Overweight

    Written by:
    Louie Neri

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Brady Holmer, Shyam Jayaraman
    Last Updated: January 22, 2025

    Overweight is characterized as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9. Having overweight is associated with increased risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. However, this may not be the case in people with increased lean mass (e.g., athletes or weight lifters).

    16 references on this page
    91,053 participants in 78 trials and 43 meta-analyses

    Overview

    Examine Database: Overweight

    Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Ketogenic Diet
    Mediterranean Diet
    Whey Protein
    Chromium
    Flaxseed
    Resveratrol
    Saffron
    Spirulina
    Vegan Diet
    Vitamin D
    Aerobic Exercise
    Cocoa Extract
    Ephedrine
    Fish Oil
    Green Tea Extract
    Psyllium
    16:8 Intermittent Fasting
    Astaxanthin
    Chia seeds
    Curcumin
    Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
    Intermittent fasting (IF)
    Magnesium
    Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    Probiotics
    7-Keto DHEA
    African Mango
    Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
    Apple Cider Vinegar
    Ashwagandha
    Beta-Alanine
    Bushman's hat
    Caloric Timing
    Caralluma Fimbriata
    Coenzyme Q10
    Coleus forskohlii
    Dietary Protein
    Ecklonia Cava
    Grape Juice
    Honey
    Inositol
    Inulin
    Krill Oil
    L-Carnitine
    N-Acetylcysteine
    Paleolithic Diet
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Pyruvate
    Resistant Starch
    Rose Hip
    Tart Cherry Juice
    Taurine
    Vanadium
    Yerba Mate

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    Examine Database References

    1. Left Ventricular Mass - Jonas Andersson, Caroline Mellberg, Julia Otten, Mats Ryberg, Daniel Rinnström, Christel Larsson, Bernt Lindahl, Jon Hauksson, Bengt Johansson, Tommy OlssonLeft ventricular remodelling changes without concomitant loss of myocardial fat after long-term dietary interventionInt J Cardiol.(2016 Aug 1)
    2. Arterial Stiffness - Miczke A, Szulińska M, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Kręgielska-Narożna M, Suliburska J, Walkowiak J, Bogdański PEffects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trialEur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.(2016)
    3. Weight - Fateme Golestani, Mehdi Mogharnasi, Mahboube Erfani-Far, Seyed Hossein Abtahi-EivariThe effects of spirulina under high-intensity interval training on levels of nesfatin-1, omentin-1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females: A randomized, controlled, single-blind trialJ Res Med Sci.(2021 Jan 28)
    4. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Hee-Jung Park, Hyun-Sook LeeThe influence of obesity on the effects of spirulina supplementation in the human metabolic response of Korean elderlyNutr Res Pract.(2016 Aug)
    5. Body Fat - Moradi S, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Mohammadi H, Nachvak SM, Rouhani MHEffects of Spirulina supplementation on obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Complement Ther Med.(2019-Dec)
    6. Arterial Stiffness - Nieman DC, Cialdella-Kam L, Knab AM, Shanely RAInfluence of red pepper spice and turmeric on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in overweight females: a metabolomics approachPlant Foods Hum Nutr.(2012 Dec)
    7. Blood Pressure - Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A, Fogacci F, Bove M, Giovannini M, Borghi CEffects of phytosomal curcumin on anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance, cortisolemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indices: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialEur J Nutr.(2019 Feb 22)
    8. Arterial Stiffness - West SG, McIntyre MD, Piotrowski MJ, Poupin N, Miller DL, Preston AG, Wagner P, Groves LF, Skulas-Ray ACEffects of dark chocolate and cocoa consumption on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in overweight adultsBr J Nutr.(2014 Feb)
    9. Blood Pressure - Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PREffect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjectsInt J Obes (Lond).(2008 Aug)
    10. Blood glucose - Esser D, Mars M, Oosterink E, Stalmach A, Müller M, Afman LADark chocolate consumption improves leukocyte adhesion factors and vascular function in overweight menFASEB J.(2014 Mar)
    11. Arterial Stiffness - Rajakumar K, Moore CG, Khalid AT, Vallejo AN, Virji MA, Holick MF, Greenspan SL, Arslanian S, Reis SEEffect of vitamin D3 supplementation on vascular and metabolic health of vitamin D-deficient overweight and obese children: a randomized clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr.(2020-Apr-01)
    12. Weight - Salehpour A, Hosseinpanah F, Shidfar F, Vafa M, Razaghi M, Dehghani S, Hoshiarrad A, Gohari MA 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese womenNutr J.(2012 Sep 22)
    13. Glycemic Control - Harris SS, Pittas AG, Palermo NJA randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African AmericansDiabetes Obes Metab.(2012 Sep)
    14. Testosterone - Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, Kuhn J, Dreier J, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Wehr E, Zittermann AEffect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in menHorm Metab Res.(2011 Mar)
    15. Blood Pressure - S Mishra, J Xu, U Agarwal, J Gonzales, S Levin, N D BarnardA multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO studyEur J Clin Nutr.(2013 Jul)
    16. Weight - Hana Kahleova, James McCann, Jihad Alwarith, Emilie Rembert, Andrea Tura, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardA plant-based diet in overweight adults in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: The role of dietary acid loadClin Nutr ESPEN.(2021 Aug)
    17. Weight - Neal D Barnard, Anthony R Scialli, Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy, Amy J Lanou, Jolie GlassThe effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivityAm J Med.(2005 Sep)
    18. Depression Symptoms - Ulka Agarwal, Suruchi Mishra, Jia Xu, Susan Levin, Joseph Gonzales, Neal D BarnardA multicenter randomized controlled trial of a nutrition intervention program in a multiethnic adult population in the corporate setting reduces depression and anxiety and improves quality of life: the GEICO studyAm J Health Promot.(Mar-Apr 2015)
    19. Blood Pressure - Badely M, Sepandi M, Samadi M, Parastouei K, Taghdir MThe effect of whey protein on the components of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese individuals; a systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2019)
    20. Blood Pressure - Pal S, Ellis VAcute effects of whey protein isolate on blood pressure, vascular function and inflammatory markers in overweight postmenopausal womenBr J Nutr.(2011 May)
    21. Blood Pressure - Vatani DS, Golzar FAChanges in antioxidant status and cardiovascular risk factors of overweight young men after six weeks supplementation of whey protein isolate and resistance trainingAppetite.(2012 Aug 10)
    22. Weight - Pal S, Ellis V, Dhaliwal SEffects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individualsBr J Nutr.(2010 Sep)
    23. Weight - Sepandi M, Samadi M, Shirvani H, Alimohamadi Y, Taghdir M, Goudarzi F, Akbarzadeh IEffect of whey protein supplementation on weight and body composition indicators: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2022-Aug)
    24. Blood Pressure - Bueno NB, de Melo IS, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha Ataide TVery-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsBr J Nutr.(2013 May 7)
    25. Weight - Yeo Jin Choi, Sang-Min Jeon, Sooyoung ShinImpact of a Ketogenic Diet on Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Obesity or Overweight and with or without Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2020 Jul 6)
    26. Weight - Castellana M, Conte E, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giustina A, Giovanella L, Giorgino F, Trimboli PEfficacy and safety of very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.(2019 Nov 9)
    27. Blood glucose - Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, DiPasquale C, Roti M, Pumerantz A, Kraemer WJComparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight womenJ Am Coll Nutr.(2004 Apr)
    28. Blood glucose - Rosenbaum M, Hall KD, Guo J, Ravussin E, Mayer LS, Reitman ML, Smith SR, Walsh BT, Leibel RLGlucose and Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammation in Humans Following an Isocaloric Ketogenic DietObesity (Silver Spring).(2019 Jun)
    29. Blood glucose - Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JSVery low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets affect fasting lipids and postprandial lipemia differently in overweight menJ Nutr.(2004 Apr)
    30. Depression Symptoms - Varaee H, Darand M, Hassanizadeh S, Hosseinzadeh MEffect of low-carbohydrate diet on depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.J Affect Disord.(2023-Mar-15)
    31. Blood Pressure - Krebs JD, Browning LM, McLean NK, Rothwell JL, Mishra GD, Moore CS, Jebb SAAdditive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic womenInt J Obes (Lond).(2006 Oct)
    32. Blood Pressure - Ramel A, Martinez JA, Kiely M, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir IModerate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restrictionNutrition.(2010 Feb)
    33. Weight - Alison M Hill, Jonathan D Buckley, Karen J Murphy, and Peter RC HoweCombining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factorsThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.()
    34. Blood Pressure - Long Ge, Behnam Sadeghirad, Geoff D C Ball, Bruno R da Costa, Christine L Hitchcock, Anton Svendrovski, Ruhi Kiflen, Kalimullah Quadri, Henry Y Kwon, Mohammad Karamouzian, Thomasin Adams-Webber, Waleed Ahmed, Samah Damanhoury, Dena Zeraatkar, Adriani Nikolakopoulou, Ross T Tsuyuki, Jinhui Tian, Kehu Yang, Gordon H Guyatt, Bradley C JohnstonComparison of Dietary Macronutrient Patterns of 14 Popular Named Dietary Programmes for Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction in Adults: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised TrialsBMJ.(2020 Apr 1)
    35. Blood Pressure - Nordmann AJ, Suter-Zimmermann K, Bucher HC, Shai I, Tuttle KR, Estruch R, Briel MMeta-analysis comparing Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors.Am J Med.(2011-Sep)
    36. Blood Pressure - Kastorini, C.M., et al.The effect of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components: a meta-analysis of 50 studies and 534,906 individualsJ Am Coll Cardiol.(2011-03-08)
    37. Body Mass Index (BMI) - López-Gil JF, García-Hermoso A, Sotos-Prieto M, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Kales SNMediterranean Diet-Based Interventions to Improve Anthropometric and Obesity Indicators in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2023-Jul)
    38. Endothelial Function - Shannon OM, Mendes I, Köchl C, Mazidi M, Ashor AW, Rubele S, Minihane AM, Mathers JC, Siervo MMediterranean Diet Increases Endothelial Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.J Nutr.(2020-May-01)
    39. Blood Pressure - Shin HC, Kim SH, Park Y, Lee BH, Hwang HJEffects of 12-week oral supplementation of Ecklonia cava polyphenols on anthropometric and blood lipid parameters in overweight Korean individuals: a double-blind randomized clinical trialPhytother Res.(2012 Mar)
    40. Blood Pressure - Lee S, Park HK, Son SP, Lee CW, Kim IJ, Kim HJEffects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight Korean adultsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2009 Dec)
    41. Cortisol - Schutten JC, Joris PJ, Minović I, Post A, van Beek AP, de Borst MH, Mensink RP, Bakker SJLLong-term magnesium supplementation improves glucocorticoid metabolism: A post-hoc analysis of an intervention trial.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2021-Feb)
    42. Blood Pressure - Maria Pfeuffer, Kerstin Fielitz, Christiane Laue, Petra Winkler, Diana Rubin, Ulf Helwig, Katrin Giller, Julia Kammann, Edzard Schwedhelm, Rainer H Böger, Achim Bub, Doris Bell, Jürgen SchrezenmeirCLA does not impair endothelial function and decreases body weight as compared with safflower oil in overweight and obese male subjectsJ Am Coll Nutr.(2011 Feb)
    43. Blood Pressure - Diaz ML, Watkins BA, Li Y, Anderson RA, Campbell WWChromium picolinate and conjugated linoleic acid do not synergistically influence diet- and exercise-induced changes in body composition and health indexes in overweight womenJ Nutr Biochem.(2008 Jan)
    44. Weight - Close RN, Schoeller DA, Watras AC, Nora EHConjugated linoleic acid supplementation alters the 6-mo change in fat oxidation during sleepAm J Clin Nutr.(2007 Sep)
    45. Weight - Chen SC, Lin YH, Huang HP, Hsu WL, Houng JY, Huang CKEffect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese populationNutrition.(2012 May)
    46. Weight - Venkatramanan S, Joseph SV, Chouinard PY, Jacques H, Farnworth ER, Jones PJMilk enriched with conjugated linoleic acid fails to alter blood lipids or body composition in moderately overweight, borderline hyperlipidemic individualsJ Am Coll Nutr.(2010 Apr)
    47. Weight - Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen OConjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humansJ Nutr.(2000 Dec)
    48. Weight - Whigham LD, O'Shea M, Mohede IC, Walaski HP, Atkinson RLSafety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humansFood Chem Toxicol.(2004 Oct)
    49. Weight - Joseph SV, Jacques H, Plourde M, Mitchell PL, McLeod RS, Jones PJConjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic menJ Nutr.(2011 Jul)
    50. Blood glucose - A Brianne Thrush, Adrian Chabowski, George J Heigenhauser, Brian W McBride, Mamun Or-Rashid, David J DyckConjugated linoleic acid increases skeletal muscle ceramide content and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight, non-diabetic humansAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2007 Jun)
    51. Glycemic Control - Syvertsen C, Halse J, Høivik HO, Gaullier JM, Nurminiemi M, Kristiansen K, Einerhand A, O'Shea M, Gudmundsen OThe effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obeseInt J Obes (Lond).(2007 Jul)
    52. Metabolic Rate - Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MSThe effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjectsInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2003 Jul)
    53. DNA Damage - Kim J, Paik HD, Shin MJ, Park EEight weeks of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no effect on antioxidant status in healthy overweight/obese Korean individualsEur J Nutr.(2012 Mar)
    54. Blood Pressure - Nagatomo A, Nishida N, Fukuhara I, Noro A, Kozai Y, Sato H, Matsuura YDaily intake of rosehip extract decreases abdominal visceral fat in preobese subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialDiabetes Metab Syndr Obes.(2015 Mar 6)
    55. Blood Pressure - Ingerslev J, Svendsen TL, Mørk AIs an ephedrine caffeine treatment contraindicated in hypertensionInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1997 Aug)
    56. Weight - Boozer CN, Nasser JA, Heymsfield SB, Wang V, Chen G, Solomon JLAn herbal supplement containing Ma Huang-Guarana for weight loss: a randomized, double-blind trialInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2001 Mar)
    57. Metabolic Rate - B Nielsen, A Astrup, P Samuelsen, H Wengholt, N J ChristensenEffect of physical training on thermogenic responses to cold and ephedrine in obesityInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1993 Jul)
    58. Blood Pressure - Keith R Martin, Katie M ColesConsumption of 100% Tart Cherry Juice Reduces Serum Urate in Overweight and Obese AdultsCurr Dev Nutr.(2019 Feb 25)
    59. Blood Pressure - de Bock M, Derraik JG, Brennan CM, Biggs JB, Smith GC, Cameron-Smith D, Wall CR, Cutfield WSPsyllium supplementation in adolescents improves fat distribution & lipid profile: a randomized, participant-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trialPLoS One.(2012)
    60. Weight - Shahinfar H, Jayedi A, Torabynasab K, Payandeh N, Martami F, Moosavi H, Bazshahi E, Shab-Bidar SComparative effects of nutraceuticals on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of 111 randomized clinical trials.Pharmacol Res.(2023-Oct)
    61. Thermic effect of food (TEF) - Khossousi A, Binns CW, Dhaliwal SS, Pal SThe acute effects of psyllium on postprandial lipaemia and thermogenesis in overweight and obese menBr J Nutr.(2008 May)
    62. Blood Pressure - Yazaki Y, Faridi Z, Ma Y, Ali A, Northrup V, Njike VY, Liberti L, Katz DLA pilot study of chromium picolinate for weight lossJ Altern Complement Med.(2010 Mar)
    63. Blood Pressure - Kim CW, Kim BT, Park KH, Kim KM, Lee DJ, Yang SW, Joo NSEffects of short-term chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and body composition in overweight children: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Nutr Biochem.(2011 Nov)
    64. Weight - Volek JS, Silvestre R, Kirwan JP, Sharman MJ, Judelson DA, Spiering BA, Vingren JL, Maresh CM, Vanheest JL, Kraemer WJEffects of chromium supplementation on glycogen synthesis after high-intensity exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2006 Dec)
    65. Weight - Joseph LJ, Farrell PA, Davey SL, Evans WJ, Campbell WWEffect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and womenMetabolism.(1999 May)
    66. Blood Pressure - Blom WA, Abrahamse SL, Bradford R, Duchateau GS, Theis W, Orsi A, Ward CL, Mela DJEffects of 15-d repeated consumption of Hoodia gordonii purified extract on safety, ad libitum energy intake, and body weight in healthy, overweight women: a randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Nov)
    67. Blood Pressure - Douglas S. Kaiman, Carlon M. Colker, Melissa A. Swain, Georgeann C. Torina, Qiuhu ShiA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy overweight adultsCurrent Therapeutic Research.()
    68. Blood Pressure - Hayley L Loftus, Katie J Astell, Michael L Mathai, Xiao Q SuColeus forskohlii Extract Supplementation in Conjunction with a Hypocaloric Diet Reduces the Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Randomized Controlled TrialNutrients.(2015 Nov 17)
    69. Blood Pressure - Yin S, Xu H, Xia J, Lu Y, Xu D, Sun J, Wang Y, Liao W, Sun GEffect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile in Individuals with Obesity or Overweight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2023-Sep-29)
    70. Blood Pressure - Lari A, Sohouli MH, Fatahi S, Cerqueira HS, Santos HO, Pourrajab B, Rezaei M, Saneie S, Rahideh STThe effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2021 Sep 22)
    71. Weight - Sepideh Soltani, Fatemeh Shirani, Maryam J Chitsazi, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiThe effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trialsObes Rev.(2016 May)
    72. Blood Pressure - TaghipourSheshdeh F, Behzadi M, Bashiri S, Mohammadi-Sartang MThe Effect of Chia Seed on Blood Pressure, Body Composition, and Glycemic Control: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutr Rev.(2024 Sep 3)
    73. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Pam P, Asemani S, Azizi MH, Jamilian PChia seed supplementation and inflammatory biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nutr Sci.(2024)
    74. Blood Pressure - Liu HY, Eso AA, Cook N, O'Neill HM, Albarqouni LMeal Timing and Anthropometric and Metabolic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA Netw Open.(2024 Nov 4)
    75. Blood Pressure - Soltani S, Yazdanpanah Z, Razmpoosh E, Vasmehjani AA, Rostampour K, Lotfi M, Kaviani M, Forbes SC, Baker JS, Salehi-Abargouei AThe Effect of Aerobic or Resistance Exercise Combined With a Low-Calorie Diet Versus Diet Alone on Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutr Rev.(2025 Jun 4)
    76. Blood Pressure - .()
    77. Glycemic Control - Ko J, Park SEffects of aerobic exercise on beta-amyloid, insulin resistance, and blood markers in obese middle-aged women.Phys Act Nutr.(2024 Dec)
    78. Weight - Tahmasbi F, Araj-Khodaei M, Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie SEffects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022-Sep)
    79. Weight - Shahin Akhondzadeh, Seyed-Ali Mostafavi, Seyed Ali Keshavarz, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Saeed Hosseini, Mohammad Reza EshraghianA placebo controlled randomized clinical trial of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on depression and food craving among overweight women with mild to moderate depressionJ Clin Pharm Ther.(2020 Feb)
    80. Blood glucose - Karimi-Nazari E, et alEffect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN.()
    81. Sperm Count - Elham Karimi-Nazari, Azadeh Nadjarzadeh, Roghayyeh Masoumi, Ameneh Marzban, Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri, Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiEffect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN.(2019 Dec)
    82. Weight - Banni S, Carta G, Murru E, Cordeddu L, Giordano E, Sirigu AR, Berge K, Vik H, Maki KC, Di Marzo V, Griinari MKrill oil significantly decreases 2-arachidonoylglycerol plasma levels in obese subjectsNutr Metab (Lond).(2011 Jan 30)
    83. Weight - Kalman D, Colker CM, Wilets I, Roufs JB, Antonio JThe effects of pyruvate supplementation on body composition in overweight individualsNutrition.(1999 May)
    84. Weight - Kuriyan R, Raj T, Srinivas SK, Vaz M, Rajendran R, Kurpad AVEffect of Caralluma fimbriata extract on appetite, food intake and anthropometry in adult Indian men and womenAppetite.(2007 May)
    85. Weight - Hollis JH, Houchins JA, Blumberg JB, Mattes RDEffects of concord grape juice on appetite, diet, body weight, lipid profile, and antioxidant status of adultsJ Am Coll Nutr.(2009 Oct)
    86. Weight - Ngondi JL, Etoundi BC, Nyangono CB, Mbofung CM, Oben JEIGOB131, a novel seed extract of the West African plant Irvingia gabonensis, significantly reduces body weight and improves metabolic parameters in overweight humans in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled investigationLipids Health Dis.(2009 Mar 2)
    87. Weight - Choi HD, Youn YK, Shin WGPositive effects of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in overweight subjectsPlant Foods Hum Nutr.(2011 Nov)
    88. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Choi HD, Kim JH, Chang MJ, Kyu-Youn Y, Shin WGEffects of astaxanthin on oxidative stress in overweight and obese adultsPhytother Res.(2011 Dec)
    89. Weight - Khezri, S, et alBeneficial effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight management, Visceral Adiposity Index and lipid profile in overweight or obese subjects receiving restricted calorie diet: A randomized clinical trialJ. Funct. Foods.()
    90. Weight - Mousavi SM, Milajerdi A, Sheikhi A, Kord-Varkaneh H, Feinle-Bisset C, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh AResveratrol supplementation significantly influences obesity measures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2019-Mar)
    91. Blood glucose - Liu K, Zhou R, Wang B, Mi MTEffect of resveratrol on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2014-Jun)
    92. Blood glucose - Felipe Mendes Delpino, Lílian Munhoz FigueiredoResveratrol supplementation and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysisCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Jan 22)
    93. Endothelial Function - Mohammadipoor N, Shafiee F, Rostami A, Kahrizi MS, Soleimanpour H, Ghodsi M, Ansari MJ, Bokov DO, Jannat B, Mosharkesh E, Pour Abbasi MSResveratrol supplementation efficiently improves endothelial health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022-Sep)
    94. Weight - Guo M, Li J, Zhang L, Chen C, Wei Y, Shen ZAEffects of oral supplementation of probiotics on body weight and visceral fat in obese patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Sci Rep.(2025 Feb 21)
    95. Weight - Shin SM, Park JS, Kim SB, Cho YH, Seo H, Lee HSA 12-Week, Single-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Design Clinical Trial for the Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SKO-001 in Reducing Body Fat.Nutrients.(2024 Apr 11)
    96. Weight - Musazadeh V, Abolghasemian M, Kavyani Z, Moridpour AH, Nazari A, Faghfouri AHThe effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation on anthropometric indices: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Complement Ther Med.(2024 Jul 9)
    97. Weight - Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloom Z, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Barati-Boldaji R, Bellissimo N, Totosy de Zepetnek JOThe effect of flaxseed supplementation on body weight and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 randomized placebo-controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2017 Sep)
    98. Blood glucose - Sabet HR, Ahmadi M, Akrami M, Motamed M, Keshavarzian O, Abdollahi M, Rezaei M, Akbari HEffects of flaxseed supplementation on weight loss, lipid profiles, glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Cardiol.(2024-Jan)
    99. Adiponectin - Abbasi S, Karimi K, Hossein Moridpour A, Musazadeh V, Faghfouri AH, Jozi HCan flaxseed supplementation affect circulating adipokines in adults? An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Nutr.(2023)
    100. Weight - Chiavaroli L, Cheung A, Ayoub-Charette S, Ahmed A, Lee D, Au-Yeung F, Qi X, Back S, McGlynn N, Ha V, Lai E, Khan TA, Blanco Mejia S, Zurbau A, Choo VL, de Souza RJ, Wolever TM, Leiter LA, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, Sievenpiper JLImportant food sources of fructose-containing sugars and adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2023 Apr)
    101. Weight - Xie Y, Zhou K, Shang Z, Bao D, Zhou JThe Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Fat Loss in Adults with Overweight and Obese Depend upon the Eating Window and Intervention Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2024 Oct 5)
    102. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Tavakoli A, Akhgarjand C, Ansar H, Houjaghani H, Khormani A, Djafarian K, Rostamian A, Ranjbar M, Farsani GMThe effects of intermittent fasting on antioxidant and inflammatory markers and liver enzymes in postmenopausal, overweight and obese women with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial.Sci Rep.(2025 Jan 18)
    103. Weight - Fernandes-Alves D, Teixeira GP, Guimarães KC, Crispim CASystematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials Comparing Time-Restricted Eating With and Without Caloric Restriction for Weight LossNutr Rev.(2025-04-29)
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