Body Mass Index (BMI)

    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    BMI is not a highly accurate measure of obesity. That being said, it can be useful as a complementary datum. BMI has a high rate of false negatives, particularly among females, with nearly half of obese people being classified as normal or overweight in some studies. The amount of false positives, on the other hand, is surprisingly small: less than 5% in men and 1% in women, according to one study.

    9 references on this page
    188,008 participants in 106 trials

    What is BMI

    BMI, or Body Mass Index, is a simple formula using a person's height and weight to calculate a number which is supposedly representative of their level of body fat.

    The formula itself is:

    • Weight (kg) / Height (m)2

    or

    • (Weight (lbs) * 703) / Height (in)2

    And the numerical value fits into the following categories:

    • Less than 18.5 is seen as underweight
    • 18.5-24.9 is seen as average weight and is usually a target range
    • 25-29.9 is seen as overweight
    • 30 and above is seen as obese

    In the obese category, it is further divided into 30-34.9 (Class I Obesity), 35-39.9 (Class II Obesity) and 40+ (Morbid Obesity). The first two classes are seen as at-risk populations whereas health complications associated with obesity are assumed in a state of Morbid Obesity.

    Uses of BMI

    BMI tends to be used in large-scale population research and surveys as it can be calculated from height and weight, either self-reported or taken quickly and non-invasively by a researcher.

    It has the benefits of being quick, easy to calculate, and a measure of body fat in which most of the population will consent to (unlike calipers which are invasive due to touching skin with cold metal objects, and hydrostatic weighing which dunks people in water without oxygen in their lungs).

    An exception to this is the NHANES series of studies, a large scale series of studies conducted in the US that assesses persons by calipers.

    Summation

    If you are normal weight or overweight according to BMI (18.5-29.9) there is still a chance you are actually obese, and thus is primarily due to low levels of lean mass (muscle, water, and glycogen).

    If you are obese according to BMI, you are most likely obese according to body fat percentage as well. When sampling from the general population, over 95% of men and 99% of women identified as obese by BMI were obese via body fat levels.[6]

    Outliers to this dataset, those who have enough lean mass to be classified as obese by BMI but not by body fat percentage, are far and few in society. These persons would normally be highly active athletes or dedicated 'weekend warriors', and it is unlikely sedentary persons or those with infrequent exercise habits would be these outliers.

    Examine Database: Body Mass Index (BMI)

    InterventionGradeEffectDetail
    Flaxseed
    B
    Mediterranean Diet
    B
    High-Protein Diet
    D
    Resveratrol
    Inulin-Type Fructans
    Melatonin
    Dark Chocolate
    Green Coffee Extract
    Propolis
    Intermittent fasting (IF)
    16:8 Intermittent Fasting
    Curcumin
    N-Acetylcysteine
    Cinnamon
    Chlorella
    Ellagic Acid
    Honey
    Sumac
    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
    Zinc
    Ketogenic Diet
    Inositol
    Resistance Training
    Oral Nutritional Supplements
    Taurine
    Berberine
    Fish Oil
    Soy
    Saffron
    Vitamin K
    Pycnogenol
    Black Chokeberry
    Aerobic Exercise
    Barberry
    Beta-glucans
    Black seed
    Vegan Diet
    Cherry Extract
    Okra
    Vegetarian Diet
    Paleolithic Diet
    Green Tea Extract
    Magnesium
    Chia seeds
    L-Carnitine
    Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
    Probiotics
    Gymnema Sylvestre
    Kefir
    Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
    Tart Cherry Juice
    Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) Diet
    Synbiotics
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Whey Protein
    Psyllium
    Selenium
    Licorice
    Cocoa Extract
    Silymarin
    Canola Oil
    Fecal Transplant
    Inulin
    Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    Prebiotics

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Examine Database References

    1. Paleolithic Diet - Ehsan Ghaedi, Mohammad Mohammadi, Hamed Mohammadi, Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie, Janmohamad Malekzadeh, Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiEffects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsAdv Nutr.(2019 Jul 1)
    2. Vegan Diet - Hana Kahleova, Andrea Tura, Martin Hill, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardA Plant-Based Dietary Intervention Improves Beta-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Adults: A 16-Week Randomized Clinical TrialNutrients.(2018 Feb 9)
    3. Fish Oil - Paula Simplício da Silva, Mauro Felippe Felix Mediano, Gilberto Marcelo Sperandio da Silva, Patricia Dias de Brito, Claudia Santos de Aguiar Cardoso, Cristiane Fonseca de Almeida, Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis, Roberta Olmo Pinheiro, Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno, Pedro Emmanuel Alvarenga Americano do Brasil, Andrea Silvestre de SousaOmega-3 supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a randomized clinical studyNutr J.(2017 Jun 9)
    4. Paleolithic Diet - C Mellberg, S Sandberg, M Ryberg, M Eriksson, S Brage, C Larsson, T Olsson, B LindahlLong-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trialEur J Clin Nutr.(2014 Mar)
    5. Paleolithic Diet - Ehrika Vanessa Almeida de Menezes, Helena Alves de Carvalho Sampaio, Antônio Augusto Ferreira Carioca, Nara Andrade Parente, Filipe Oliveira Brito, Thereza Maria Magalhães Moreira, Ana Célia Caetano de Souza, Soraia Pinheiro Machado ArrudaInfluence of Paleolithic diet on anthropometric markers in chronic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysisNutr J.(2019 Jul 23)
    6. Kefir - Yasamin Fathi, Shiva Faghih, Mohammad Javad Zibaeenezhad, Sayed Hamid Reza TabatabaeiKefir drink leads to a similar weight loss, compared with milk, in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trialEur J Nutr.(2016 Feb)
    7. Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) Diet - Robert D Abbott, Adam Sadowski, Angela G AltEfficacy of the Autoimmune Protocol Diet as Part of a Multi-disciplinary, Supported Lifestyle Intervention for Hashimoto's ThyroiditisCureus.(2019 Apr 27)
    8. Vegan Diet - Hana Kahleova, James McCann, Jihad Alwarith, Emilie Rembert, Andrea Tura, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardA plant-based diet in overweight adults in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: The role of dietary acid loadClin Nutr ESPEN.(2021 Aug)
    9. Kefir - Ghizi ACdS et alKefir improves blood parameters and reduces cardiovascular risks in patients with metabolic syndromePharmaNutrition.()
    10. Vegan Diet - Ann-Charlotte Elkan, Beatrice Sjöberg, Björn Kolsrud, Bo Ringertz, Ingiäld Hafström, Johan FrostegårdGluten-free vegan diet induces decreased LDL and oxidized LDL levels and raised atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized studyArthritis Res Ther.(2008)
    11. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - E. Azizi, F. MoradiThe effect of ginseng supplementation on anabolic index, muscle strength, body composition, and testosterone and cortisol response to acute resistance exercise in male bodybuildersDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences.()
    12. Tart Cherry Juice - Johnson SA, Navaei N, Pourafshar S, Jaime SJ, Akhavan NS, Alvarez-Alvarado S, Proaño GV, Litwin NS, Clark EA, Foley EM, George KS, Elam ML, Payton ME, Arjmandi BH, Figueroa AEffects of Montmorency Tart Cherry Juice Consumption on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.J Med Food.(2020-Dec)
    13. Magnesium - Farsinejad-Marj M, Azadbakht L, Mardanian F, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh AClinical and Metabolic Responses to Magnesium Supplementation in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2020-Aug)
    14. Magnesium - Reihaneh Mousavi, Mohammad Alizadeh, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Lida Heidari, Roshan Nikbakht, Hossein Babaahmadi Rezaei, Majid KarandishEffects of Melatonin and/or Magnesium Supplementation on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialBiol Trace Elem Res.(2021 May 19)
    15. Zinc - Ghaedi K, Ghasempour D, Jowshan M, Zheng M, Ghobadi S, Jafari AEffect of zinc supplementation in the management of type 2 diabetes: A grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation-assessed, dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2023-May-15)
    16. Curcumin - Unhapipatpong C, Polruang N, Shantavasinkul PC, Julanon N, Numthavaj P, Thakkinstian AThe effect of curcumin supplementation on weight loss and anthropometric indices: an umbrella review and updated meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2023-May)
    17. Curcumin - M H Ngu, M N Norhayati, Z Rosnani, M M ZulkifliCurcumin as adjuvant treatment in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) disease: A systematic review and meta-analysisComplement Ther Med.(2022 Sep)
    18. Curcumin - Jafarirad S, Mansoori A, Adineh A, Panahi Y, Hadi A, Goodarzi RDoes Turmeric/curcumin Supplementation Change Anthropometric Indices in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clin Nutr Res.(2019-Jul)
    19. Curcumin - Akbari M, Lankarani KB, Tabrizi R, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Peymani P, Ferns G, Ghaderi A, Asemi ZThe Effects of Curcumin on Weight Loss Among Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Front Pharmacol.(2019)
    20. Berberine - Mohammad Reza Amini, Fatemeh Sheikhhossein, Sina Naghshi, Farhang Djafari, Mohammadreza Askari, Hossein Shahinfar, Maryam Safabakhsh, Alireza Jafari, Sakineh Shab-BidarEffects of berberine and barberry on anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsComplement Ther Med.(2020 Mar)
    21. Berberine - Xie L, Zhang D, Ma H, He H, Xia Q, Shen W, Chang H, Deng Y, Wu Q, Cong J, Wang CC, Wu XThe Effect of Berberine on Reproduction and Metabolism in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2019)
    22. Inositol - Greff D, Juhász AE, Váncsa S, Váradi A, Sipos Z, Szinte J, Park S, Hegyi P, Nyirády P, Ács N, Várbíró S, Horváth EMInositol is an effective and safe treatment in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Reprod Biol Endocrinol.(2023-Jan-26)
    23. L-Carnitine - Liu A, Cai Y, Yuan Y, Liu M, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Jiao PEfficacy and safety of carnitine supplementation on NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Syst Rev.(2023-Apr-29)
    24. L-Carnitine - Gong Y, Jiang T, He H, Wang Y, Wu GL, Shi Y, Cai Q, Xiong CL, Shen R, Li JEffects of carnitine on glucose and lipid metabolic profiles and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2023-May)
    25. Whey Protein - Sepandi M, Samadi M, Shirvani H, Alimohamadi Y, Taghdir M, Goudarzi F, Akbarzadeh IEffect of whey protein supplementation on weight and body composition indicators: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2022-Aug)
    26. Inulin - Rao M, Gao C, Xu L, Jiang L, Zhu J, Chen G, Law BYK, Xu YEffect of Inulin-Type Carbohydrates on Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Diabetes Res.(2019)
    27. Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) - Asmaa S Abdelhamid, Tracey J Brown, Julii S Brainard, Priti Biswas, Gabrielle C Thorpe, Helen J Moore, Katherine Ho Deane, Carolyn D Summerbell, Helen V Worthington, Fujian Song, Lee HooperOmega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseaseCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2020 Feb 29)
    28. Mediterranean Diet - Nordmann AJ, Suter-Zimmermann K, Bucher HC, Shai I, Tuttle KR, Estruch R, Briel MMeta-analysis comparing Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors.Am J Med.(2011-Sep)
    29. Mediterranean Diet - Papadaki A, Nolen-Doerr E, Mantzoros CSThe Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults.Nutrients.(2020-Oct-30)
    30. Mediterranean Diet - López-Gil JF, García-Hermoso A, Sotos-Prieto M, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Kales SNMediterranean Diet-Based Interventions to Improve Anthropometric and Obesity Indicators in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2023-Jul)
    31. Gymnema Sylvestre - Zamani M, Ashtary-Larky D, Nosratabadi S, Bagheri R, Wong A, Rafiei MM, Asiabar MM, Khalili P, Asbaghi O, Davoodi SHThe effects of Gymnema Sylvestre supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic control, blood pressure, and anthropometric indices in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytother Res.(2023-Mar)
    32. Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) - Jafari A, Gholizadeh E, Sadrmanesh O, Tajpour S, Yarizadeh H, Zamani B, Sohrabi ZThe effect of folic acid supplementation on body weight and body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2023-Feb)
    33. Resveratrol - Mousavi SM, Milajerdi A, Sheikhi A, Kord-Varkaneh H, Feinle-Bisset C, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh AResveratrol supplementation significantly influences obesity measures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2019-Mar)
    34. Resveratrol - Kailin Yang, Junpeng Chen, Tianqing Zhang, Xiao Yuan, Anqi Ge, Shanshan Wang, Hao Xu, Liuting Zeng, Jinwen GeEfficacy and safety of dietary polyphenol supplementation in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysisFront Immunol.(2022 Sep 9)
    35. Resveratrol - Sahar Rafiee, Hamed Mohammadi, Abed Ghavami, Erfan Sadeghi, Zahra Safari, Gholamreza AskariEfficacy of resveratrol supplementation in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trialsComplement Ther Clin Pract.(2020 Dec 4)
    36. Resveratrol - Sheida Zeraattalab-Motlagh, Ahmad Jayedi, Sakineh Shab-BidarThe effects of resveratrol supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trialsAm J Clin Nutr.(2021 Nov 8)
    37. Pycnogenol - Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Firouzi S, Daryabeygi-Khotbehsara R, Shariful Islam SM, Norouzy A, Soltani SEffects of pycnogenol on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res.(2019-Dec)
    38. Chlorella - Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, Engardeh J, Mahmoodnia L, Khaledifar A, Jafari TEffect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsClin Nutr.(2018-Dec)
    39. Black seed - Saadati S, Naseri K, Asbaghi O, Abhari K, Zhang P, Li HB, Gan RYsupplementation improves cardiometabolic indicators in population with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Nutr.(2022)
    40. Saffron - Tahmasbi F, Araj-Khodaei M, Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie SEffects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022-Sep)
    41. Beta-glucans - Rahmani J, Miri A, Černevičiūtė R, Thompson J, de Souza NN, Sultana R, Kord Varkaneh H, Mousavi SM, Hekmatdoost AEffects of cereal beta-glucan consumption on body weight, body mass index, waist circumference and total energy intake: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Complement Ther Med.(2019 Apr)
    42. Ketogenic Diet - Amanollahi A, Khazdouz M, Malekahmadi M, Klement RJ, Lee D, Khodabakhshi AEffect of Ketogenic Diets on Cardio-Metabolic Outcomes in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials.Nutr Cancer.(2023)
    43. Ketogenic Diet - Marzieh Taftian, Sara Beigrezaei, Vahid Arabi, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiThe Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Weight Loss in Adult Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical TrialsNutr Cancer.(2022 Feb 7)
    44. Ketogenic Diet - Miguel Ángel López-Espinoza, Salvador Chacón-Moscoso, Susana Sanduvete-Chaves, María José Ortega-Maureira, Tamara Barrientos-BravoEffect of a Ketogenic Diet on the Nutritional Parameters of Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2021 Aug 25)
    45. Ketogenic Diet - Castellana M, Conte E, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giustina A, Giovanella L, Giorgino F, Trimboli PEfficacy and safety of very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.(2019 Nov 9)
    46. Ketogenic Diet - Zhou C, Wang M, Liang J, He G, Chen NKetogenic Diet Benefits to Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profiles in Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trails.Int J Environ Res Public Health.(2022 Aug 22)
    47. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet - Sepideh Soltani, Fatemeh Shirani, Maryam J Chitsazi, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiThe effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trialsObes Rev.(2016 May)
    48. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet - Lari A, Sohouli MH, Fatahi S, Cerqueira HS, Santos HO, Pourrajab B, Rezaei M, Saneie S, Rahideh STThe effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2021 Sep 22)
    49. Vitamin K - Zhao QY, Li Q, Hasan Rashedi M, Sohouli M, Rohani P, Velu PThe effect of vitamin K supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nutr Sci.(2024)
    50. Psyllium - Gibb RD, Sloan KJ, McRorie JWPsyllium is a natural nonfermented gel-forming fiber that is effective for weight loss: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.J Am Assoc Nurse Pract.(2023-Aug-01)
    51. Saffron - Yan X, Zhao S, Feng X, Li X, Zhou Q, Chen QEffects of Crocus sativus on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab (Lond).(2024 May 25)
    52. N-Acetylcysteine - Liu J, Su H, Jin X, Wang L, Huang JThe effects of N-acetylcysteine supplement on metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2023)
    53. L-Carnitine - Mohd Falihin Mohd Shukri, Mohd Noor Norhayati, Salziyan Badrin, Azidah Abdul KadirEffects of L-carnitine supplementation for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysisPeerJ.(2022 Sep 16)
    54. Flaxseed - Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloom Z, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Barati-Boldaji R, Bellissimo N, Totosy de Zepetnek JOThe effect of flaxseed supplementation on body weight and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 randomized placebo-controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2017 Sep)
    55. Flaxseed - Musazadeh V, Abolghasemian M, Kavyani Z, Moridpour AH, Nazari A, Faghfouri AHThe effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation on anthropometric indices: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Complement Ther Med.(2024 Jul 9)
    56. Flaxseed - Xi H, Zhou W, Sohaib M, Niu Y, Zhu R, Guo Y, Wang S, Mao J, Wang X, Guo LFlaxseed supplementation significantly reduces hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Res.(2023 Feb)
    57. Ellagic Acid - Wang X, Zhou X, Zhang XEffects of Ellagic Acid on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Nutr Metab.(2024)
    58. Cinnamon - de Moura SL, Gomes BGR, Guilarducci MJ, Coelho OGL, Guimarães NS, Gomes JMGEffects of cinnamon supplementation on metabolic biomarkers in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev.(2024 Jun 25)
    59. Cherry Extract - Frumuzachi O, Kieserling H, Rohn S, Mocan A, Crișan GThe Impact of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.Nutrients.(2024 Jul 8)
    60. L-Carnitine - Gheysari R, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Hosseini AM, Rasaei N, Hosseini S, Bahari H, Asbaghi O, Rastgoo S, Goudarzi K, Shiraseb F, Behmadi RThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in participants with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Diabetol Metab Syndr.(2024 Jul 31)
    61. Sumac - Mohit M, Nejati M, Hejazi N, Modaresi SThe efficacy of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) powder supplementation in biochemical and anthropometric measurements in overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.Avicenna J Phytomed.(2024 May-Jun)
    62. Melatonin - Vajdi M, Moeinolsadat S, Noshadi N, Pourteymour Fard Tabrizi F, Khajeh M, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M, Alipour BEffect of melatonin supplementation on body composition and blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and Dose-Response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial.Heliyon.(2024 Jul 30)
    63. Chia seeds - TaghipourSheshdeh F, Behzadi M, Bashiri S, Mohammadi-Sartang MThe Effect of Chia Seed on Blood Pressure, Body Composition, and Glycemic Control: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutr Rev.(2024 Sep 3)
    64. Propolis - Vajdi M, Bonyadian A, Pourteymour Fard Tabrizi F, Hassanizadeh R, Noshadi N, Alipour B, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M, Darzi M, Golpour-Hamedani S, Askari GThe Effects of Propolis Consumption on Body Composition and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.Curr Ther Res Clin Exp.(2024)
    65. Honey - Amna Ahmed, Zujaja Tul-Noor, Danielle Lee, Shamaila Bajwah, Zara Ahmed, Shanza Zafar, Maliha Syeda, Fakeha Jamil, Faizaan Qureshi, Fatima Zia, Rumsha Baig, Saniya Ahmed, Mobushra Tayyiba, Suleman Ahmad, Dan Ramdath, Rong Tsao, Steve Cui, Cyril W C Kendall, Russell J de Souza, Tauseef A Khan, John L SievenpiperEffect of honey on cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysisNutr Rev.(2022 Nov 16)
    66. Honey - Chiavaroli L, Cheung A, Ayoub-Charette S, Ahmed A, Lee D, Au-Yeung F, Qi X, Back S, McGlynn N, Ha V, Lai E, Khan TA, Blanco Mejia S, Zurbau A, Choo VL, de Souza RJ, Wolever TM, Leiter LA, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, Sievenpiper JLImportant food sources of fructose-containing sugars and adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2023 Apr)
    67. Licorice - Hooshmandi H, Ghadiri-Anari A, Ranjbar AM, Fallahzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Nadjarzadeh AEffects of licorice extract in combination with a low-calorie diet on obesity indices, glycemic indices, and lipid profiles in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.J Ovarian Res.(2024 Jul 30)
    68. Inulin-Type Fructans - Reimer RA, Theis S, Zanzer YCThe effects of chicory inulin-type fructans supplementation on weight management outcomes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2024 Sep 21)
    69. Vegetarian Diet - Guest NS, Raj S, Landry MJ, Mangels AR, Pawlak R, Senkus KE, Handu D, Rozga MVegetarian and Vegan Dietary Patterns to Treat Adult Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2024 Oct)
    70. Probiotics - Shin SM, Park JS, Kim SB, Cho YH, Seo H, Lee HSA 12-Week, Single-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Design Clinical Trial for the Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SKO-001 in Reducing Body Fat.Nutrients.(2024 Apr 11)
    71. Barberry - Hussain HU, Ali E, Tanveer A, Ismail SM, Furqan H, Ahsan MN, Iqbal S, Asghar MSEfficacy of Berberis vulgaris and Berberis integerrima on glycemic indices and weight profile in type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Ayurveda Integr Med.(2024 Oct 15)
    72. Sumac - Taheri S, Sohrabi Z, Bahari H, Mirmohammadali SN, Hashempur MH, Golafrouz H, Haghighat N, Asbaghi OٍEffects of Sumac Consumption on Blood Pressure, Glycemic Indices, and Body Composition in Adults: A GRADE-assessed Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2024 Sep 19)
    73. Taurine - Sun Q, Wang J, Wang H, Yu H, Wan K, Ma F, Wang REffect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2024 Dec 27)
    74. Soy - Maleki Sedgi F, Mozaffari N, Pashaei MR, Hajizadeh-Sharafabad FEffect of fermented soybean on metabolic outcomes, anthropometric indices, and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Food Funct.(2025 Jan 20)
    75. Ketogenic Diet - Wang Z, Chen T, Wu S, Dong X, Zhang M, Ma GImpact of the ketogenic diet as a dietary approach on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2024 Aug)
    76. Sumac - Vajdi M, Gataa IS, Pourteymour Fard Tabrizi F, Nikrad N, Hojati A, Darzi M, Noshadi N, Khajeh M, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M, Alipour BThe effect of sumac on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.(2024 Aug 7)
    77. Intermittent fasting (IF) - Xie Y, Zhou K, Shang Z, Bao D, Zhou JThe Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Fat Loss in Adults with Overweight and Obese Depend upon the Eating Window and Intervention Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2024 Oct 5)
    78. L-Carnitine - Karimi M, Pirzad S, Pourfaraji SMA, Parhizkar Roudsari P, Shirsalimi N, Ahmadizad SEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile in adult patients under hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs.Front Med (Lausanne).(2024 Dec 2)
    79. Cocoa Extract - Arisi TOP, da Silva DS, Stein E, Weschenfelder C, de Oliveira PC, Marcadenti A, Lehnen AM, Waclawovsky GEffects of Cocoa Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients.(2024 Jun 18)
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