffs and a stethoscope, semiautomatic monitors (either at the doctor’s office or at home), or ambulatory blood pressure monitors (which collect blood pressure readings several times per hour across a 24-hour period).

    Broadly speaking, a systolic and diastolic blood pressure of <120 and <80 mmHg is considered optimal.[2] Hypertension is diagnosed at the doctor’s office if they measure a systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 130 and ≥ 80 mmHg over multiple measurements.

    What are some of the main medical treatments for high blood pressure?

    There are five major classes of blood pressure-lowering drugs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCB), and thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics. Broadly, these drugs have their effects by reducing blood volume and/or relaxing the smooth muscles that control the diameter of blood vessels.

    A combination of an ACEi or ARB with a CCB or diuretic is the preferred initial therapy for most people with high blood pressure.[2] If blood pressure remains uncontrolled, a combination of an ACEi or ARB with a CCB and a diuretic is recommended.[2]

    Have any supplements been studied for high blood pressure?

    A variety of supplements may reduce blood pressure to a moderate extent including taurine,[3] garlic,[4] nitrate,[5] cocoa extract,[6] potassium,[7] and magnesium.[8]

    What specific nutrients lower blood pressure?

    Besides the restriction of sodium, there are some nutrients that may help lower blood pressure. For example, one meta-analysis found that supplementation of potassium lowered blood pressure by about 4–5 mmHg.[18] Beetroot juice may also lower blood pressure,[19] which may be partially driven by nitrate content,[20] but also by mechanisms independent of nitrate. Garlic also probably lowers blood pressure in people with hypertension. The form doesn't seem to matter much for lowering systolic blood pressure, but garlic powder may outperform aged garlic extract when it comes to lowering diastolic pressure.[21]

    How could diet affect high blood pressure?

    Diet directly affects blood pressure. In most people, sodium reduction reduces blood pressure,[9] and so does increasing potassium intake,[10] whereas alcohol seems to increase blood pressure.[11] A sodium intake of <1,500 mg/day is ideal for people with high blood pressure, but reducing sodium intake by 1,000 mg/day is a good starting point.

    The most effective diet for reducing blood pressure is the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes, and low-fat dairy products and is greatly reduced in added sugar and saturated fat.[12]

    How does baseline blood pressure modify the effects of salt reduction?

    Sodium restriction may reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, primarily among people starting out with higher blood pressure. Although there can be small benefits among people with lower blood pressure, these effects are typically not clinically relevant (and possibly non-existent). The effects of a reduction in salt intake of 2,300 milligrams (2.3 g) stratified by blood pressure are summarized below.

    Changes in blood pressure to salt reduction, by baseline status

    image
    How does salt increase blood pressure?

    Sodium is a known regulator of blood pressure. Sodium concentrations are sensed by macula densa cells in the kidneys.[22] When the blood sodium concentration increases, these cells activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as shown below.

    In short, increased salt intake causes your body to hold onto more water, which increases blood pressure. This extra pressure places a strain on your cardiovascular system which can eventually lead to worse cardiovascular disease outcomes over time.

    Sodium’s role in blood pressure

    image
    How does potassium lower blood pressure?

    Potassium is well known to reduce blood pressure by inducing diuresis (increased production of urine). However, precisely how potassium achieves this effect is less well-known. Potassium works to lower blood pressure primarily in a specific part of the kidney, known as the distal convoluted tubule.[23] This area of the kidney acts as a potassium sensor. When potassium is low, the kidney holds onto more potassium and water and increases blood pressure. When potassium is high, it allows more potassium and more water to pass by, reducing blood pressure. Furthermore, high sodium intake can increase potassium excretion,[24] indicating that high sodium intakes can exacerbate potassium balance issues in those who consume low potassium diets.

    Are there any other treatments for high blood pressure?

    Exercise has a powerful effect on blood pressure, and evidence suggests that it’s as effective as some medications.[13] Exercise seems to reduce blood pressure independent of changes in body weight,[14] but the magnitude of blood pressure reduction will increase if weight loss also occurs.[15]

    People with high blood pressure should perform at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week and two resistance exercise sessions.

    A growing body of evidence suggests that stress-reduction interventions, such as yoga, meditation, and guided breathing can also decrease blood pressure.[16]

    Is there a best type of exercise to reduce blood pressure?

    Increasing physical activity can reduce your systolic blood pressure by 4–9 mmHg. However, it’s not as clear if there’s a dose-response effect of exercise or what types of exercise might impact blood pressure the most. Luckily, a network meta-analysis aimed to answer these questions.[13]

    Exercise becomes more effective for lowering blood pressure the higher the starting systolic pressure is — in other words, people with higher starting blood pressures tend to benefit more from exercise. You can also see from the figure below that a combination of resistance and endurance training looks to be more effective, although there’s no clear winner between isometric, endurance, and resistance training taken on their own.

    Effects of exercise on systolic blood pressure

    image

    Reference: Naci et al. Br J Sports Med. 2019.[13]

    However, the authors of the paper caution that more research is needed to explore whether one type of exercise is indeed better than another due to the relative lack of research into this topic.

    There are also some other key takeaways from this research that aren’t apparent from the figure.

    • Due to reporting issues and lack of relevant data, the authors were not able to explore whether some frequencies or durations of exercise improved blood pressure more than others.
    • The authors didn’t see a clear relationship between exercise intensity and blood pressure reduction, mainly due to not having enough data. There is much more room for future research to explore the relationship between exercise intensity and blood pressure reduction.
    • There’s some concern about the generalizability of the exercise results to people with high blood pressure, since most of the exercise trials involved people with normal or mildly elevated blood pressure. Future research focused on exercise’s effect on people with high blood pressure would be useful. In short: all types of exercise seem to reduce systolic blood pressure, especially in people with high blood pressure. However, how much exercise is best, whether intensity matters, and exactly what kinds of exercise have the biggest impact are still unclear.
    What causes high blood pressure?

    In the vast majority of cases (>80%), high blood pressure is caused by lifestyle habits such as unhealthy eating patterns, insufficient physical activity, and excessive intake of alcohol.[12] Consequently, there is a direct relationship between increases in body mass index or waist-to-hip ratio and increases in blood pressure.[11] Genetic variants also influence blood pressure, but they only contribute to about 3.5% of the variability in blood pressure between people.[12]

    In about 10-20% of cases, high blood pressure is caused by a separate medical condition (e.g., primary aldosteronism, renal artery stenosis, obstructive sleep apnea). Primary aldosteronism is increasingly recognized as an underdiagnosed cause of high blood pressure and may be responsible in up to 10% of cases.[17]

    Examine Database References

    1. Liver Enzymes - Patricia V Torres-Duran, Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo, Marco A Juarez-OropezaAntihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary reportLipids Health Dis.(2007 Nov 26)
    2. Total cholesterol - Juárez-Oropeza MA, Mascher D, Torres-Durán PV, Farias JM, Paredes-Carbajal MCEffects of dietary Spirulina on vascular reactivityJ Med Food.(2009 Feb)
    3. Blood Pressure - Miczke A, Szulińska M, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Kręgielska-Narożna M, Suliburska J, Walkowiak J, Bogdański PEffects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trialEur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.(2016)
    4. Blood Pressure - Jesús Martínez-Sámano, Adriana Torres-Montes de Oca, Oscar Ivan Luqueño-Bocardo, Patricia V Torres-Durán, Marco A Juárez-OropezaSpirulina maxima Decreases Endothelial Damage and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Patients with Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Results from Exploratory Controlled Clinical TrialMar Drugs.(2018 Dec 8)
    5. Blood Pressure - Machowiec P, Ręka G, Maksymowicz M, Piecewicz-Szczęsna H, Smoleń AEffect of Supplementation on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients.(2021-Aug-31)
    6. Weight - Meysam Zarezadeh, Amir Hossein Faghfouri, Nima Radkhah, Elaheh Foroumandi, Masoud Khorshidi, Ahmadreza Rasouli, Mahtab Zarei, Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, Nazanin Hazhir Karzar, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsPhytother Res.(2020 Sep 23)
    7. Interleukin 2 - Sara Mohiti, Meysam Zarezadeh, Fatemeh Naeini, Helda Tutunchi, Alireza Ostadrahimi, Zohreh Ghoreishi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsClin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.(2021 Aug)
    8. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) - Fatemeh Naeini, Meysam Zarezadeh, Sara Mohiti, Helda Tutunchi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi Mamaghani, Alireza OstadrahimiSpirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsInt J Clin Pract.(2021 Jul 8)
    9. Liver Enzymes - Mason SA, Rasmussen B, van Loon LJC, Salmon J, Wadley GDAscorbic acid supplementation improves postprandial glycaemic control and blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized cross-over trialDiabetes Obes Metab.(2019 Mar)
    10. Blood glucose - Mahmoudabadi MM, Djalali M, Djazayery SA, Keshavarz SA, Eshraghian MR, Yaraghi AA, Askari G, Ghiasvand R, Zarei MEffects of eicosapentaenoic acid and vitamin C on glycemic indices, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic Iranian malesJ Res Med Sci.(2011 Mar)
    11. Blood glucose - Chen H, Karne RJ, Hall G, Campia U, Panza JA, Cannon RO 3rd, Wang Y, Katz A, Levine M, Quon MJHigh-dose oral vitamin C partially replenishes vitamin C levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes and low vitamin C levels but does not improve endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistanceAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2006 Jan)
    12. Blood glucose - Ellulu MS, Rahmat A, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Abed YEffect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trialDrug Des Devel Ther.(2015 Jul 1)
    13. Total cholesterol - Knab AM, Shanely RA, Henson DA, Jin F, Heinz SA, Austin MD, Nieman DCInfluence of quercetin supplementation on disease risk factors in community-dwelling adultsJ Am Diet Assoc.(2011 Apr)
    14. Liver Enzymes - Maryam Akbari, Omid Reza Tamtaji, Kamran B Lankarani, Reza Tabrizi, Ehsan Dadgostar, Neda Haghighat, Fariba Kolahdooz, Amir Ghaderi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Zatollah AsemiThe effects of resveratrol on lipid profiles and liver enzymes in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsLipids Health Dis.(2020 Feb 17)
    15. Total cholesterol - Abdelhaleem IA, Brakat AM, Adayel HM, Asla MM, Rizk MA, Aboalfetoh AYThe effects of resveratrol on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters in patients with T2DM: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Med Clin (Barc).(2022-Jun-24)
    16. Blood Pressure - Samuel R Weaver, Catarina Rendeiro, Helen M McGettrick, Andrew Philp, Samuel J E LucasFine wine or sour grapes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of red wine polyphenols on vascular healthEur J Nutr.(2021 Feb)
    17. Blood Pressure - Lipert A, Szadkowska I, Matusiak-Wieczorek E, Kochan EThe Effect of Herbal Supplements on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Antioxidants (Basel).(2022-Jul-22)
    18. Blood Pressure - Liu Y, Ma W, Zhang P, He S, Huang DEffect of resveratrol on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr.(2015-Feb)
    19. Interleukin 6 - Haghighatdoost F, Hariri MCan resveratrol supplement change inflammatory mediators? A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized clinical trials.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2019-Mar)
    20. Endothelial Function - Mohammadipoor N, Shafiee F, Rostami A, Kahrizi MS, Soleimanpour H, Ghodsi M, Ansari MJ, Bokov DO, Jannat B, Mosharkesh E, Pour Abbasi MSResveratrol supplementation efficiently improves endothelial health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022-Sep)
    21. Creatinine - Abdollahi S, Vajdi M, Meshkini F, Vasmehjani AA, Sangsefidi ZS, Clark CCT, Soltani SResveratrol may mildly improve renal function in the general adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Nutr Res.(2023-May)
    22. Leptin - Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloom Z, Sohrabi Z, Sherafatmanesh S, Barati-Boldaji RResveratrol supplementation and plasma adipokines concentrations? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res.(2017-Mar)
    23. Liver Enzymes - Dehkordi FR, Kamkhah AFAntihypertensive effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in patients with mild hypertensionFundam Clin Pharmacol.(2008 Aug)
    24. Blood Pressure - Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Safaei E, Mohammadi Asmaroud M, Khashakichafi F, Ahrabi SS, Dehghan PAntihypertensive effects of Nigella sativa supplementation: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2023-Aug)
    25. Liver Enzymes - Susalit E, Agus N, Effendi I, Tjandrawinata RR, Nofiarny D, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Verbruggen MOlive (Olea europaea) leaf extract effective in patients with stage-1 hypertension: comparison with CaptoprilPhytomedicine.(2011 Feb 15)
    26. Blood Pressure - Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Busjahn A, Schmidlin C, Schmidt A, Bradl B, Aydogan CFood supplementation with an olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract reduces blood pressure in borderline hypertensive monozygotic twinsPhytother Res.(2008 Sep)
    27. Liver Enzymes - Watanabe T, Arai Y, Mitsui Y, Kusaura T, Okawa W, Kajihara Y, Saito IThe blood pressure-lowering effect and safety of chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential hypertensionClin Exp Hypertens.(2006 Jul)
    28. Blood glucose - Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A, Fogacci F, Bove M, Giovannini M, Borghi CEffects of phytosomal curcumin on anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance, cortisolemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indices: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialEur J Nutr.(2019 Feb 22)
    29. Blood glucose - Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán MThe effect of lowering blood pressure by magnesium supplementation in diabetic hypertensive adults with low serum magnesium levels: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialJ Hum Hypertens.(2009 Apr)
    30. Blood glucose - Lee S, Park HK, Son SP, Lee CW, Kim IJ, Kim HJEffects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight Korean adultsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2009 Dec)
    31. Blood Pressure - L Kass, J Weekes, L CarpenterEffect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysisEur J Clin Nutr.(2012 Apr)
    32. Blood Pressure - Veronese N, Demurtas J, Pesolillo G, Celotto S, Barnini T, Calusi G, Caruso MG, Notarnicola M, Reddavide R, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Maggi S, Vaona A, Firth J, Smith L, Koyanagi A, Dominguez L, Barbagallo MMagnesium and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational and intervention studiesEur J Nutr.(2019 Jan 25)
    33. Blood Pressure - Daniel T Dibaba, Pengcheng Xun, Yiqing Song, Andrea Rosanoff, Michael Shechter, Ka HeThe effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure in individuals with insulin resistance, prediabetes, or noncommunicable chronic diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsAm J Clin Nutr.(2017 Sep)
    34. Blood Pressure - Xi Zhang, Yufeng Li, Liana C Del Gobbo, Andrea Rosanoff, Jiawei Wang, Wen Zhang, Yiqing SongEffects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled TrialsHypertension.(2016 Aug)
    35. Blood Pressure - Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae TEffects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressuresHypertension.(1998 Aug)
    36. Blood Pressure - Hatzistavri LS, Sarafidis PA, Georgianos PI, Tziolas IM, Aroditis CP, Zebekakis PE, Pikilidou MI, Lasaridis ANOral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertensionAm J Hypertens.(2009 Oct)
    37. Blood Pressure - Asbaghi O, Hosseini R, Boozari B, Ghaedi E, Kashkooli S, Moradi SThe Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Obesity Measure Among Type 2 Diabetes Patient: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2021-Feb)
    38. Blood glucose - Ochiai M, Hayashi T, Morita M, Ina K, Maeda M, Watanabe F, Morishita KShort-term effects of L-citrulline supplementation on arterial stiffness in middle-aged menInt J Cardiol.(2012 Mar 8)
    39. Blood Pressure - Juliano Casonatto, Daniel Massaharu Enokida, Kamila GrandolfiInter-Individual Responses to Citrulline Malate Oral Supplementation on Post-Exercise Hypotension in Hypertensives: A 24-Hour AnalysisArq Bras Cardiol.(2019 Jul 10)
    40. Blood Pressure - Casonatto J, et alCitrulline malate supplementation might potentiate post-exercise hypotension in hypertensives: A 24-hour analysisSci Sport.()
    41. Blood Pressure - Qiu J, et all-citrulline supplementation reduced peripheral blood pressure in Chinese adults with prehypertensionJ Hypertens.()
    42. Arterial Stiffness - Arturo Figueroa, Stacey Alvarez-Alvarado, Michael J Ormsbee, Takudzwa A Madzima, Jeremiah C Campbell, Alexei WongImpact of L-citrulline supplementation and whole-body vibration training on arterial stiffness and leg muscle function in obese postmenopausal women with high blood pressureExp Gerontol.(2015 Mar)
    43. Blood glucose - Siervo M, Lara J, Chowdhury S, Ashor A, Oggioni C, Mathers JCEffects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysisBr J Nutr.(2015 Jan 14)
    44. Total cholesterol - Ru Guo, Nian Li, Rong Yang, Xiao-Yang Liao, Yu Zhang, Ben-Fu Zhu, Qian Zhao, Lingmin Chen, Yong-Gang Zhang, Yi LeiEffects of the Modified DASH Diet on Adults With Elevated Blood Pressure or Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisFront Nutr.(2021 Sep 7)
    45. Total cholesterol - Lari A, Sohouli MH, Fatahi S, Cerqueira HS, Santos HO, Pourrajab B, Rezaei M, Saneie S, Rahideh STThe effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2021 Sep 22)
    46. Blood Pressure - Saneei P, Salehi-Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht LInfluence of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trialsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2014 Dec)
    47. Blood glucose - Rhee MY, Kim YS, Bae JH, Nah DY, Kim YK, Lee MM, Kim HYEffect of Korean red ginseng on arterial stiffness in subjects with hypertensionJ Altern Complement Med.(2011 Jan)
    48. Blood glucose - Nieman DC, Cayea EJ, Austin MD, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, Jin FChia seed does not promote weight loss or alter disease risk factors in overweight adultsNutr Res.(2009 Jun)
    49. Blood Pressure - TaghipourSheshdeh F, Behzadi M, Bashiri S, Mohammadi-Sartang MThe Effect of Chia Seed on Blood Pressure, Body Composition, and Glycemic Control: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutr Rev.(2024 Sep 3)
    50. Blood glucose - Chan P, Tomlinson B, Chen YJ, Liu JC, Hsieh MH, Cheng JTA double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and tolerability of oral stevioside in human hypertensionBr J Clin Pharmacol.(2000 Sep)
    51. Blood glucose - Barriocanal LA, Palacios M, Benitez G, Benitez S, Jimenez JT, Jimenez N, Rojas VApparent lack of pharmacological effect of steviol glycosides used as sweeteners in humans. A pilot study of repeated exposures in some normotensive and hypotensive individuals and in Type 1 and Type 2 diabeticsRegul Toxicol Pharmacol.(2008 Jun)
    52. Blood Pressure - Maki KC, Curry LL, Carakostas MC, Tarka SM, Reeves MS, Farmer MV, McKenney JM, Toth PD, Schwartz SL, Lubin BC, Dicklin MR, Boileau AC, Bisognano JDThe hemodynamic effects of rebaudioside A in healthy adults with normal and low-normal blood pressureFood Chem Toxicol.(2008 Jul)
    53. Blood Pressure - Hsieh MH, Chan P, Sue YM, Liu JC, Liang TH, Huang TY, Tomlinson B, Chow MS, Kao PF, Chen YJEfficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled studyClin Ther.(2003 Nov)
    54. Blood glucose - Greenway F, Liu Z, Yu Y, Gupta AA clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of a standardized Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark extract to treat hypertensionAltern Med Rev.(2011 Dec)
    55. Blood glucose - Morand C, Dubray C, Milenkovic D, Lioger D, Martin JF, Scalbert A, Mazur AHesperidin contributes to the vascular protective effects of orange juice: a randomized crossover study in healthy volunteersAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Jan)
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    57. Blood Flow - Hiroko Takumi, Hiroyasu Nakamura, Terumi Simizu, Ryoko Harada, Takashi Kometani, Tomonori Nadamoto, Rie Mukai, Kaeko Murota, Yoshichika Kawai, Junji TeraoBioavailability of orally administered water-dispersible hesperetin and its effect on peripheral vasodilatation in human subjects: implication of endothelial functions of plasma conjugated metabolitesFood Funct.(2012 Apr)
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