Body Mass Index (BMI)

    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    BMI is not a highly accurate measure of obesity. That being said, it can be useful as a complementary datum. BMI has a high rate of false negatives, particularly among females, with nearly half of obese people being classified as normal or overweight in some studies. The amount of false positives, on the other hand, is surprisingly small: less than 5% in men and 1% in women, according to one study.

    9 references on this page
    178,954 participants in 103 trials

    What is BMI

    BMI, or Body Mass Index, is a simple formula using a person's height and weight to calculate a number which is supposedly representative of their level of body fat.

    The formula itself is:

    • Weight (kg) / Height (m)2

    or

    • (Weight (lbs) * 703) / Height (in)2

    And the numerical value fits into the following categories:

    • Less than 18.5 is seen as underweight
    • 18.5-24.9 is seen as average weight and is usually a target range
    • 25-29.9 is seen as overweight
    • 30 and above is seen as obese

    In the obese category, it is further divided into 30-34.9 (Class I Obesity), 35-39.9 (Class II Obesity) and 40+ (Morbid Obesity). The first two classes are seen as at-risk populations whereas health complications associated with obesity are assumed in a state of Morbid Obesity.

    Uses of BMI

    BMI tends to be used in large-scale population research and surveys as it can be calculated from height and weight, either self-reported or taken quickly and non-invasively by a researcher.

    It has the benefits of being quick, easy to calculate, and a measure of body fat in which most of the population will consent to (unlike calipers which are invasive due to touching skin with cold metal objects, and hydrostatic weighing which dunks people in water without oxygen in their lungs).

    An exception to this is the NHANES series of studies, a large scale series of studies conducted in the US that assesses persons by calipers.

    Summation

    If you are normal weight or overweight according to BMI (18.5-29.9) there is still a chance you are actually obese, and thus is primarily due to low levels of lean mass (muscle, water, and glycogen).

    If you are obese according to BMI, you are most likely obese according to body fat percentage as well. When sampling from the general population, over 95% of men and 99% of women identified as obese by BMI were obese via body fat levels.[6]

    Outliers to this dataset, those who have enough lean mass to be classified as obese by BMI but not by body fat percentage, are far and few in society. These persons would normally be highly active athletes or dedicated 'weekend warriors', and it is unlikely sedentary persons or those with infrequent exercise habits would be these outliers.

    Examine Database: Body Mass Index (BMI)

    InterventionGradeEffectDetail
    Mediterranean Diet
    B
    N-Acetylcysteine
    D
    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
    D
    Zinc
    Ketogenic Diet
    Inositol
    Curcumin
    Berberine
    L-Carnitine
    Beta-glucans
    Black seed
    Magnesium
    Vegan Diet
    Paleolithic Diet
    Resveratrol
    Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
    Flaxseed
    Gymnema Sylvestre
    Tart Cherry Juice
    Saffron
    Kefir
    Chromium
    DHEA
    Fish Oil
    Coenzyme Q10
    Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
    Honey
    Vegetarian Diet
    Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) Diet
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Cinnamon
    Whey Protein
    Taurine
    Vitamin K
    Psyllium
    Capsaicin
    Pycnogenol
    Melatonin
    Licorice
    Chia seeds
    Chlorella
    Spirulina
    Silymarin
    Barberry
    Cherry Extract
    Dietary Counseling
    Ellagic Acid
    Inulin
    Inulin-Type Fructans
    Low-Level Laser Therapy
    Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    Probiotics
    Propolis
    Psychosocial Interventions
    Sumac

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Examine Database References

    1. Paleolithic Diet - Ehsan Ghaedi, Mohammad Mohammadi, Hamed Mohammadi, Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie, Janmohamad Malekzadeh, Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiEffects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsAdv Nutr.(2019 Jul 1)
    2. Vegan Diet - Hana Kahleova, Andrea Tura, Martin Hill, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardA Plant-Based Dietary Intervention Improves Beta-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Adults: A 16-Week Randomized Clinical TrialNutrients.(2018 Feb 9)
    3. Fish Oil - Paula Simplício da Silva, Mauro Felippe Felix Mediano, Gilberto Marcelo Sperandio da Silva, Patricia Dias de Brito, Claudia Santos de Aguiar Cardoso, Cristiane Fonseca de Almeida, Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis, Roberta Olmo Pinheiro, Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno, Pedro Emmanuel Alvarenga Americano do Brasil, Andrea Silvestre de SousaOmega-3 supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a randomized clinical studyNutr J.(2017 Jun 9)
    4. Paleolithic Diet - C Mellberg, S Sandberg, M Ryberg, M Eriksson, S Brage, C Larsson, T Olsson, B LindahlLong-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trialEur J Clin Nutr.(2014 Mar)
    5. Paleolithic Diet - Ehrika Vanessa Almeida de Menezes, Helena Alves de Carvalho Sampaio, Antônio Augusto Ferreira Carioca, Nara Andrade Parente, Filipe Oliveira Brito, Thereza Maria Magalhães Moreira, Ana Célia Caetano de Souza, Soraia Pinheiro Machado ArrudaInfluence of Paleolithic diet on anthropometric markers in chronic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysisNutr J.(2019 Jul 23)
    6. Kefir - Yasamin Fathi, Shiva Faghih, Mohammad Javad Zibaeenezhad, Sayed Hamid Reza TabatabaeiKefir drink leads to a similar weight loss, compared with milk, in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trialEur J Nutr.(2016 Feb)
    7. Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) Diet - Robert D Abbott, Adam Sadowski, Angela G AltEfficacy of the Autoimmune Protocol Diet as Part of a Multi-disciplinary, Supported Lifestyle Intervention for Hashimoto's ThyroiditisCureus.(2019 Apr 27)
    8. Paleolithic Diet - Barbara Frączek, Aleksandra Pięta, Adrian Burda, Paulina Mazur-Kurach, Florentyna TyrałaPaleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?Nutrients.(2021 Mar 21)
    9. Vegan Diet - Hana Kahleova, James McCann, Jihad Alwarith, Emilie Rembert, Andrea Tura, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardA plant-based diet in overweight adults in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: The role of dietary acid loadClin Nutr ESPEN.(2021 Aug)
    10. Kefir - Ghizi ACdS et alKefir improves blood parameters and reduces cardiovascular risks in patients with metabolic syndromePharmaNutrition.()
    11. Vegan Diet - Ann-Charlotte Elkan, Beatrice Sjöberg, Björn Kolsrud, Bo Ringertz, Ingiäld Hafström, Johan FrostegårdGluten-free vegan diet induces decreased LDL and oxidized LDL levels and raised atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized studyArthritis Res Ther.(2008)
    12. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - E. Azizi, F. MoradiThe effect of ginseng supplementation on anabolic index, muscle strength, body composition, and testosterone and cortisol response to acute resistance exercise in male bodybuildersDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences.()
    13. Tart Cherry Juice - Johnson SA, Navaei N, Pourafshar S, Jaime SJ, Akhavan NS, Alvarez-Alvarado S, Proaño GV, Litwin NS, Clark EA, Foley EM, George KS, Elam ML, Payton ME, Arjmandi BH, Figueroa AEffects of Montmorency Tart Cherry Juice Consumption on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.J Med Food.(2020-Dec)
    14. Tart Cherry Juice - Moosavian SP, Maharat M, Chambari M, Moradi F, Rahimlou MEffects of tart cherry juice consumption on cardio-metabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.Complement Ther Med.(2022-Dec)
    15. Magnesium - Farsinejad-Marj M, Azadbakht L, Mardanian F, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh AClinical and Metabolic Responses to Magnesium Supplementation in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2020-Aug)
    16. Magnesium - Reihaneh Mousavi, Mohammad Alizadeh, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Lida Heidari, Roshan Nikbakht, Hossein Babaahmadi Rezaei, Majid KarandishEffects of Melatonin and/or Magnesium Supplementation on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialBiol Trace Elem Res.(2021 May 19)
    17. Magnesium - Asbaghi O, Hosseini R, Boozari B, Ghaedi E, Kashkooli S, Moradi SThe Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Obesity Measure Among Type 2 Diabetes Patient: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2021-Feb)
    18. Magnesium - Masoumeh Rafiee, Abed Ghavami, Ali Rashidian, Amir Hadi, Gholamreza AskariThe effect of magnesium supplementation on anthropometric indices: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of clinical trialsBr J Nutr.(2020 Jul 28)
    19. Magnesium - Askari M, Mozaffari H, Jafari A, Ghanbari M, Darooghegi Mofrad MThe effects of magnesium supplementation on obesity measures in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021)
    20. Zinc - Ghaedi K, Ghasempour D, Jowshan M, Zheng M, Ghobadi S, Jafari AEffect of zinc supplementation in the management of type 2 diabetes: A grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation-assessed, dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2023-May-15)
    21. Curcumin - Unhapipatpong C, Polruang N, Shantavasinkul PC, Julanon N, Numthavaj P, Thakkinstian AThe effect of curcumin supplementation on weight loss and anthropometric indices: an umbrella review and updated meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2023-May)
    22. Curcumin - M H Ngu, M N Norhayati, Z Rosnani, M M ZulkifliCurcumin as adjuvant treatment in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) disease: A systematic review and meta-analysisComplement Ther Med.(2022 Sep)
    23. Curcumin - Nima Baziar, Mohammad ParohanThe effects of curcumin supplementation on body mass index, body weight, and waist circumference in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPhytother Res.(2020 Mar)
    24. Curcumin - Mousavi SM, Milajerdi A, Varkaneh HK, Gorjipour MM, Esmaillzadeh AThe effects of curcumin supplementation on body weight, body mass index and waist circumference: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2020)
    25. Curcumin - Jafarirad S, Mansoori A, Adineh A, Panahi Y, Hadi A, Goodarzi RDoes Turmeric/curcumin Supplementation Change Anthropometric Indices in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clin Nutr Res.(2019-Jul)
    26. Curcumin - Akbari M, Lankarani KB, Tabrizi R, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Peymani P, Ferns G, Ghaderi A, Asemi ZThe Effects of Curcumin on Weight Loss Among Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Front Pharmacol.(2019)
    27. Taurine - Lin Guan, Peng MiaoThe effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2020 Oct 15)
    28. Berberine - Mohammad Reza Amini, Fatemeh Sheikhhossein, Sina Naghshi, Farhang Djafari, Mohammadreza Askari, Hossein Shahinfar, Maryam Safabakhsh, Alireza Jafari, Sakineh Shab-BidarEffects of berberine and barberry on anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsComplement Ther Med.(2020 Mar)
    29. Berberine - Xie L, Zhang D, Ma H, He H, Xia Q, Shen W, Chang H, Deng Y, Wu Q, Cong J, Wang CC, Wu XThe Effect of Berberine on Reproduction and Metabolism in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2019)
    30. Inositol - Miñambres I, Cuixart G, Gonçalves A, Corcoy REffects of inositol on glucose homeostasis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsClin Nutr.(2019 Jun)
    31. Inositol - Greff D, Juhász AE, Váncsa S, Váradi A, Sipos Z, Szinte J, Park S, Hegyi P, Nyirády P, Ács N, Várbíró S, Horváth EMInositol is an effective and safe treatment in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Reprod Biol Endocrinol.(2023-Jan-26)
    32. Chromium - Tsang C, Taghizadeh M, Aghabagheri E, Asemi Z, Jafarnejad SA meta-analysis of the effect of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices of subjects with overweight or obesity.Clin Obes.(2019-Aug)
    33. Chromium - Tang XL, Sun Z, Gong LChromium supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysisJ Obstet Gynaecol Res.(2018 Jan)
    34. L-Carnitine - Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Maryam Miraghajani, Michael E Symonds, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediBeneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jan)
    35. L-Carnitine - Liu A, Cai Y, Yuan Y, Liu M, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Jiao PEfficacy and safety of carnitine supplementation on NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Syst Rev.(2023-Apr-29)
    36. L-Carnitine - Gong Y, Jiang T, He H, Wang Y, Wu GL, Shi Y, Cai Q, Xiong CL, Shen R, Li JEffects of carnitine on glucose and lipid metabolic profiles and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2023-May)
    37. Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Watson H, Stackhouse COmega-3 fatty acid supplementation for cystic fibrosis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2020-Apr-10)
    38. Whey Protein - Sepandi M, Samadi M, Shirvani H, Alimohamadi Y, Taghdir M, Goudarzi F, Akbarzadeh IEffect of whey protein supplementation on weight and body composition indicators: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2022-Aug)
    39. Inulin - Rao M, Gao C, Xu L, Jiang L, Zhu J, Chen G, Law BYK, Xu YEffect of Inulin-Type Carbohydrates on Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Diabetes Res.(2019)
    40. Fish Oil - Zhou J, Zuo W, Tan Y, Wang X, Zhu M, Zhang HEffects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on metabolic status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Ovarian Res.(2023-Mar-17)
    41. Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) - Asmaa S Abdelhamid, Tracey J Brown, Julii S Brainard, Priti Biswas, Gabrielle C Thorpe, Helen J Moore, Katherine Ho Deane, Carolyn D Summerbell, Helen V Worthington, Fujian Song, Lee HooperOmega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseaseCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2020 Feb 29)
    42. Mediterranean Diet - Esposito K, Kastorini CM, Panagiotakos DB, Giugliano DMediterranean diet and weight loss: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Metab Syndr Relat Disord.(2011-Feb)
    43. Mediterranean Diet - Nordmann AJ, Suter-Zimmermann K, Bucher HC, Shai I, Tuttle KR, Estruch R, Briel MMeta-analysis comparing Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors.Am J Med.(2011-Sep)
    44. Mediterranean Diet - Asbaghi O, Choghakhori R, Ashtary-Larky D, Abbasnezhad AEffects of the Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2020-Jun)
    45. Mediterranean Diet - Akhlaghi M, Ghasemi-Nasab M, Riasatian MMediterranean diet for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and clinical investigations.J Diabetes Metab Disord.(2020-Jun)
    46. Mediterranean Diet - Papadaki A, Nolen-Doerr E, Mantzoros CSThe Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults.Nutrients.(2020-Oct-30)
    47. Mediterranean Diet - Chen G, Leary S, Niu J, Perry R, Papadaki AThe Role of the Mediterranean Diet in Breast Cancer Survivorship: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies and Randomised Controlled Trials.Nutrients.(2023-Apr-27)
    48. Mediterranean Diet - López-Gil JF, García-Hermoso A, Sotos-Prieto M, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Kales SNMediterranean Diet-Based Interventions to Improve Anthropometric and Obesity Indicators in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2023-Jul)
    49. DHEA - Wang F, He Y, O Santos H, Sathian B, C Price J, Diao JThe effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on body composition and blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Steroids.(2020-Nov)
    50. DHEA - Hu Y, Wan P, An X, Jiang GImpact of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on testosterone concentrations and BMI in elderly women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Complement Ther Med.(2021-Jan)
    51. Gymnema Sylvestre - Zamani M, Ashtary-Larky D, Nosratabadi S, Bagheri R, Wong A, Rafiei MM, Asiabar MM, Khalili P, Asbaghi O, Davoodi SHThe effects of Gymnema Sylvestre supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic control, blood pressure, and anthropometric indices in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytother Res.(2023-Mar)
    52. Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) - Jafari A, Gholizadeh E, Sadrmanesh O, Tajpour S, Yarizadeh H, Zamani B, Sohrabi ZThe effect of folic acid supplementation on body weight and body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2023-Feb)
    53. Coenzyme Q10 - Saboori S, Rad EY, Mardani M, Khosroshahi MZ, Nouri Y, Falahi EEffect of Q10 supplementation on body weight and body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2019)
    54. Coenzyme Q10 - Dludla PV, Nyambuya TM, Orlando P, Silvestri S, Mxinwa V, Mokgalaboni K, Nkambule BB, Louw J, Muller CJF, Tiano LThe impact of coenzyme Q on metabolic and cardiovascular disease profiles in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Endocrinol Diabetes Metab.(2020-Apr)
    55. Capsaicin - Zhang W, Zhang Q, Wang L, Zhou Q, Wang P, Qing Y, Sun CThe effects of capsaicin intake on weight loss among overweight and obese subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Br J Nutr.(2023-Nov-14)
    56. Spirulina - Meysam Zarezadeh, Amir Hossein Faghfouri, Nima Radkhah, Elaheh Foroumandi, Masoud Khorshidi, Ahmadreza Rasouli, Mahtab Zarei, Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, Nazanin Hazhir Karzar, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsPhytother Res.(2020 Sep 23)
    57. Resveratrol - Mousavi SM, Milajerdi A, Sheikhi A, Kord-Varkaneh H, Feinle-Bisset C, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh AResveratrol supplementation significantly influences obesity measures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2019-Mar)
    58. Resveratrol - Huang H, Chen G, Liao D, Zhu Y, Pu R, Xue XThe effects of resveratrol intervention on risk markers of cardiovascular health in overweight and obese subjects: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2016-Dec)
    59. Resveratrol - Karolina Jakubczyk, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Justyna Kałduńska, Ewa Stachowska, Izabela Gutowska, Katarzyna JandaEffects of Resveratrol Supplementation in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2020 Aug 13)
    60. Resveratrol - Kailin Yang, Junpeng Chen, Tianqing Zhang, Xiao Yuan, Anqi Ge, Shanshan Wang, Hao Xu, Liuting Zeng, Jinwen GeEfficacy and safety of dietary polyphenol supplementation in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysisFront Immunol.(2022 Sep 9)
    61. Resveratrol - Elgebaly A, Radwan IA, AboElnas MM, Ibrahim HH, Eltoomy MF, Atta AA, Mesalam HA, Sayed AA, Othman AAResveratrol Supplementation in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.J Gastrointestin Liver Dis.(2017-Mar)
    62. Resveratrol - Sahar Rafiee, Hamed Mohammadi, Abed Ghavami, Erfan Sadeghi, Zahra Safari, Gholamreza AskariEfficacy of resveratrol supplementation in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trialsComplement Ther Clin Pract.(2020 Dec 4)
    63. Resveratrol - Sheida Zeraattalab-Motlagh, Ahmad Jayedi, Sakineh Shab-BidarThe effects of resveratrol supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trialsAm J Clin Nutr.(2021 Nov 8)
    64. Resveratrol - He X, Li Y, Deng X, Xiao X, Zeng JIntegrative evidence construction for resveratrol treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: preclinical and clinical meta-analyses.Front Pharmacol.(2023)
    65. Pycnogenol - Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Firouzi S, Daryabeygi-Khotbehsara R, Shariful Islam SM, Norouzy A, Soltani SEffects of pycnogenol on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res.(2019-Dec)
    66. Chlorella - Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, Engardeh J, Mahmoodnia L, Khaledifar A, Jafari TEffect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr.(2018-Dec)
    67. Black seed - Saadati S, Naseri K, Asbaghi O, Abhari K, Zhang P, Li HB, Gan RYsupplementation improves cardiometabolic indicators in population with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Nutr.(2022)
    68. Black seed - Mousavi SM, Sheikhi A, Varkaneh HK, Zarezadeh M, Rahmani J, Milajerdi AEffect of Nigella sativa supplementation on obesity indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Complement Ther Med.(2018-Jun)
    69. Saffron - Tahmasbi F, Araj-Khodaei M, Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie SEffects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022-Sep)
    70. Beta-glucans - Rahmani J, Miri A, Černevičiūtė R, Thompson J, de Souza NN, Sultana R, Kord Varkaneh H, Mousavi SM, Hekmatdoost AEffects of cereal beta-glucan consumption on body weight, body mass index, waist circumference and total energy intake: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Complement Ther Med.(2019 Apr)
    71. Ketogenic Diet - Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Reza Bagheri, Omid Asbaghi, Grant M Tinsley, Wesam Kooti, Amir Abbasnezhad, Reza Afrisham, Alexei WongEffects of resistance training combined with a ketogenic diet on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysisCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Feb 24)
    72. Ketogenic Diet - Amanollahi A, Khazdouz M, Malekahmadi M, Klement RJ, Lee D, Khodabakhshi AEffect of Ketogenic Diets on Cardio-Metabolic Outcomes in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials.Nutr Cancer.(2023)
    73. Ketogenic Diet - Marzieh Taftian, Sara Beigrezaei, Vahid Arabi, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiThe Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Weight Loss in Adult Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical TrialsNutr Cancer.(2022 Feb 7)
    74. Ketogenic Diet - Miguel Ángel López-Espinoza, Salvador Chacón-Moscoso, Susana Sanduvete-Chaves, María José Ortega-Maureira, Tamara Barrientos-BravoEffect of a Ketogenic Diet on the Nutritional Parameters of Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2021 Aug 25)
    75. Ketogenic Diet - Castellana M, Conte E, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giustina A, Giovanella L, Giorgino F, Trimboli PEfficacy and safety of very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.(2020-Mar)
    76. Ketogenic Diet - Mohammad Reza Amini, Azadeh Aminianfar, Sina Naghshi, Bagher Larijani, Ahmad EsmaillzadehThe effect of ketogenic diet on body composition and anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Jan 14)
    77. Ketogenic Diet - Zhou C, Wang M, Liang J, He G, Chen NKetogenic Diet Benefits to Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profiles in Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trails.Int J Environ Res Public Health.(2022 Aug 22)
    78. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet - Sepideh Soltani, Fatemeh Shirani, Maryam J Chitsazi, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiThe effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trialsObes Rev.(2016 May)
    79. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet - Lari A, Sohouli MH, Fatahi S, Cerqueira HS, Santos HO, Pourrajab B, Rezaei M, Saneie S, Rahideh STThe effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2021 Sep 22)
    80. Vitamin K - Zhao QY, Li Q, Hasan Rashedi M, Sohouli M, Rohani P, Velu PThe effect of vitamin K supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nutr Sci.(2024)
    81. Psyllium - Gibb RD, Sloan KJ, McRorie JWPsyllium is a natural nonfermented gel-forming fiber that is effective for weight loss: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.J Am Assoc Nurse Pract.(2023-Aug-01)
    82. Saffron - Yan X, Zhao S, Feng X, Li X, Zhou Q, Chen QEffects of Crocus sativus on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab (Lond).(2024 May 25)
    83. N-Acetylcysteine - Liu J, Su H, Jin X, Wang L, Huang JThe effects of N-acetylcysteine supplement on metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2023)
    84. Dietary Counseling - Jin X, Fan Y, Guo C, Yang J, Zeng YC, Zhang JEEffect of nonpharmacological interventions on nutrition status, complications and quality of life in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Nurs Pract.(2024 Jun 5)
    85. L-Carnitine - Mohd Falihin Mohd Shukri, Mohd Noor Norhayati, Salziyan Badrin, Azidah Abdul KadirEffects of L-carnitine supplementation for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysisPeerJ.(2022 Sep 16)
    86. Flaxseed - Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloom Z, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Barati-Boldaji R, Bellissimo N, Totosy de Zepetnek JOThe effect of flaxseed supplementation on body weight and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 randomized placebo-controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2017 Sep)
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