Overweight

    Researchedby:
    Louie Neri

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Brady Holmer, Shyam Jayaraman
    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    Overweight is characterized as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9. Having overweight is associated with increased risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. However, this may not be the case in people with increased lean mass (e.g., athletes or weight lifters).

    examine-databaseExamine Database

    Overweight falls under the Fat Loss category.

    16 references on this page
    97,102 participants in 60 trials and 50 meta-analyses

    What is overweight?

    Overweight refers to weighing more than what is considered normal or healthy for a given height. People with overweight are at a higher risk of negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mortality.[1][2][2] As of 2017–2018, approximately 31.1% of adults in the United States have overweight.[3] Worldwide, 39% of adults are estimated to have overweight as of 2016.[4]

    Is it unhealthy to have overweight?

    How is overweight diagnosed?

    Overweight is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9 kilograms per meters squared (kg/m2); a person’s BMI is calculated by dividing their weight by the square of their height. More specifically, a person with:[5]

    • A BMI of <18.5 is “underweight”
    • A BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is “normal weight”
    • A BMI of 25 to 29.9 has “overweight”
    • A BMI of 30 to 34.9 has “class I obesity”
    • A BMI of 35 to 39.9 has “class II obesity”
    • A BMI of >40 has “class III obesity”

    Are BMI cutoffs different for other ethnicities?

    Should other things be measured in addition to BMI to assess health status?

    What are some of the main medical treatments for overweight?

    A person’s current health status and goals influence whether or not they should lose weight.

    For people with overweight in addition to other cardiometabolic risk factors (high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, dyslipidemia, etc.), weight loss is recommended. Typical treatment entails lifestyle changes, such as increasing physical activity and changing dietary patterns. Weight loss medications are sometimes used in people with overweight, but are more commonly used in people with obesity. Other weight-related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure) may be managed with medications such as statins, antihypertensives, and diabetes medications.

    On the other hand, if a person has overweight but does not have cardiometabolic risk factors, they are encouraged to maintain their weight rather than lose it.[6][5]

    Have any supplements been studied for overweight?

    Some supplements that have been studied for weight loss in people with overweight include but are not limited to conjugated linoleic acid, L-carnitine, and green tea extract. However, the evidence is insufficient to recommend them for weight loss.

    How could diet affect overweight?

    A general recommendation for weight loss is to be at a 500–750 kilocalorie deficit daily. Because many diets can be effective, the “right” diet will be different for everybody. In general, finding an easy-to-follow diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein will allow for sustainable weight loss and health.[7] The most effective diet for weight loss is one that a person will adhere to.[8]

    Are there any other treatments for overweight?

    Although beneficial for weight loss, aerobic and resistance training can also help with issues that may come with overweight, such as lowering blood pressure, improving insulin sensitivity, decreasing appetite, and enhancing quality of life.[9] Time-restricted feeding may also be effective for weight loss and improving cardiometabolic risk factors in people with overweight.[10][11]

    What causes overweight?

    Simply put, overweight results from having a positive energy balance — consuming more energy from food than the body expends. However, many variables can impact calorie intake and energy expenditure, including genetics, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and the gut microbiome.[12]

    Examine Database: Overweight

    Ketogenic Diet
    Mediterranean Diet
    Resveratrol
    Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Cocoa Extract
    Flaxseed
    Saffron
    Spirulina
    Vitamin D
    Whey Protein
    Chromium
    Ephedrine
    Fish Oil
    Green Tea Extract
    Psyllium
    Vegan Diet
    Astaxanthin
    Casein
    Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
    L-Carnitine
    7-Keto DHEA
    African Mango
    Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
    Apple Cider Vinegar
    Ashwagandha
    Beta-Alanine
    Branched-Chain Amino Acids
    Bushman's hat
    Capsaicin
    Caralluma Fimbriata
    Chia seeds
    Coenzyme Q10
    Coleus forskohlii
    Curcumin
    Dietary Protein
    Ecklonia Cava
    Grape Juice
    Honey
    Inositol
    Inulin
    Krill Oil
    Low-Fat Diet
    Magnesium
    N-Acetylcysteine
    Paleolithic Diet
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Pyruvate
    Resistant Starch
    Rose Hip
    Sumac
    Tart Cherry Juice
    Vanadium
    Yerba Mate

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    Frequently asked questions

    What is overweight?

    Overweight refers to weighing more than what is considered normal or healthy for a given height. People with overweight are at a higher risk of negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mortality.[1][2][2] As of 2017–2018, approximately 31.1% of adults in the United States have overweight.[3] Worldwide, 39% of adults are estimated to have overweight as of 2016.[4]

    Is it unhealthy to have overweight?

    A person has overweight if they have a BMI of 25 to 29.9. However, BMI takes into account a person's total weight, which includes adipose (fat) tissue but also incorporates other components of the body like fluid, muscle, and bones that may influence a person’s weight. For instance, the BMI of a person with increased lean mass (e.g., athletes) is not an accurate predictor of their overall fat mass.[13]

    As opposed to being a full measure of health, BMI is best viewed as a screening tool for excess adiposity. Having overweight may increase the risk of developing chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease or diabetes, but BMI alone does not determine a person’s health status. Instead, other factors such as existing comorbidities, quality of life, and adipose tissue distribution should be considered when assessing a person’s overall health.[5]

    How is overweight diagnosed?

    Overweight is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9 kilograms per meters squared (kg/m2); a person’s BMI is calculated by dividing their weight by the square of their height. More specifically, a person with:[5]

    • A BMI of <18.5 is “underweight”
    • A BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is “normal weight”
    • A BMI of 25 to 29.9 has “overweight”
    • A BMI of 30 to 34.9 has “class I obesity”
    • A BMI of 35 to 39.9 has “class II obesity”
    • A BMI of >40 has “class III obesity”
    Are BMI cutoffs different for other ethnicities?

    Yes, in people of South Asian, Southeast Asian, or East Asian descent, having a BMI of 23 to 24.9 is considered overweight.

    BMI cutoffs are lower in this population because they have an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease and mortality at lower BMIs. As a result, these ethnicities have different BMI classifications:[5]

    • A BMI <18.5 indicates underweight.
    • A BMI of 18.5 to 22.9 indicates normal weight.
    • A BMI of 23 to 24.9 indicates overweight.
    • A BMI of 25 to 29.9 indicates class I obesity.
    • A BMI ≥30 indicates class II obesity.
    Should other things be measured in addition to BMI to assess health status?

    Since BMI alone can’t assess a person’s overall health, waist circumference should also be measured to screen for increased visceral adiposity (fat between and around organs within the abdomen). Increased visceral adiposity is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors including high blood sugar and dyslipidemia.[14]

    Guidelines from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology recommend the following cutoff values for waist circumference:[5]

    • In people of European or African descent, a waist circumference of ≥37 in (94 cm) for men and ≥31.5 in (80 cm) for women is considered at risk of increased visceral adiposity.

    • In people of South Asian, Southeast Asian, or East Asian descent, a waist circumference of ≥33.5 in (85 cm) for men and ≥29–31.5 in (74–80 cm) for women is considered at risk of increased visceral adiposity.

    • The official guidelines from the United States and Canada have higher cutoffs than those proposed by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology: a waist circumference of ≥40 in (102 cm) for men and ≥35 in (89 cm) for women is considered at risk of increased visceral adiposity.

    Similar to BMI, increased waist circumference alone does not necessarily indicate increased visceral adiposity or health status. The Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), a relatively new index which combines waist circumference, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol levels, may correlate more accurately with visceral adiposity dysfunction and cardiometabolic risk for some populations. However, more research is needed to establish which populations, and what the optimal cut-off values are for these populations. In the meantime, perhaps the best advice is to pay attention to all of the above to assess health status: BMI, waist circumference, and blood lipids.[15][16]

    What are some of the main medical treatments for overweight?

    A person’s current health status and goals influence whether or not they should lose weight.

    For people with overweight in addition to other cardiometabolic risk factors (high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, dyslipidemia, etc.), weight loss is recommended. Typical treatment entails lifestyle changes, such as increasing physical activity and changing dietary patterns. Weight loss medications are sometimes used in people with overweight, but are more commonly used in people with obesity. Other weight-related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure) may be managed with medications such as statins, antihypertensives, and diabetes medications.

    On the other hand, if a person has overweight but does not have cardiometabolic risk factors, they are encouraged to maintain their weight rather than lose it.[6][5]

    Have any supplements been studied for overweight?

    Some supplements that have been studied for weight loss in people with overweight include but are not limited to conjugated linoleic acid, L-carnitine, and green tea extract. However, the evidence is insufficient to recommend them for weight loss.

    How could diet affect overweight?

    A general recommendation for weight loss is to be at a 500–750 kilocalorie deficit daily. Because many diets can be effective, the “right” diet will be different for everybody. In general, finding an easy-to-follow diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein will allow for sustainable weight loss and health.[7] The most effective diet for weight loss is one that a person will adhere to.[8]

    Are there any other treatments for overweight?

    Although beneficial for weight loss, aerobic and resistance training can also help with issues that may come with overweight, such as lowering blood pressure, improving insulin sensitivity, decreasing appetite, and enhancing quality of life.[9] Time-restricted feeding may also be effective for weight loss and improving cardiometabolic risk factors in people with overweight.[10][11]

    What causes overweight?

    Simply put, overweight results from having a positive energy balance — consuming more energy from food than the body expends. However, many variables can impact calorie intake and energy expenditure, including genetics, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and the gut microbiome.[12]

    References

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    6. ^Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, Jordan HS, Kendall KA, Lux LJ, Mentor-Marcel R, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Obesity Society2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity SocietyCirculation.(2014 Jun 24)
    7. ^Koliaki C, Spinos T, Spinou Μ, Brinia ΜE, Mitsopoulou D, Katsilambros NDefining the Optimal Dietary Approach for Safe, Effective and Sustainable Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults.Healthcare (Basel).(2018-Jun-28)
    8. ^Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, Wu P, Naji F, Siemieniuk RA, Ball GD, Busse JW, Thorlund K, Guyatt G, Jansen JP, Mills EJComparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysisJAMA.(2014 Sep 3)
    9. ^Oppert JM, Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, Beaulieu K, Blundell JE, Carraça EV, Encantado J, Ermolao A, Pramono A, Farpour-Lambert N, Woodward E, Dicker D, Busetto LExercise training in the management of overweight and obesity in adults: Synthesis of the evidence and recommendations from the European Association for the Study of Obesity Physical Activity Working Group.Obes Rev.(2021-07)
    10. ^Shinje Moon, Jiseung Kang, Sang Hyun Kim, Hye Soo Chung, Yoon Jung Kim, Jae Myung Yu, Sung Tae Cho, Chang-Myung Oh, Tae KimBeneficial Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Diseases: A Systemic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2020 Apr 29)
    11. ^Marianna Pellegrini, Iolanda Cioffi, Andrea Evangelista, Valentina Ponzo, Ilaria Goitre, Giovannino Ciccone, Ezio Ghigo, Simona BoEffects of time-restricted feeding on body weight and metabolism. A systematic review and meta-analysisRev Endocr Metab Disord.(2020 Mar)
    12. ^Ellen P Williams, Marie Mesidor, Karen Winters, Patricia M Dubbert, Sharon B WyattOverweight and Obesity: Prevalence, Consequences, and Causes of a Growing Public Health ProblemCurr Obes Rep.(2015 Sep)
    13. ^Ode JJ, Pivarnik JM, Reeves MJ, Knous JLBody mass index as a predictor of percent fat in college athletes and nonathletes.Med Sci Sports Exerc.(2007-Mar)
    14. ^André Tchernof, Jean-Pierre DesprésPathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an updatePhysiol Rev.(2013 Jan)
    15. ^Amato MC, Giordano C, Galia M, Criscimanna A, Vitabile S, Midiri M, Galluzzo A,Visceral Adiposity Index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk.Diabetes Care.(2010-Apr)
    16. ^Bijari M, Jangjoo S, Emami N, Raji S, Mottaghi M, Moallem R, Jangjoo A, Saberi AThe Accuracy of Visceral Adiposity Index for the Screening of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Int J Endocrinol.(2021)

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    2. Weight - Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Maryam Miraghajani, Michael E Symonds, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediBeneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jan)
    3. Blood glucose - Galloway SD, Craig TP, Cleland SJEffects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on insulin sensitivity indices in response to glucose feeding in lean and overweight/obese malesAmino Acids.(2011 Jul)
    4. Weight - Miczke A, Szulińska M, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Kręgielska-Narożna M, Suliburska J, Walkowiak J, Bogdański PEffects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trialEur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.(2016)
    5. Weight - Meysam Zarezadeh, Amir Hossein Faghfouri, Nima Radkhah, Elaheh Foroumandi, Masoud Khorshidi, Ahmadreza Rasouli, Mahtab Zarei, Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, Nazanin Hazhir Karzar, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsPhytother Res.(2020 Sep 23)
    6. Weight - Fateme Golestani, Mehdi Mogharnasi, Mahboube Erfani-Far, Seyed Hossein Abtahi-EivariThe effects of spirulina under high-intensity interval training on levels of nesfatin-1, omentin-1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females: A randomized, controlled, single-blind trialJ Res Med Sci.(2021 Jan 28)
    7. Body Fat - Moradi S, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Mohammadi H, Nachvak SM, Rouhani MHEffects of Spirulina supplementation on obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Complement Ther Med.(2019-Dec)
    8. Weight - Bueno NB, de Melo IS, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha Ataide TVery-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsBr J Nutr.(2013 Oct)
    9. Weight - Mohamed Rafiullah, Mohthash Musambil, Satish Kumar DavidEffect of a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet vs recommended diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysisNutr Rev.(2021 Aug 2)
    10. Weight - Yeo Jin Choi, Sang-Min Jeon, Sooyoung ShinImpact of a Ketogenic Diet on Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Obesity or Overweight and with or without Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2020 Jul 6)
    11. Weight - Mohammad Reza Amini, Azadeh Aminianfar, Sina Naghshi, Bagher Larijani, Ahmad EsmaillzadehThe effect of ketogenic diet on body composition and anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Jan 14)
    12. Weight - Castellana M, Conte E, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giustina A, Giovanella L, Giorgino F, Trimboli PEfficacy and safety of very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.(2020-Mar)
    13. Weight - Jing T, Zhang S, Bai M, Chen Z, Gao S, Li S, Zhang JEffect of Dietary Approaches on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.Nutrients.(2023-Jul-15)
    14. Total cholesterol - Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, DiPasquale C, Roti M, Pumerantz A, Kraemer WJComparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight womenJ Am Coll Nutr.(2004 Apr)
    15. Glycemic Control - Rosenbaum M, Hall KD, Guo J, Ravussin E, Mayer LS, Reitman ML, Smith SR, Walsh BT, Leibel RLGlucose and Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammation in Humans Following an Isocaloric Ketogenic DietObesity (Silver Spring).(2019 Jun)
    16. Testosterone - Furini C, Spaggiari G, Simoni M, Greco C, Santi DKetogenic state improves testosterone serum levels-results from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Endocrine.(2022-Sep-23)
    17. Weight - Shahin Akhondzadeh, Seyed-Ali Mostafavi, Seyed Ali Keshavarz, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Saeed Hosseini, Mohammad Reza EshraghianA placebo controlled randomized clinical trial of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on depression and food craving among overweight women with mild to moderate depressionJ Clin Pharm Ther.(2020 Feb)
    18. Weight - Tahmasbi F, Araj-Khodaei M, Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie SEffects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022-Sep)
    19. Total cholesterol - Karimi-Nazari E, et alEffect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN.()
    20. Sperm Count - Elham Karimi-Nazari, Azadeh Nadjarzadeh, Roghayyeh Masoumi, Ameneh Marzban, Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri, Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiEffect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN.(2019 Dec)
    21. Weight - Nieman DC, Cialdella-Kam L, Knab AM, Shanely RAInfluence of red pepper spice and turmeric on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in overweight females: a metabolomics approachPlant Foods Hum Nutr.(2012 Dec)
    22. Weight - Long Ge, Behnam Sadeghirad, Geoff D C Ball, Bruno R da Costa, Christine L Hitchcock, Anton Svendrovski, Ruhi Kiflen, Kalimullah Quadri, Henry Y Kwon, Mohammad Karamouzian, Thomasin Adams-Webber, Waleed Ahmed, Samah Damanhoury, Dena Zeraatkar, Adriani Nikolakopoulou, Ross T Tsuyuki, Jinhui Tian, Kehu Yang, Gordon H Guyatt, Bradley C JohnstonComparison of Dietary Macronutrient Patterns of 14 Popular Named Dietary Programmes for Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction in Adults: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised TrialsBMJ.(2020 Apr 1)
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