Type 2 Diabetes

    Researchedby:
    Mike Murray

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Morgan Pfiffner, Rob Stenstrom
    Last Updated: October 13, 2024

    Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and pancreas cells and an inability of the pancreas to manufacture enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. T2D is strongly associated with excess body fat, and weight loss induced by lifestyle changes is extremely effective for treating T2D.

    Type 2 Diabetes falls under the Diabetes & Blood Sugar category.

    54 references on this page
    335,749 participants in 201 trials and 144 meta-analyses

    What is type 2 diabetes?

    Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It typically starts with insulin resistance: a condition where cells don’t respond appropriately to insulin. The pancreas then produces more insulin to try and get the cells to respond, but it’s unable to sustain this heightened production over time, resulting in chronically high blood glucose levels.

    How is diabetes related to other health conditions?

    What are the main signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

    Most people with T2D do not present with symptoms initially because symptoms develop slowly over several years. People who do present with symptoms may report increased thirst, urination, or hunger, fatigue, blurred vision, and/or numbness or tingling in the feet or hands.

    How is type 2 diabetes diagnosed?

    There are three blood tests used to diagnose T2D: fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour plasma glucose during a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c (i.e., average plasma glucose levels over the past 3 months).[1]

    What are some of the main medical treatments for type 2 diabetes?

    Initial pharmacotherapy generally starts with metformin, which is an older, safe and relatively inexpensive drug. Frequently, other medications are required to control glucose levels, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA). These medications can be particularly beneficial in people at an increased risk of or with established cardiovascular or kidney disease.[2] Up to 35% of people with T2D eventually require insulin to achieve their glycemic targets. Besides glucose-lowering medications, medications or procedures (i.e., metabolic surgery) that facilitate weight loss are also effective for improving glycemic control.

    Have any supplements been studied for type 2 diabetes?

    The supplement with the most potential for improving glycemic control is berberine, an alkaloid extract from various plants used in traditional Chinese medicine.[3] Soluble fiber (e.g., psyllium) is another effective option.[4]

    How could diet affect type 2 diabetes?

    Long-term excess energy intake leads to the accumulation of fat in the liver and pancreas that causes T2D, and calorie restriction can decrease intra-organ fat and put the disease into remission.[5] There is some evidence that high intake of added fructose, in particular, raises the risk of T2D.[6] However, any dietary pattern can be effective for treating and preventing T2D as long as it facilitates an energy deficit and promotes sustained weight loss.[7]

    Are there any other treatments for type 2 diabetes?

    An increase in physical activity is recommended alongside dietary changes to achieve significant weight loss. A combination of aerobic and resistance exercise seems to be best to maximize improvements in glycemic control and health benefits.[8] In people with prediabetes, exercise and weight loss can reduce the risk of progression to T2D by 58%. Psychological interventions, like cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing, can also improve glycemic control.[9]

    How much weight do people with diabetes have to lose in order to see an impact?

    What are the benefits of resistance training?

    What causes type 2 diabetes?

    The cause of T2D is multifactorial, based on genetic predisposition and environment. Obesity, inflammatory diet, and sedentary lifestyle all contribute to the risk of developing T2D. Abdominal obesity is a strong risk factor for T2D, and leads to the accumulation of more fat in the liver and pancreas than a person can tolerate, which results from long-term excess energy intake.[5]

    How are CRP and adiponectin levels and diabetes risk associated?

    Examine Database: Type 2 Diabetes

    Resveratrol
    Chromium
    L-Carnitine
    Fish Oil
    Vitamin C
    Curcumin
    Ketogenic Diet
    Magnesium
    Saffron
    Mediterranean Diet
    Vegan Diet
    Coenzyme Q10
    Berberine
    Psyllium
    Vitamin E
    Cinnamon
    Spirulina
    Vitamin D
    Whey Protein
    Zinc
    Alpha-Lipoic Acid
    Flaxseed
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Stinging Nettle
    Black seed
    Chlorella
    Cocoa Extract
    Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Fenugreek
    Inulin
    Vitamin K
    Apple Cider Vinegar
    Arginine
    Aspartame
    Beta-glucans
    Cannabis
    Chia seeds
    Creatine
    Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
    Jiaogulan
    Kefir
    Pycnogenol
    Quercetin
    Resistant Starch
    Roselle
    Safflower Oil
    Salacia Reticulata
    Sauna
    16:8 Intermittent Fasting
    5-HTP
    Aloe Vera
    Amla
    Artichoke Extract
    Ashwagandha
    Astaxanthin
    Banaba Leaf
    Barberry
    Benfotiamine
    Beta-Alanine
    Biotin (Vitamin B7)
    Bitter Cucumber
    Black Chokeberry
    Butcher's broom
    Caffeine
    Casein
    Citrulline
    Coffee
    Colostrum
    Dill
    Ginger
    Ginkgo Biloba
    Grape Seed Extract
    Green Tea Extract
    Gymnema Sylvestre
    Hesperidin
    Inositol
    Low-Fat Diet
    Medium-chain Triglycerides
    Milk Protein
    Moringa
    Nicotine
    Nitrate
    Olive Leaf Extract
    Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    Paleolithic Diet
    Pomegranate
    Probiotics
    Red Clover Extract
    Red Yeast Rice
    Rose Hip
    Soy Protein
    Stevia
    Sulbutiamine
    Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid
    Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
    Tribulus Terrestris
    Tulsi
    Vanadium
    Vegetarian Diet
    Yerba Mate

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    What is type 2 diabetes?

    Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It typically starts with insulin resistance: a condition where cells don’t respond appropriately to insulin. The pancreas then produces more insulin to try and get the cells to respond, but it’s unable to sustain this heightened production over time, resulting in chronically high blood glucose levels.

    How is diabetes related to other health conditions?

    Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease,[14] and people with diabetes commonly also have hypertension and dyslipidemia (abnormal blood lipid levels)[15] — both of which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Chronic kidney disease develops in 20%–40% of people with diabetes, which is another risk factor for cardiovascular disease.[16]

    It’s estimated that up to 75% of people with type 2 diabetes have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;[17] both conditions are characterized by excessive fat in the liver and pancreas.[18]

    What are the main signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

    Most people with T2D do not present with symptoms initially because symptoms develop slowly over several years. People who do present with symptoms may report increased thirst, urination, or hunger, fatigue, blurred vision, and/or numbness or tingling in the feet or hands.

    How is type 2 diabetes diagnosed?

    There are three blood tests used to diagnose T2D: fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour plasma glucose during a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c (i.e., average plasma glucose levels over the past 3 months).[1]

    What are some of the main medical treatments for type 2 diabetes?

    Initial pharmacotherapy generally starts with metformin, which is an older, safe and relatively inexpensive drug. Frequently, other medications are required to control glucose levels, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA). These medications can be particularly beneficial in people at an increased risk of or with established cardiovascular or kidney disease.[2] Up to 35% of people with T2D eventually require insulin to achieve their glycemic targets. Besides glucose-lowering medications, medications or procedures (i.e., metabolic surgery) that facilitate weight loss are also effective for improving glycemic control.

    Have any supplements been studied for type 2 diabetes?

    The supplement with the most potential for improving glycemic control is berberine, an alkaloid extract from various plants used in traditional Chinese medicine.[3] Soluble fiber (e.g., psyllium) is another effective option.[4]

    How could diet affect type 2 diabetes?

    Long-term excess energy intake leads to the accumulation of fat in the liver and pancreas that causes T2D, and calorie restriction can decrease intra-organ fat and put the disease into remission.[5] There is some evidence that high intake of added fructose, in particular, raises the risk of T2D.[6] However, any dietary pattern can be effective for treating and preventing T2D as long as it facilitates an energy deficit and promotes sustained weight loss.[7]

    Are there any other treatments for type 2 diabetes?

    An increase in physical activity is recommended alongside dietary changes to achieve significant weight loss. A combination of aerobic and resistance exercise seems to be best to maximize improvements in glycemic control and health benefits.[8] In people with prediabetes, exercise and weight loss can reduce the risk of progression to T2D by 58%. Psychological interventions, like cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing, can also improve glycemic control.[9]

    How much weight do people with diabetes have to lose in order to see an impact?

    A meta-analysis[10] suggests that people with diabetes and who are overweight or obese will have to lose over 5% of bodyweight on average before seeing an effect on hemoglobin A1c and cardiovascular risk markers. The authors of this meta-analysis admit that this can be a tough goal to achieve for some people, and often requires a mix of caloric restriction, healthy eating, physical activity, and regular visits to the doctor.

    What are the benefits of resistance training?
    Quick answer:

    Resistance training can increase muscle mass, protect bone mineral density, and reduce the risk of diabetes.

    Lifting weights, or resistance training, has numerous benefits to the muscles and skeleton that are uniquely attributed to this form of training.

    There are some cognitive benefits associated with exercise in general, but this FAQ entry will be more focused on what resistance training can give that other forms of exercise cannot.

    Resistance training?

    Resistance training is a form of training where the muscles and skeleton are pit against a large force, either induced by external resistance (lifting weights) or by gravity (maximal jumping or sprinting). Resistance training tends to be focused on power, and tends to be anaerobic (intense) in nature.

    Anything with maximal exertions can be considered resistance training. Things like Tennis and racquetball show some benefits as well due to some strides being full exertion, but weightlifting tends to have the most dramatic effects.

    Benefits to Muscles

    Most notably weight lifting, but all forms of resistance training, can increase muscle mass.

    This can reduce the occurrence of sarcopenia (the age-related decline in muscle mass not associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines)[19] when elderly,[20][21] although all activity can reduce rates of sarcopenia, resistance training seems most effective.[22][23]

    Benefits to Bone

    Exercise in general tends to be associated with better bone mineral density and/or bone width in athletes when compared to a non-athletic control group.[24][25][26] Greater bone health and an exercise regimen are inversely associated with falls in the elderly, which suggests that exercise is a good preventative measure.[27][28][29]

    It might also slightly protect against further reductions in bone mineral density in those already diagnosed with osteoporosis or osteopenia,[30] although in general activity is encouraged.[31]

    In older age, those who practice Sprinting have been shown to have better bone density and size relative to jogging and walking activities.[32] Although beneficial bone adaptations seem to be better in the young, they can still occur even if one starts a physical exercise program later in life.[33]

    It should be noted that swimming does not tend to increase bone density or mass, as the person is suspended in a pool of water rather than actively forcing power against gravity. It may increase bone health slighty in some persons, but is much less reliable than other forms of exercise.[31][34][35]

    Health Promoting effects

    Involvement in exercise for at least 150 minutes a week in associated with a reduced risk of diabetes in men, with a protective effect existing for both aerobic exercise and weight training with persons participating in both having least risk.[36]

    What causes type 2 diabetes?

    The cause of T2D is multifactorial, based on genetic predisposition and environment. Obesity, inflammatory diet, and sedentary lifestyle all contribute to the risk of developing T2D. Abdominal obesity is a strong risk factor for T2D, and leads to the accumulation of more fat in the liver and pancreas than a person can tolerate, which results from long-term excess energy intake.[5]

    How are CRP and adiponectin levels and diabetes risk associated?

    C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of systemic inflammation. Adiponectin is a hormone from fat that protects against insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. An association seems to exist between higher CRP levels and an increased risk[11] of diabetes by roughly 26% for each log mg/L increase in CRP. For each log μg/mL increase in adiponectin, there’s a 28% decrease[12] in diabetes risk. However, it should be noted that this is a correlation, and not causation. The specifics of the relationship between diabetes and inflammation are still being teased out. So it’s not a good assumption to think that anything that lowers CRP or raises adiponectin must lower risk of diabetes. In fact, some researchers[13] have argued that high CRP and inflammation may in fact be an effect, and not a cause, of insulin resistance. The case is not yet closed on the matter.

    Other FAQs
    How do I increase insulin sensitivity?
    Quick answer:

    Exercise frequently (resistance training and aerobic training are both beneficial), eat better (in this regard, less processed carbohydrates and more vegetables), and lose weight. Supplements can help, but are better when the diet and exercise are in order.

    What is insulin sensitivity?

    Definitions

    Insulin sensitivity is a general phenomena in the body, and can be measured a few ways through studies.

    The pancreas (an organ that regulates blood sugar) secretes insulin in response to high blood sugar, and cells (like muscle or fat cells) can absorb blood sugar when stimulated by insulin.

    Insulin sensitivity is the relationship between how much insulin needs to be produced in order to deposit a certain amount of glucose. You are insulin sensitive if a small amount of insulin needs to be secreted to deposit a certain amount of glucose, and insulin resistant if a lot of insulin needs to be secreted to deposit the same amount of glucose.

    Insulin sensitivity is seen as good as the opposite, insulin resistance, is a major risk factor for the development of Type II diabetes.

    Types of Insulin Sensitivity

    There are three main types of insulin sensitivity; peripheral insulin sensitivity, hepatic insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic insulin sensitivity.

    Peripheral insulin sensitivity is how readily body cells in your periphery tissue, such as muscle and fat, can absorb glucose; either on their own (muscle can absorb glucose when contracted) or when insulin stimulates them. It is the most well-known form of insulin resistance.

    Hepatic insulin sensitivity is related to the process of gluconeogenesis, the production of new blood sugar. Usually inflammatory factors prevent insulin from acting in the liver via inducing insulin resistance, and insulin's actions are unable to tell the liver to 'stop' producing glucose.[37][38]

    Pancreatic insulin sensitivity is the functioning of the cells that secrete insulin, the beta-cells. If these are damaged or cannot function, insulin resistance can develop. This is more of a concern in disease states like Type I diabetes (insulin insufficiency)[39][40] or Cystic Fibrosis (where the function in physically hindered).[41]

    Insulin sensitivity is how effective the body is as using insulin to reduce elevated blood glucose levels, with a greater efficacy being more 'sensitivity' and poorer efficacy being more 'resistant'. When the body becomes too poor at using insulin to reduce blood glucose levels, type II diabetes ensues

    Lifestyle

    Non-modifiable factors

    It seems that insulin sensitivity is negatively associated with age[42] although these may be related more to lifestyle than to age per se.[43] The ability to reverse insulin resistance with exercise does not appear to be different between young and old.[42] Exercise tends to be recommended to older individuals to improve glucose metabolism.[44]

    Modifiable factors

    There is an association with obesity and insulin resistance, with insulin resistant individuals usually having more body fat. However, this also appears to be lifestyle related as increases in insulin sensitivity can occur without weight loss.[45] Some studies do note more drastic benefits in insulin sensitization in obese individuals, which is probably due to worse baseline statistics.[45]

    Exercise

    Aerobic Exercise (Ex. Jogging)

    Aerobic exercise, or exercise that you can maintain for a prolonged period of time, seems to be able to acutely improve insulin resistance by increasing uptake of glucose into cells. It can increase insulin sensitivity immediately, as a session of 25-60 minutes (at 60-95% VO2 max) for 3-5 days.[46] Improvements can also be seen after a week of aerobic training, when doing mostly 2 short sessions of 25 minutes of walking at 70% VO2 max.[47] Interestingly, the opposite is also true. Voluntary restriction of activity or a drastic increase in sedentary activity can reduce insulin sensitivity in as little as 2 weeks.[48]

    Over the long term, aerboic exercise done routinely can preseve beneficial changes in insulin sensitivity.[49]

    Insulin sensitivity as a result of exercise can occur independent of weight loss.[45][50] This is not to say that aerobic exercise will not lead to weight loss, as it may.[51] The function of weight loss seems to be a blend of activity and diet, whereas insulin sensitivity increases could occur without changes in the diet.

    In regards to hepatic insulin resistance, it has been seen over time periods of 12 weeks light aerobic activity[52][45] but studies lasting 1 week have sometimes noted no difference.[47]

    Anaerobic Exercise (Ex. Weightlifting)

    Strength exercises (lifting weights usually) is also associated with increasing insulin sensitivity as well as increased muscle mass.[53]

    In persons with impaired glucose tolerance, more sets of an exercise tend to be more effective than single sets and higher intensities better than moderate.[54]

    The general idea of exercise is that you want to have lean (muscle) mass, and you want it to contract somewhat regularly so it can take up glucose. The more properly functioning muscle mass one has, the better peripheral insulin sensitivity is

    Supplementation

    Supplements may be either supplements that directly act upon cells to induce insulin sensitizing effects (like resveratrol or carnitine) or may inhibit or otherwise delay carbohydrate uptake (like green tea catechins and perhaps chlorogenic acid)

    Using some of these compounds in conjunction with diet/exercise techniques conducive to regaining insulin sensitivity would be advisable.

    Examine Database References

    1. Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms - K K Kiew, W B Wan Mohamad, A Ridzuan, M MafauzyEffects of sulbutiamine on diabetic polyneuropathy: an open randomised controlled study in type 2 diabeticsMalays J Med Sci.(2002 Jan)
    2. Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms - Dinesh Selvarajah, Rajiv Gandhi, Celia J Emery, Solomon TesfayeRandomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial of cannabis-based medicinal product (Sativex) in painful diabetic neuropathy: depression is a major confounding factorDiabetes Care.(2010 Jan)
    3. Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms - Mark S Wallace, Thomas D Marcotte, Anya Umlauf, Ben Gouaux, Joseph H AtkinsonEfficacy of Inhaled Cannabis on Painful Diabetic NeuropathyJ Pain.(2015 Jul)
    4. Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms - Asadi S, Gholami MS, Siassi F, Qorbani M, Khamoshian K, Sotoudeh GNano curcumin supplementation reduced the severity of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind placebo- controlled clinical trialComplement Ther Med.(2019 Apr)
    5. HbA1c - Adab Z, Eghtesadi S, Vafa MR, Heydari I, Shojaii A, Haqqani H, Arablou T, Eghtesadi MEffect of turmeric on glycemic status, lipid profile, hs-CRP, and total antioxidant capacity in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetes mellitus patientsPhytother Res.(2019 Apr)
    6. HbA1c - Maithili Karpaga Selvi N, Sridhar MG, Swaminathan RP, Sripradha REfficacy of Turmeric as Adjuvant Therapy in Type 2 Diabetic PatientsIndian J Clin Biochem.(2015 Apr)
    7. HbA1c - Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Luechapudiporn R, Phisalaphong C, Jirawatnotai SCurcumin extract for prevention of type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care.(2012 Nov)
    8. HbA1c - Na LX, Li Y, Pan HZ, Zhou XL, Sun DJ, Meng M, Li XX, Sun CHCurcuminoids exert glucose-lowering effect in type 2 diabetes by decreasing serum free fatty acids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trialMol Nutr Food Res.(2013 Sep)
    9. HbA1c - Panahi Y, Khalili N, Sahebi E, Namazi S, Simental-Mendía LE, Majeed M, Sahebkar AEffects of Curcuminoids Plus Piperine on Glycemic, Hepatic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled TrialDrug Res (Stuttg).(2018 Jul)
    10. HbA1c - Adibian M, Hodaei H, Nikpayam O, Sohrab G, Hekmatdoost A, Hedayati MThe effects of curcumin supplementation on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum adiponectin, and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialPhytother Res.(2019 May)
    11. HbA1c - Rahimi HR, Mohammadpour AH, Dastani M, Jaafari MR, Abnous K, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Kazemi Oskuee RThe effect of nano-curcumin on HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile in diabetic subjects: a randomized clinical trialAvicenna J Phytomed.(2016 Sep-Oct)
    12. HbA1c - Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Phonrat B, Tungtrongchitr R, Jirawatnotai SReduction of atherogenic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes by curcuminoid extract: a randomized controlled trialJ Nutr Biochem.(2014 Feb)
    13. Blood glucose - Yang H, Xu W, Zhou Z, Liu J, Li X, Chen L, Weng J, Yu ZCurcumin attenuates urinary excretion of albumin in type II diabetic patients with enhancing nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) system and repressing inflammatory signaling efficaciesExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(2015 Jun)
    14. Weight - Panahi Y, Khalili N, Sahebi E, Namazi S, Reiner Ž, Majeed M, Sahebkar ACurcuminoids modify lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trialComplement Ther Med.(2017 Aug)
    15. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Tabrizi R, Vakili S, Akbari M, Mirhosseini N, Lankarani KB, Rahimi M, Mobini M, Jafarnejad S, Vahedpoor Z, Asemi ZThe effects of curcumin-containing supplements on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2019-Feb)
    16. Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms - Sheyu Li, Xiang Chen, Qianrui Li, Juan Du, Zhimin Liu, Yongde Peng, Mian Xu, Qifu Li, Minxiang Lei, Changjiang Wang, Shaoxiong Zheng, Xiaojuan Zhang, Hongling Yu, Jinyu Shi, Shibing Tao, Ping Feng, Haoming TianEffects of acetyl-L-carnitine and methylcobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trialJ Diabetes Investig.(2016 Sep)
    17. HbA1c - Y Liang, Y Li, J Shan, B Yu, Z HoThe effects of oral L-carnitine treatment on blood lipid metabolism and the body fat content in the diabetic patientAsia Pac J Clin Nutr.(1998 Jun)
    18. HbA1c - Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli, Sibilla A T Salvadeo, Ilaria Ferrari, Alessia Gravina, Roberto Mereu, Angela D'Angelo, Ilaria Palumbo, Sabrina Randazzo, Arrigo F G CiceroEffects of combination of sibutramine and L-carnitine compared with sibutramine monotherapy on inflammatory parameters in diabetic patientsMetabolism.(2011 Mar)
    19. HbA1c - Fabio Galvano, Giovanni Li Volti, Michele Malaguarnera, Teresio Avitabile, Tijana Antic, Marco Vacante, Mariano MalaguarneraEffects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitusExpert Opin Pharmacother.(2009 Aug)
    20. HbA1c - Mariano Malaguarnera, Marco Vacante, Teresio Avitabile, Marcella Malaguarnera, Lisa Cammalleri, Massimo MottaL-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetesAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 Jan)
    21. HbA1c - Aneliya Parvanova, Matias Trillini, Manuel A Podestà, Ilian P Iliev, Carolina Aparicio, Annalisa Perna, Francesco Peraro, Nadia Rubis, Flavio Gaspari, Antonio Cannata, Silvia Ferrari, Antonio C Bossi, Roberto Trevisan, Sreejith Parameswaran, Jonathan S Chávez-Iñiguez, Fahrudin Masnic, Sidy Mohamed Seck, Teerayuth Jiamjariyaporn, Monica Cortinovis, Luca Perico, Kanishka Sharma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Piero Ruggenenti, David G WarnockBlood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled TrialJ Endocr Soc.(2018 Mar 22)
    22. HbA1c - Hadier M El-Sheikh, Sahar M El-Haggar, Tamer A ElbedewyComparative study to evaluate the effect of l-carnitine plus glimepiride versus glimepiride alone on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes Metab Syndr.(Jan-Feb 2019)
    23. HbA1c - A R Rahbar, R Shakerhosseini, N Saadat, F Taleban, A Pordal, B GollestanEffect of L-carnitine on plasma glycemic and lipidemic profile in patients with type II diabetes mellitusEur J Clin Nutr.(2005 Apr)
    24. HbA1c - Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli, Ilaria Ferrari, Angela D'Angelo, Elena Fogari, Ilaria Palumbo, Sabrina Randazzo, Arrigo F G CiceroComparison between orlistat plus l-carnitine and orlistat alone on inflammation parameters in obese diabetic patientsFundam Clin Pharmacol.(2011 Oct)
    25. HbA1c - Giuseppe Derosa, Arrigo F G Cicero, Antonio Gaddi, Amedeo Mugellini, Leonardina Ciccarelli, Roberto FogariThe effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusClin Ther.(2003 May)
    26. HbA1c - Eun Shil Hong, Eun Ky Kim, Seon Mee Kang, Ah Reum Khang, Sung Hee Choi, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Soo LimEffect of carnitine-orotate complex on glucose metabolism and fatty liver: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Gastroenterol Hepatol.(2014)
    27. HbA1c - Alavinejad P, et alEvaluation of L-Carnitine Efficacy in the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Double Blind Pilot StudyJ Gastroenterol Hepatol.()
    28. HbA1c - Zamani M, Pahlavani N, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Rasaei N, Ghaffarian-Ensaf R, Asbaghi O, Shiraseb F, Rastgoo SThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic markers in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2022)
    29. HbA1c - Gheysari R, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Hosseini AM, Rasaei N, Hosseini S, Bahari H, Asbaghi O, Rastgoo S, Goudarzi K, Shiraseb F, Behmadi RThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in participants with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Diabetol Metab Syndr.(2024 Jul 31)
    30. Insulin - Molfino A, Cascino A, Conte C, Ramaccini C, Rossi Fanelli F, Laviano ACaloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolismJPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.(2010 May-Jun)
    31. Insulin - Li Y, Xie Y, Qiu C, Yu B, Yang F, Cheng Y, Zhong W, Yuan JEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on glucolipid metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Food Funct.(2023-Mar-06)
    32. Glycemic Control - González-Ortiz M, Hernández-González SO, Hernández-Salazar E, Martínez-Abundis EEffect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patientsAnn Nutr Metab.(2008)
    33. Apolipoprotein A - Ali Sheikhi, Kurosh Djafarian, Moein Askarpour, Sakineh Shab-BidarThe effects of supplementation with L-carnitine on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2019 Sep 5)
    34. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Cristiano Capurso, Anna M Colacicco, Alessia D'Introno, Cristina Fontana, Sabrina A Capurso, Francesco Torres, Anna M Gadaleta, Aleardo Koverech, Antonio Capurso, Francesco PanzaEfficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with L-carnitine and simvastatin in lowering lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAtherosclerosis.(2006 Oct)
    35. Erections - V Gentile, P Vicini, G Prigiotti, A Koverech, F Di SilverioPreliminary observations on the use of propionyl-L-carnitine in combination with sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction and diabetesCurr Med Res Opin.(2004 Sep)
    36. Whole Body Glucose Uptake - G Mingrone, A V Greco, E Capristo, G Benedetti, A Giancaterini, A De Gaetano, G GasbarriniL-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patientsJ Am Coll Nutr.(1999 Feb)
    37. HbA1c - Laura M Pompano, Erick BoyEffects of Dose and Duration of Zinc Interventions on Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisAdv Nutr.(2020 Jul 28)
    38. HbA1c - Ghaedi K, Ghasempour D, Jowshan M, Zheng M, Ghobadi S, Jafari AEffect of zinc supplementation in the management of type 2 diabetes: A grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation-assessed, dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2023-May-15)
    39. HbA1c - Daneshvar M, Ghaheri M, Safarzadeh D, Karimi F, Adib-Hajbagheri P, Ahmadzade M, Haedi AEffect of zinc supplementation on glycemic biomarkers: an umbrella of interventional meta-analyses.Diabetol Metab Syndr.(2024 Jun 8)
    40. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Asbaghi O, Sadeghian M, Fouladvand F, Panahande B, Nasiri M, Khodadost M, Shokri A, Pirouzi A, Sadeghi OEffects of zinc supplementation on lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2020-Jul-24)
    41. LDL Oxidation - Blostein-Fujii A, DiSilvestro RA, Frid D, Katz C, Malarkey WShort-term zinc supplementation in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on plasma 5'-nucleotidase activities, insulin-like growth factor I concentrations, and lipoprotein oxidation rates in vitroAm J Clin Nutr.(1997 Sep)
    42. HbA1c - Michelle L Asp, Angela L Collene, Leigh E Norris, Rachel M Cole, Michael B Stout, Szu-Yu Tang, Jason C Hsu, Martha A BeluryTime-dependent effects of safflower oil to improve glycemia, inflammation and blood lipids in obese, post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-masked, crossover studyClin Nutr.(2011 Aug)
    43. Blood glucose - Moloney F, Yeow TP, Mullen A, Nolan JJ, Roche HMConjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm J Clin Nutr.(2004 Oct)
    44. Weight - Leigh E Norris, Angela L Collene, Michelle L Asp, Jason C Hsu, Li-Fen Liu, Julia R Richardson, Dongmei Li, Doris Bell, Kwame Osei, Rebecca D Jackson, Martha A BeluryComparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 Sep)
    45. HbA1c - Jing Guo, Hongdong Chen, Xueqin Zhang, Wenjiao Lou, Pingna Zhang, Yuheng Qiu, Chao Zhang, Yaoxian Wang, Wei Jing LiuThe Effect of Berberine on Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsOxid Med Cell Longev.(2021 Dec 15)
    46. HbA1c - Zhang Y, Li X, Zou D, Liu W, Yang J, Zhu N, Huo L, Wang M, Hong J, Wu P, Ren G, Ning GTreatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberineJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2008 Jul)
    47. HbA1c - Dong H, Wang N, Zhao L, Lu FBerberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysisEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
    48. HbA1c - Zamani M, Zarei M, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Hosseini S, Shiraseb F, Asbaghi OThe effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2022)
    49. HbA1c - Xie W, Su F, Wang G, Peng Z, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Xu N, Hou K, Hu Z, Chen Y, Chen RGlucose-lowering effect of berberine on type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Pharmacol.(2022)
    50. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Blais JE, Huang X, Zhao JVOverall and Sex-Specific Effect of Berberine for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.Drugs.(2023-Apr)
    51. HbA1c - Løvås K, Røst TH, Skorve J, Ulvik RJ, Gudbrandsen OA, Bohov P, Wensaas AJ, Rustan AC, Berge RK, Husebye ESTetradecylthioacetic acid attenuates dyslipidaemia in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, possibly by dual PPAR-alpha/delta activation and increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidationDiabetes Obes Metab.(2009 Apr)
    52. HbA1c - Coleman MD, Fernandes S, Khanderia LA preliminary evaluation of a novel method to monitor a triple antioxidant combination (vitamins E, C and α-lipoic acid) in diabetic volunteers using in vitro methaemoglobin formationEnviron Toxicol Pharmacol.(2003 Jun)
    53. HbA1c - Porasuphatana S, Suddee S, Nartnampong A, Konsil J, Harnwong B, Santaweesuk AGlycemic and oxidative status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled studyAsia Pac J Clin Nutr.(2012)
    54. Glycemic Control - de Oliveira AM, Rondó PH, Luzia LA, D'Abronzo FH, Illison VKThe effects of lipoic acid and α-tocopherol supplementation on the lipid profile and insulin sensitivity of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Res Clin Pract.(2011 May)
    55. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - P Palacka, J Kucharska, J Murin, K Dostalova, A Okkelova, M Cizova, I Waczulikova, S Moricova, A GvozdjakovaComplementary therapy in diabetic patients with chronic complications: a pilot studyBratisl Lek Listy.(2010)
    56. HbA1c - Siavash M, Amini MVitamin C may have similar beneficial effects to Gemfibrozil on serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in type 2 diabetic patientsJ Res Pharm Pract.(2014 Jul)
    57. HbA1c - Bishop N, Schorah CJ, Wales JKThe effect of vitamin C supplementation on diabetic hyperlipidaemia: a double blind, crossover studyDiabet Med.(1985 Mar)
    58. HbA1c - Mason SA, Rasmussen B, van Loon LJC, Salmon J, Wadley GDAscorbic acid supplementation improves postprandial glycaemic control and blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized cross-over trialDiabetes Obes Metab.(2019 Mar)
    59. HbA1c - Dakhale GN, Chaudhari HV, Shrivastava MSupplementation of vitamin C reduces blood glucose and improves glycosylated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind studyAdv Pharmacol Sci.(2011)
    60. HbA1c - Mahmoudabadi MM, Djalali M, Djazayery SA, Keshavarz SA, Eshraghian MR, Yaraghi AA, Askari G, Ghiasvand R, Zarei MEffects of eicosapentaenoic acid and vitamin C on glycemic indices, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic Iranian malesJ Res Med Sci.(2011 Mar)
    61. HbA1c - Mason SA, Della Gatta PA, Snow RJ, Russell AP, Wadley GDAscorbic acid supplementation improves skeletal muscle oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized controlled studyFree Radic Biol Med.(2016 Apr)
    62. HbA1c - Camargo JL, Stifft J, Gross JLThe effect of aspirin and vitamins C and E on HbA1c assaysClin Chim Acta.(2006 Oct)
    63. HbA1c - Klein F, Juhl B, Christiansen JSUnchanged renal haemodynamics following high dose ascorbic acid administration in normoalbuminuric IDDM patientsScand J Clin Lab Invest.(1995 Feb)
    64. HbA1c - JAYESH K BHATT, SABIN THOMAS, NANJAN MJEFFECT OF ORAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN C ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND LIPID PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUSInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.()
    65. Blood glucose - Chen H, Karne RJ, Hall G, Campia U, Panza JA, Cannon RO 3rd, Wang Y, Katz A, Levine M, Quon MJHigh-dose oral vitamin C partially replenishes vitamin C levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes and low vitamin C levels but does not improve endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistanceAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2006 Jan)
    66. Blood glucose - Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Vasiliadou C, Kourtellaris P, Koniari K, Marinou K, Charakida M, Ntarladimas I, Siasos G, Stefanadis CEffects of atorvastatin and vitamin C on forearm hyperaemic blood flow, asymmentrical dimethylarginine levels and the inflammatory process in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusHeart.(2007 Feb)
    67. Blood glucose - Gutierrez AD, Duran-Valdez E, Robinson I, de Serna DG, Schade DSDoes short-term vitamin C reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes?Endocr Pract.(2013 Sep-Oct)
    68. Blood glucose - Ellulu MS, Rahmat A, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Abed YEffect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trialDrug Des Devel Ther.(2015 Jul 1)
    69. Blood glucose - Ghaffari et alThe effects of vitamin C on diabetic patients Pharm Lett.()
    70. Glycemic Control - Mazloom Z, Hejazi N, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Tabatabaei HR, Ahmadi A, Ansar HEffect of vitamin C supplementation on postprandial oxidative stress and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patientsPak J Biol Sci.(2011 Oct 1)
    71. HbA1c - Parikh P, Mani U, Iyer URole of Spirulina in the Control of Glycemia and Lipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusJ Med Food.(2001 Winter)
    72. HbA1c - Lee EH, Park JE, Choi YJ, Huh KB, Kim WYA randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patientsNutr Res Pract.(2008 Winter)
    73. HbA1c - Hatami E, Ghalishourani SS, Najafgholizadeh A, Pourmasoumi M, Hadi A, Clark CCT, Assaroudi M, Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Joukar F, Mansour-Ghanaei FThe effect of spirulina on type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Diabetes Metab Disord.(2021-Jun)
    74. Weight - Meysam Zarezadeh, Amir Hossein Faghfouri, Nima Radkhah, Elaheh Foroumandi, Masoud Khorshidi, Ahmadreza Rasouli, Mahtab Zarei, Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, Nazanin Hazhir Karzar, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsPhytother Res.(2020 Sep 23)
    75. Interleukin 6 - Sara Mohiti, Meysam Zarezadeh, Fatemeh Naeini, Helda Tutunchi, Alireza Ostadrahimi, Zohreh Ghoreishi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsClin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.(2021 Aug)
    76. HbA1c - Ximing Liu, Ha-Jun Zhou, Peter RohdewaldFrench maritime pine bark extract Pycnogenol dose-dependently lowers glucose in type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes Care.(2004 Mar)
    77. HbA1c - Zibadi S, Rohdewald PJ, Park D, Watson RRReduction of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes by Pycnogenol supplementationNutr Res.(2008 May)
    78. HbA1c - Armaghan Moravej Aleali, Reza Amani, Hajieh Shahbazian, Frough Namjooyan, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi, Bahman CheraghianThe effect of hydroalcoholic Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, liver, and renal function tests in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind clinical trialPhytother Res.(2019 Jun)
    79. HbA1c - Paria Azimi, Reza Ghiasvand, Awat Feizi, Mitra Hariri, Behnoud AbbasiEffects of Cinnamon, Cardamom, Saffron, and Ginger Consumption on Markers of Glycemic Control, Lipid Profile, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes PatientsRev Diabet Stud.(Fall-Winter 2014)
    80. HbA1c - Fatemeh Ebrahimi, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Naheed Aryaeian, Naseh Pahlavani, Soudabeh Fallah, Nariman Moradi, Davoud Abbasi, Agha Fatemeh HosseiniEffects Of Saffron Supplementation On Inflammation And Metabolic Responses In Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialDiabetes Metab Syndr Obes.(2019 Oct 14)
    81. HbA1c - Milajerdi A, Jazayeri S, Hashemzadeh N, Shirzadi E, Derakhshan Z, Djazayeri A, Akhondzadeh SThe effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A triple-blinded randomized clinical trialJ Res Med Sci.(2018 Feb 20)
    82. HbA1c - Hajieh Shahbazian, Armaghan Moravej Aleali, Reza Amani, Foroogh Namjooyan, Bahman Cheraghian, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi, Sara Bahrainian, Ataallah GhadiriEffects of saffron on homocysteine, and antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double-blind clinical trialAvicenna J Phytomed.(Sep-Oct 2019)
    83. HbA1c - Amatto PPG, Chaves L, Braga GG, Carmona F, Pereira AMSEffect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and crocin in the treatment of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Ethnopharmacol.(2023-Sep-29)
    84. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) - Abedi A, Ghobadi H, Sharghi A, Iranpour S, Fazlzadeh M, Aslani MREffect of saffron supplementation on oxidative stress markers (MDA, TAC, TOS, GPx, SOD, and pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance): An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.Front Med (Lausanne).(2023)
    85. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Asbaghi O, Sadeghian M, Sadeghi O, Rigi S, Tan SC, Shokri A, Mousavi SMEffects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytother Res.(2021-Jan)
    86. Uric Acid - Milajerdi A, et alThe effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydro-alcoholic extract on liver and renal functions in type 2 diabetic patients: A double-blinded randomized and placebo control trialJournal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism.()
    87. Blood Pressure - Paria Azimi, Reza Ghiasvand, Awat Feizi, Javad Hosseinzadeh, Maryam Bahreynian, Mitra Hariri, Hossein Khosravi-BoroujeniEffect of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron and ginger consumption on blood pressure and a marker of endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trialBlood Press.(2016 Jun)
    88. Erections - Hossein Mohammadzadeh-Moghadam, Seyed Mohammad Nazari, Ali Shamsa, Mohammad Kamalinejad, Habibollah Esmaeeli, Amir Abbas Asadpour, Abdoljavad KhajaviEffects of a Topical Saffron (Crocus sativus L) Gel on Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetics: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Evid Based Complementary Altern Med.(2015 Oct)
    89. Anxiety Symptoms - Shahdadi H, Balouchi A, Dehghanmehr S Effect of saffron oral capsule on anxiety and quality of sleep of diabetic patients in a tertiary healthcare facility in southeastern Iran: A quasi-experimental studyTrop J Pharm Res.()
    90. HbA1c - Lai MHAntioxidant effects and insulin resistance improvement of chromium combined with vitamin C and e supplementation for type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Clin Biochem Nutr.(2008 Nov)
    91. HbA1c - Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Bakker SJ, Verhoeven S, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bilo HJChromium treatment has no effect in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2007 May)
    92. HbA1c - Pei D, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ, Li JC, Lee CH, Kuo SWThe influence of chromium chloride-containing milk to glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialMetabolism.(2006 Jul)
    93. HbA1c - Anderson RA, Roussel AM, Zouari N, Mahjoub S, Matheau JM, Kerkeni APotential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Am Coll Nutr.(2001 Jun)
    94. HbA1c - Omid Asbaghi, Naeini Fatemeh, Rezaei Kelishadi Mahnaz, Ghaedi Ehsan, Eslampour Elham, Nazarian Behzad, Ashtary-Larky Damoon, Alavi Naeini AmirmansourEffects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jul 28)
    95. HbA1c - Paiva AN, Lima JG, Medeiros AC, Figueiredo HA, Andrade RL, Ururahy MA, Rezende AA, Brandão-Neto J, Almeida MdBeneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical studyJ Trace Elem Med Biol.(2015 Oct)
    96. HbA1c - Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Cheng N, Chi J, Feng JElevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetesDiabetes.(1997 Nov)
    97. HbA1c - Vrtovec M, Vrtovec B, Briski A, Kocijancic A, Anderson RA, Radovancevic BChromium supplementation shortens QTc interval duration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm Heart J.(2005 Apr)
    98. HbA1c - Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, Chowdhury SRole of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Nutr Biochem.(2002 Nov)
    99. HbA1c - Fengyi Zhao, Da Pan, Niannian Wang, Hui Xia, Hong Zhang, Shaokang Wang, Guiju SunEffect of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysisBiol Trace Elem Res.(2022 Feb)
    100. HbA1c - Cefalu WT, Rood J, Pinsonat P, Qin J, Sereda O, Levitan L, Anderson RA, Zhang XH, Martin JM, Martin CK, Wang ZQ, Newcomer BCharacterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitusMetabolism.(2010 May)
    101. HbA1c - Sharma S, Agrawal RP, Choudhary M, Jain S, Goyal S, Agarwal VBeneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glucose, HbA1C and lipid variables in individuals with newly onset type-2 diabetesJ Trace Elem Med Biol.(2011 Jul)
    102. HbA1c - Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Jansman FG, Groenier KH, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bakker SJ, Bilo HJChromium treatment has no effect in patients with poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes in an obese Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2006 Mar)
    103. HbA1c - Racek J, Trefil L, Rajdl D, Mudrová V, Hunter D, Senft VInfluence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitusBiol Trace Elem Res.(2006 Mar)
    104. HbA1c - Król E, Krejpcio Z, Byks H, Bogdański P, Pupek-Musialik DEffects of chromium brewer's yeast supplementation on body mass, blood carbohydrates, and lipids and minerals in type 2 diabetic patientsBiol Trace Elem Res.(2011 Nov)
    105. Blood glucose - Gunton JE, Cheung NW, Hitchman R, Hams G, O'Sullivan C, Foster-Powell K, McElduff AChromium supplementation does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or lipid profile: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of supplementation in subjects with impaired glucose toleranceDiabetes Care.(2005 Mar)
    106. Blood glucose - Bahijiri SM, Mira SA, Mufti AM, Ajabnoor MAThe effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetesSaudi Med J.(2000 Sep)
    107. Blood glucose - Julie Martin, Zhong Q Wang, Xian H Zhang, Deborah Wachtel, Julia Volaufova, Dwight E Matthews, William T CefaluChromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care.(2006 Aug)
    108. Apolipoprotein A - Shahinfar H, Amini MR, Sheikhhossein F, Djafari F, Jafari A, Shab-Bidar SThe effect of chromium supplementation on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2020-Dec)
    109. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) - Morvaridzadeh M, Estêvão MD, Qorbani M, Heydari H, Hosseini AS, Fazelian S, Belančić A, Persad E, Rezamand G, Heshmati JThe effect of chromium intake on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Trace Elem Med Biol.(2022-Jan)
    110. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Zhang X, Cui L, Chen B, Xiong Q, Zhan Y, Ye J, Yin QEffect of chromium supplementation on hs-CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 as risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.Complement Ther Clin Pract.(2021-Feb)
    111. Blood Pressure - Ghanbari M, Amini MR, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar SThe effects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2022-Mar)
    112. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Cheng HH, Lai MH, Hou WC, Huang CLAntioxidant effects of chromium supplementation with type 2 diabetes mellitus and euglycemic subjectsJ Agric Food Chem.(2004 Mar 10)
    113. HbA1c - Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TPEffect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetesAnn Intern Med.(2005 Mar 15)
    114. HbA1c - Athinarayanan SJ, Adams RN, Hallberg SJ, McKenzie AL, Bhanpuri NH, Campbell WW, Volek JS, Phinney SD, McCarter JPLong-Term Effects of a Novel Continuous Remote Care Intervention Including Nutritional Ketosis for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A 2-Year Non-randomized Clinical TrialFront Endocrinol (Lausanne).(2019 Jun 5)
    115. HbA1c - Mohamed Rafiullah, Mohthash Musambil, Satish Kumar DavidEffect of a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet vs recommended diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysisNutr Rev.(2021 Aug 2)
    116. HbA1c - Yeo Jin Choi, Sang-Min Jeon, Sooyoung ShinImpact of a Ketogenic Diet on Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Obesity or Overweight and with or without Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2020 Jul 6)
    117. HbA1c - Jing T, Zhang S, Bai M, Chen Z, Gao S, Li S, Zhang JEffect of Dietary Approaches on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.Nutrients.(2023-Jul-15)
    118. HbA1c - Parry-Strong A, Wright-McNaughton M, Weatherall M, Hall RM, Coppell KJ, Barthow C, Krebs JDVery low carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Diabetes Obes Metab.(2022-Dec)
    119. HbA1c - Choy KYC, Louie JCYThe effects of the ketogenic diet for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of recent studies.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2023-Dec)
    120. HbA1c - Zhou C, Wang M, Liang J, He G, Chen NKetogenic Diet Benefits to Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profiles in Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trails.Int J Environ Res Public Health.(2022 Aug 22)
    121. Blood glucose - Myette-Côté É, Durrer C, Neudorf H, Bammert TD, Botezelli JD, Johnson JD, DeSouza CA, Little JPThe effect of a short-term low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with or without postmeal walks on glycemic control and inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trialAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2018 Dec 1)
    122. Weight - Mohammad Reza Amini, Azadeh Aminianfar, Sina Naghshi, Bagher Larijani, Ahmad EsmaillzadehThe effect of ketogenic diet on body composition and anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Jan 14)
    123. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Francois ME, Myette-Cote E, Bammert TD, Durrer C, Neudorf H, DeSouza CA, Little JPCarbohydrate restriction with postmeal walking effectively mitigates postprandial hyperglycemia and improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetesAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2018 Jan 1)
    124. Uric Acid - Gohari S, Ghobadi S, Jafari A, Ahangar H, Gohari S, Mahjani MThe effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension and ketogenic diets intervention on serum uric acid concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Sci Rep.(2023 Jun 28)
    125. HbA1c - Nicola Veronese, Ligia J Dominguez, Damiano Pizzol, Jacopo Demurtas, Lee Smith, Mario BarbagalloOral Magnesium Supplementation for Treating Glucose Metabolism Parameters in People with or at Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2021 Nov 15)
    126. HbA1c - Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán MThe effect of lowering blood pressure by magnesium supplementation in diabetic hypertensive adults with low serum magnesium levels: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialJ Hum Hypertens.(2009 Apr)
    127. HbA1c - Verma H, Garg REffect of magnesium supplementation on type 2 diabetes associated cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Hum Nutr Diet.(2017 Oct)
    128. HbA1c - de Lordes Lima M, Cruz T, Pousada JC, Rodrigues LE, Barbosa K, Canguçu VThe effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care.(1998 May)
    129. HbA1c - de Valk HW, Verkaaik R, van Rijn HJ, Geerdink RA, Struyvenberg AOral magnesium supplementation in insulin-requiring Type 2 diabetic patientsDiabet Med.(1998 Jun)
    130. HbA1c - Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero FOral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2003 Apr)
    131. HbA1c - Xu L, Li X, Wang X, Xu MEffects of magnesium supplementation on improving hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of 24 randomized controlled trials.Front Nutr.(2022)
    132. HbA1c - Chua FB, Cinco JE, Paz-Pacheco EEfficacy of Magnesium Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Meta-analysis.J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc.(2017)
    133. HbA1c - Asbaghi O, Moradi S, Kashkooli S, Zobeiri M, Nezamoleslami S, Hojjati Kermani MA, Lazaridi AV, Miraghajani MThe effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.Br J Nutr.(2022-Dec-28)
    134. Weight - Asbaghi O, Hosseini R, Boozari B, Ghaedi E, Kashkooli S, Moradi SThe Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Obesity Measure Among Type 2 Diabetes Patient: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2021-Feb)
    135. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Asbaghi O, Moradi S, Nezamoleslami S, Moosavian SP, Hojjati Kermani MA, Lazaridi AV, Miraghajani MThe Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Lipid Profile Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2021-Mar)
    136. Magnesium Excretion - Zamani M, Haghighat NThe Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Serum Magnesium and Calcium Concentration in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clin Nutr Res.(2022-Apr)
    137. HbA1c - Shidfar F, Keshavarz A, Hosseyni S, Ameri A, Yarahmadi SEffects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes patientsEast Mediterr Health J.(2008 Mar-Apr)
    138. HbA1c - Kabir M, Skurnik G, Naour N, Pechtner V, Meugnier E, Rome S, Quignard-Boulangé A, Vidal H, Slama G, Clément K, Guerre-Millo M, Rizkalla SWTreatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled studyAm J Clin Nutr.(2007 Dec)
    139. HbA1c - Morgan WA, Raskin P, Rosenstock JA comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDMDiabetes Care.(1995 Jan)
    140. HbA1c - Boberg M, Pollare T, Siegbahn A, Vessby BSupplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusEur J Clin Invest.(1992 Oct)
    141. HbA1c - McManus RM, Jumpson J, Finegood DT, Clandinin MT, Ryan EAA comparison of the effects of n-3 fatty acids from linseed oil and fish oil in well-controlled type II diabetesDiabetes Care.(1996 May)
    142. HbA1c - M Gorety Jacobo-Cejudo, Roxana Valdés-Ramos, Ana L Guadarrama-López, Rosa-Virgen Pardo-Morales, Beatriz E Martínez-Carrillo, Laurence S HarbigeEffect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus PatientsNutrients.(2017 Jun 3)
    143. HbA1c - Pooya Sh, Jalali MD, Jazayery AD, Saedisomeolia A, Eshraghian MR, Toorang FThe efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels of type 2 diabetic patientsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2010 Jun)
    144. HbA1c - Schectman G, Kaul S, Kissebah AHEffect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDMDiabetes.(1988 Nov)
    145. HbA1c - Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, Beilin LJEffects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertensionAm J Clin Nutr.(2002 Nov)
    146. Blood glucose - Goh YK, Jumpsen JA, Ryan EA, Clandinin MTEffect of omega 3 fatty acid on plasma lipids, cholesterol and lipoprotein fatty acid content in NIDDM patientsDiabetologia.(1997 Jan)
    147. Blood glucose - Hendra TJ, Britton ME, Roper DR, Wagaine-Twabwe D, Jeremy JY, Dandona P, Haines AP, Yudkin JSEffects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled studyDiabetes Care.(1990 Aug)
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    149. Blood glucose - Pelikánová T, Kohout M, Válek J, Kazdová L, Base JMetabolic effects of omega-3 fatty acids in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patientsAnn N Y Acad Sci.(1993 Jun 14)
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    153. Triglycerides - Montori VM, Farmer A, Wollan PC, Dinneen SFFish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systematic reviewDiabetes Care.(2000 Sep)
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    207. Fasting Glucose - Raimundo AF, Félix F, Andrade R, García-Conesa MT, González-Sarrías A, Gilsa-Lopes J, do Ó D, Raimundo A, Ribeiro R, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Santos CN, Schär M, Silva A, Cruz I, Wang B, Pinto P, Menezes RCombined effect of interventions with pure or enriched mixtures of (poly)phenols and anti-diabetic medication in type 2 diabetes management: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled human trials.Eur J Nutr.(2020-Jun)
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    221. HbA1c - Olubukola Ajala, Patrick English, Jonathan PinkneySystematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetesAm J Clin Nutr.(2013 Mar)
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